Process Of Stereotyping Research Articles

“You really shouldn’t be here”: using social identity theory to explore under-represented ethnic minority (UREM) students experiences of belonging in a UK dental school

There is tacit acknowledgment that the psycho-social and educational challenges experienced by under-represented ethnic minorities in medical school are likely to be similar to those experienced by ethnic minorities in dental school. However, dental scholarship is not as expansive or comprehensive by comparison to confirm if this is the case. This paper addresses this research gap by presenting the findings of a small-scale exploratory study into the experiences of nine dental undergraduates from a variety of ethnic backgrounds studying at one UK dental school. A social identity theoretical framework was applied to the analysis of semi-structured interview data. The study reveals that dental school is a racialised educational space, where whiteness and white privilege are the norm and students from ethnic minority backgrounds occupy ‘out-group’ status through a process of depersonalisation and stereotyping. Their experiences reveal the existence of a climate of everyday racism perpetuated by students and faculty alike. This research calls on dental schools, and the dental profession more generally to address the lack of inclusivity as a pressing concern requiring immediate action.

Gender stereotypes in the German language: synchronic-diachronic perspective

The article examines the peculiarities of objectification of the universal opposition «man – woman» in the German language based on lexicographic sources from different chronological periods. German language is interesting for studying this opposition because of its expanded nature, which is particularly evident within the «woman» component: «Mann – Frau / Weib». The analysis of interpretations of the concepts «man» and «woman» in German dictionaries reveals the processes of gender stereotyping reflected in them during different periods of language development. This allows us to understand the development of ideas about these concepts in a specific linguistic culture. The leading characteristics of men and women, as reflected in the semantics of key lexemes such as Mann, Frau and Weib, as well as adjectives derived from these words, are determined. Their cultural and historical context is explored. It is found that during the XVIII and XIX centuries, the concepts of «man» and «woman» consistently reflected the processes of gender stereotyping. However, gender stereotypes regarding women were more varied and complex. Starting in the XX century and especially in the XXI century, stereotypes have been presented to a lesser degree, with a noted neutralization of social oppositions within the considered opposition. It is observed that the opposition between man and woman in German initially had a dual nature, both socially and naturally. It is concluded that at present, in lexicographic sources, naturally oriented traits are the leading features of objectification in the «man-woman» opposition. The issue of the level of accuracy with which different concepts are reflected in explanatory dictionaries of the German language has been identified.

Sultana’s Dream: Religion as an Apparatus in Gender Role Assignment

Sultana’s Dream, written by Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain in 1905, is a utopian novella that challenges established gender norms in a manner that effectively undermines the process of conventional gender stereotyping. Hossain’s narrative unfolds in Ladyland, a society where women assume responsibility for various aspects of life, while men are confined to purdah, secluded quarters designated for their isolation. The story, despite its brevity, explores the re-establishment of a matriarchal government, the peaceful stabilization of society, the widespread use of technology without male involvement, the celebration of intellect over physical strength, and the subversion of traditional gender roles. Although the story occasionally favours women over men, its purpose, as is proper to the function of utopianism, is to inspire readers by demonstrating the possibility of a better future. This article, therefore, aims to explore the role of religion as an apparatus of the inherent Indian culture in oppressing and isolating women, with reference to Hossain’s seminal work, Sultana’s Dream.

The Natural Landscape as A Strategic Element in Nature Tourism Management

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the natural landscape as a strategic element in nature tourism management, in order to understand its conceptual evolution, analyze its relationship with tourism activities and explore the processes of valorization and stereotyping of landscapes in the context of sustainable tourism development. Method: The methodology adopted for the research includes an exhaustive bibliographic search in high-impact databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, complemented with a search in regional databases in Spanish such as Scielo and Redalyc. The selected documents were subjected to a process of critical reading and content analysis to extract key concepts, theories and findings relevant to the study. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that the concept of landscape has evolved from a purely aesthetic and visual perspective to a more holistic understanding that encompasses social, cultural and economic dimensions. The discussion highlights the close relationship between natural landscape and tourism, with landscape serving as a key resource and attraction for nature-based tourism activities. The processes of valorization and stereotyping of landscapes are also explored, emphasizing their influence on tourists' perceptions and destination choice. Research Implications: The findings of this study have implications for sustainable tourism planning and management, especially in areas with significant natural and cultural landscapes. The research emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to landscape conceptualization and management, as well as the importance of considering landscape as a central element in the development of sustainable tourism products and experiences. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the relationship between natural landscape and nature tourism, bridging knowledge from diverse disciplines.

Стереотипы межконфессиональных взаимодействий сибиряков

The successful term “stereotype” was substantiated by the journalist W. Lippman and became firmly established in scientific use. Researchers have studied the processes of stereotypes functioning. This is an important part ofthe collective consciousness, protecting a person from unfamiliar information. Stereotypes help save time and life resources for processing new information. But the negative side of stereotypes lies in the creation of mental templates for the perception of reality. It is easier for a group to simplify information than to waste time understanding the essence of another’s otherness. Information that contradicts stereotypical patterns is ignored, simplified, and distorted in terms of content. “We-group” begins to aggressively defend the meanings of its stereotypes from an alternative opinion. The opponent can be subjected to harassment and physical destruction. The structure of stereotypes and scenarios of stereotyping are considered by us from the standpoint of structuralism. “We-group” is socially differentiated. For extras and dominant members of the group, the rules of the social game are written. The meaning of the stereotype can turn into a tool for managing citizens, into a weapon against members of the “they-group”. The spontaneous part of the process of stereotyping lies in the routine existence of stereotypes, with the help of which people explain the complex phenomena of life. It is a routine practice of inventing and reinforcing language clichés. The manageable part of stereotyping is the use of these clichés for political gain. “We-group” is always in a state of stereotypical attitude. The group can choose a stereotyping scenario – a scenario of tolerant neighborhood or a scenario of negative solidarity. The first determines the path of development of a tolerant attitude towards non-Christians, the search for new knowledge about the culture of “outsiders”, the development of practices of new socio-cultural experience. The second is the way of intensifying intercultural and interfaith tension, leading to armed conflicts. The reason for interfaith conflicts is the use of creeds for personal gain. At the everyday level, conflicts arise due to cultural incompetence, the simplification of knowledge about the culture of “strangers”. In Siberia, despite the existence of stereotypes, interfaith relations are peaceful. This is emphasized by the heroes of in-depth interviews representing different confessions. Their perception of non-Christian neighbors is based on an understanding of personal merit, and not on a stereotyped understanding. Spiritual leaders confirm the idea of intercultural rapprochement of Siberians as members of a multi-confessional community. Tolerance is a social practice of neighborhood that develops the spiritual sphere of community life.

Local climate change action plans in France: between formal compliance and grassroots appropriation

ABSTRACT This article examines the process of producing and appropriating climate action plans in rural and semi-rural territories of Nouvelle Aquitaine, France. The aim is to ascertain whether and how the political construction of climate change as a policy issue takes place at a local scale. Based on qualitative interviews analyzed from a constructivist perspective, this research first highlights a hiatus between, on the one hand, a standardized and stereotyped process made compulsory by France’s central government and, on the other, the variety of degrees of appropriation of this state’s goals found in the localities studied. We analyze the factors explaining these differences and conclude that, crucially, even in the areas where framings of climate change are the most favorable for action by local government, politicization of the public problem to be addressed at the local scale has rarely taken place. In so doing, our analysis contributes to a comparative study of local government climate change governance, to how it is affected by national–local relations, and to a more general literature on the politicization and depoliticization of public policy and its making.

Norms for gender stereotypically congruent, stereotypically incongruent, semantically correct, and semantically incorrect sentences in Polish and English.

The present contribution provides ratings for a database of gender stereotypically congruent, stereotypically incongruent, semantically correct, and semantically incorrect sentences in Polish and English. A total of 942 volunteers rated 480 sentences (120 per condition) in each language in terms of their meaningfulness, probability of use, and stereotypicality. The stimuli were highly controlled for their length and critical words, which were shared across the conditions. The results of the ratings revealed that stereotypically incongruent sentences were consciously evaluated as both less meaningful and probable to use relative to sentences that adhere to stereotype-driven expectations regarding males and females, indicating that stereotype violations communicated through language exert influence on language perception. Furthermore, the results yielded a stronger internalization of gender stereotypes among sex-typed individuals, thus pointing to the crucial role of gender schema in the sensitivity to gender stereotypical attributes. The ratings reported in the present article aim to broaden researchers' stimulus choices and allow for consistency across different laboratories and research projects on gender stereotype processing. The adaptation of this database to other languages or cultures could also enable a cross-cultural comparison of empirical findings on stereotype processing.

Языковые средства стереотипизации образов России и русских в текстах немецких СМИ

The paper studies the language representation of stereotypes using the example of German mass media texts dealing with the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The aim of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of the process of language stereotyping concerning the images of Russia and Russians. The theoretical and methodological basis of the present work is founded on the theory of stereotypes as cognitive units. The scientific novelty of the study lies in analyzing the specified stereotypes at the moment of their transformation using the methodology of stereotype modelling and in identifying their most current features including those that have not yet been described. The research findings allowed us to single out a number of stereotypes about Russia and Russians transmitted in the German media texts of today and to describe linguistic means that represent the features inherent in the stereotypes. The evaluating content of the stereotypes under consideration proved to be negative. It was confirmed that a stereotype is an effective tool for forming and promoting certain convictions among the target audience.

From Looking to Learning: Working with and for Young Black Women in Systems of Whiteness

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I explore both the need and possibility for liberatory work with and in service of young Black women within two systems of Whiteness. First, I discuss a process of exclusion experienced by a group of young women in their inner-London 6th form college: namely being constructed as hypervisible and hypersexual, and subsequently being erased from sight within spaces connected to the college’s public image. I discuss this with reference to a neoliberal framework that insidiously sustains norms of Whiteness in increasingly marketised school settings. I also extend critical analysis to the research process itself, uncovering parallel processes of silencing and stereotyping, with reference to understandings of Whiteness as structurally violent yet invisiblised acts of looking. Crucially, however, I also explore the potential for resistance within these systems. Drawing on Black feminist pedagogical frameworks, I discuss the possibility for co-created spaces in which young Black women’s cultural practices and forms of knowledge take centre-stage. I ultimately find how forms of ‘dancing with’ and ‘listening to’ can serve as important practices of (un)learning for White teachers and/or researchers, specifically within UK schools and education research.

Stereotype as an Obstruction to Justice and Its Influence on a Judge While Consideration of a Criminal Proceeding

Consideration by a judge of criminal cases is closely related to the formation of internal conviction, which, in turn, is influenced by numerous factors, including internal psychological ones. One of them is the phenomenon of stereotyping, inherent to every person as a component of human social nature. The Article Purpose is to analyze the phenomenon of stereotype, its historical development, and study into the influence of the stereotyping process on the judge while consideration of criminal cases. To fulfil the specified goal, a systematic approach was chosen out of general scientific and special scientific methods, among which the most widely used are: historical-legal, formal-legal, and systemic-structural. Significance of the stereotyping phenomenon for society as a whole and for an individual in particular has been also analyzed, its influence on a judge’s internal perception of the defendant and case circumstances, as well as its impact on evidence evaluation in a criminal proceeding. The influence of various types of stereotypes on perception by a judge of a person brought to criminal responsibility (depending on his/her gender, race, or nationality) has been studied, along with racial bias during consideration of criminal cases (depending on crime type). It has been proven that a deeply-rooted stereotype can influence the development of a judge’s internal conviction, and therefore, evaluation of evidence in a case, the decision on a person’s guilt (innocence), determination of punishment, etc. It has been highlighted that stereotyping during administration of criminal cases by a judge negatively affects the judge’s impartiality and may provoke discrimination against parties in a criminal proceeding, which is inadmissible.

Manipulating nest architecture reveals three-dimensional building strategies and colony resilience in honeybees.

Form follows function throughout the development of an organism. This principle should apply beyond the organism to the nests they build, but empirical studies are lacking. Honeybees provide a uniquely suited system to study nest form and function throughout development because we can image the three-dimensional structure repeatedly and non-destructively. Here, we tracked nest-wide comb growth in six colonies over 45 days (control colonies) and found that colonies have a stereotypical process of development that maintains a spheroid nest shape. To experimentally test if nest structure is important for colony function, we shuffled the nests of an additional six colonies, weekly rearranging the comb positions and orientations (shuffled colonies). Surprisingly, we found no differences between control and shuffled colonies in multiple colony performance metrics-worker population, comb area, hive weight and nest temperature. However, using predictive modelling to examine how workers allocate comb to expand their nests, we show that shuffled colonies compensate for these disruptions by accounting for the three-dimensional structure to reconnect their nest. This suggests that nest architecture is more flexible than previously thought, and that superorganisms have mechanisms to compensate for drastic architectural perturbations and maintain colony function.

Genetic tracing of thymic T cell differentiation

Abstract Thymic T cell differentiation is controlled by stereotyped processes that remain obscure. Here we develop a novel mouse genetic tool to trace thymic T cells during T cell antigen receptor (TCR) rearrangement. Briefly, we insert inducible CreER into the Rag1 locus that is transiently expressed at early thymic T cell differentiation. In the presence of Rosa reporters, Rag1-CreER mice enable us to irreversibly label T cells between the double negative (DN) and double positive (DP) stages upon acute tamoxifen treatment. In the physiological setting and absence of the perturbations historically used to investigate thymic T cell differentiation, our genetic tracing in combination with flow cytometric measurement of cell fates and functional states maps the kinetics, stoichiometry, and cell fate determination of thymic T cells. We further integrate genetic tracing experiments with unbiased single cell RNA sequencing, TCR sequencing, and the expression of cell surface markers, linking thymic T cell differentiation stages to dynamic gene expression. In particular, we show that regulatory T cells acquire CD73 expression over time as a potential consequence of persistent TCR signaling and expression of lineage determinant Foxp3, marking a maturation process during lineage commitment and functional adaptation. Taken together, our integrated genetic tracing of thymic T cells resolves complex differentiation processes coupled with the alterations of gene expression, selection, and cell fate determination. Our results also serve as a foundation for further exploration of the thymic T cell states, developmental pathways, drivers, and modulators involved in these crucial biological processes. R21 AI146614

Stereotypical Images of Ukrainians and Russians in a HumanitarianCrisis: Multicultural Perspectives

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This article aims to map the stereotypical image of Ukrainians and Russians from a cross-cultural perspective in the context of the ongoing armed conflict.
 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem concerns the cultural differences that are revealed in the perception of representatives of the two nationalities that are involved in the armed conflict. Since stereotypical judgements are most often revealed in language, an adjective check list was used for the study. A sample of 92 Polish and Slovenian students took part in the study. The collected linguistic material was used to analyse and compare cross-cultural stereotypical judgements about Ukrainian and Russian citizens.
 THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argument begins with theoretical perspectives on the concept of stereotyping and the process of stereotyping. The role of language in the stereotyping process is analysed. An analysis of the results and conclusions is presented.
 RESEARCHRESULTS: In general, Polish students attribute fewer positive adjectives than Slovenian students to both Ukrainians and Russians. The analysis revealed significant statistical differences as well as similarities between the researched groups of Polish and Slovenian students in terms of the stereotypical image of Ukrainians and Russians.
 CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: Empirical evidence shows that Polish and Slovenian students have more in common in their perception of Russians, while they perceive Ukrainians quite differently. The linguistic characteristics obtained in this study provide a general insight into the perceptions of the two nationalities involved in the war. It should also be noted that these characteristics of Ukrainians and Russians may constitute socially important knowledge on the negative stereotypes about these nationalities. This knowledge may be useful in challenging counteracting or disseminating such judgements, which may be harmful and lead to prejudice or discrimination against people from the nationalities studied.

Gender Stereotypes in the Paremiological Picture of the World English, Russian and Kyrgyz peoples

Currently, we are witnessing a rapid growth in research on the study of the gender aspects of language and speech. Gender linguistics is one of the promising areas that study the language and its units containing gender components. This work is devoted to the study of gender stereotypes in English Russian and Kyrgyz paremiology. The paper analyzes the proverbs of the English, Russian and Kyrgyz languages, which reflect the process of gender stereotyping, and draws conclusions about the representations of the roles of men and women, which are reflected in the proverbs of these peoples. Language consciousness not only reveals a wide range of problems that exist today, but also reveals the positive trends in society, resulting from the desire to overcome stereotypes rooted in popular culture. Moreover, the gender problem in the proverbial picture of any culture is a young and insufficiently studied science, and now in linguistics there is a rapid growth of research devoted to the study of the gender parameter in the language. The phraseological fund of any language is a very interesting and meaningful material for gender studies, as it reflects many aspects of people’s lives: history, national consciousness, mores, values, preferences, attitudes and lifestyles. It should be noted that the research of proverbs was carried out not only within the framework of phraseology, but also in other scientific fields. Compared to phraseology, paremiology has a much longer tradition.

Discursive work in resisting stereotypic representations of the Chinese among Chinese students

Abstract The negative effects of stereotyping arising from a victim’s acceptance and internalisation of stereotype identities are well-known. As stereotypes are created and maintained in discourse, understanding how targets of stereotyping employ discursive resources to resist the constraining structures of stereotypic identities imposed upon them can provide insight into the process of stereotyping and contribute to efforts to reduce the threat of stereotyping. We examined the strategies used by targets of stereotyping in contesting stereotypic representations of their social group through the mobilisation of a range of discourse strategies when presented with stereotyping attacks on the group. The findings revealed that stereotypes are subtle in nature and may not be easily recognised and hence, difficult to resist. Participants employed a number of discourse strategies to repair their fragmented self and group identities. However, in their attempt to maintain identity coherence, they ended up using stereotyping discourses themselves to devalue the perceived outgroup as well as subgroups they created within their own social group. The study highlights the complexity of stereotyping and its self-perpetuating character, and sheds light on the difficulty faced by targets of stereotyping discourse in reconciling their identities through intense discursive and identity work.

ON THE QUESTION OF THE TRUTH/FALSENESS OF SOCIAL STEREOTYPES THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the general need to study language facts in the linguistic-cognitive plane, where special attention is paid to stereotypes – stable, emotionally colored representations within any community, formed in the cognitive consciousness of native speakers on the basis of hidden social meanings, which in their totality constitute the worldview of an individual. The goal of intelligence is to identify and describe the processes and results of stereotyping as a positive/negative phenomenon. The research methodology is based on the basic principles of anthropocentrism, which affirms the key role of the human factor in the process of learning about the world. Scientific research was carried out using a complex methodology based on the consolidation of search, analytical, evaluation and generalization approaches. Research results and their discussion. The study of stereotypes in the linguistic-cognitive aspect is aimed at the description of linguistic-sociocultural knowledge, the mechanisms of their categorization and evaluation, based on the cultural environment, which acts as a system of shared beliefs, values, traditions and norms of behavior inherent in a certain community, which collectively form the conditions for the emergence of social stereotypes. The process of stereotyping based on hidden social meanings will be interpreted as an ambivalent phenomenon dependent on many factors: the situation, certain circumstances, time slice, ideological priorities, society's requests, acquired knowledge, etc. The above determines both negative and positive consequences of stereotyping. Therefore, it is impossible to give an unequivocal assessment of the phenomenon of stereotyping. The process of stereotyping is neither positive nor negative, it actually exists and fulfills the vital function of human consciousness for society – the systematization of acquired knowledge in order to give the perceived world an orderly character. Therefore, the negative impact of stereotypes can be weakened by accumulating standardized collective experience and acquired knowledge.

Stereotyped Oriental Women in Conrad’s Early Malay Novels

With help of Edward Said’s theory of cultural representation of Orientalism and the method of contrapuntal reading, the paper aims to provide a study of the misrepresentation of the Oriental women by stereotypes in Joseph Conrad’s two early Malay novels and expose the power relations of the West’s domination and subjugation of the Orient and the Oriental women behind the stereotyping process.

SPECIFICITY OF EPISEOOLOGICAL INTERACTION OF CREATIVITY AND STEREOTYPE AS PHENOMENA OF HUMAN BEING

Objective. The objective of the article is to determine the epistemological features and specifics of the interaction of creativity and stereotype as elements of anthropological culture, to indicate their main components to be developed, studied, and act as ideological components of human existence. Methods. Natural-ontological and socio-ontological methods are used to study the main factors of creative theories, axiological approach is applied to determine the consequences of creativity and stereotype and results in social context, moral and ethical method is valid when considering the process of creativity and stereotype, possible consequences of results. and the actual research of the creative process itself. Scientific principles of research are — the principle of objectivity (in analyzing the results of the stereotypical process), determinism (used to study the processes of creativity, stereotype), systematics (general presentation of the material is based on a holistic perception of creativity and stereotypes in the system of individual, physiological, social and cultural norms). Results. The study analyzes the features of creative and stereotypical thinking, shows the strengths and weaknesses of these processes, emphasizes the social significance, the substantive value of both social phenomena. It is proved that the processes of stereotyping form stable components of society, provide an opportunity to broadcast cultural and social experiences. Creativity in research is presented as a modernization component that provides the opportunity for change, improvement, improvement. Stereotype is a condition of the creative, with its help the continuity in the cultural process is realized. Their interaction can be traced through the categories of productive and reproductive. The relationship between the reproductive and the productive is not limited to the fact that the reproductive is the basis for the emergence of the productive, and the latter is usually transformed into a structure (originally virtual, but then relevant) reproductive. Productive is the condition of reproductive. It is known that cultural understanding is the only factor of human existence that is interested in actualization, that is, reproducing the results of past historical experience, making its use necessary.

You’re Too Old for That! Ageism and Prescriptive Stereotypes in the Workplace

AbstractUsing a vignette-based design, the current study addresses the question of what happens when a worker violates prescriptive age identity stereotypes (i.e., does not act in ways that align with cultural expectations for people in their age group). The study extends prior research by including a mixed adhering-violating condition, investigating the effects of prescriptive stereotype violation on the application of descriptive age stereotypes, and examining the role of negative affect (a composite of frustration, irritation, and annoyance) as a mediating mechanism in the prescriptive stereotyping process. Results indicate that violators of prescriptive age stereotypes are perceived more negatively in terms of warmth, competence, and desire for workplace interactions. Exhibiting some adhering and some violating behaviors largely did not lessen the effects of violation. The idea that some descriptive age stereotypes would be applied less often to violators did receive some support. Frustration was shown to be a useful mechanism for explaining prescriptive stereotyping effects, but the general absence of age of participant effects raises new questions regarding the role of expectancy violation in this process. Taken together, these findings offer an extension of the research on prescriptive age stereotypes to the workplace context, show that there can be a cost to violating prescriptive age stereotypes, and provide insight into potential mechanisms. We provide several suggestions for expanding this work, including the consideration of the intersection of age with other identity groups and ways to explore the roles of expectancy violations and perceived subjective age in the prescriptive stereotyping process.

The Role of Regulatory Focus, Self-Esteem, and Mood in Social Comparisons with Mediated Extreme Targets — Selective Exposure to News about the Rich and the Poor

In a quasi-experiment, high-school students’ (N=252) chronic regulatory focus, self-esteem, and mood were taken into account to predict patterns of selective exposure to headlines about the rich and poor. Partly consistent with Gerber et al. (2017) meta-analysis, there is a strong preference for upward choices in a negative mood. We nuanced this result by referring to the role of news valence in selective exposure demonstrating that the selection of negative news about the rich is typical in negative mood. Results regarding the selective exposure to headlines about the poor corroborate only with Wheeler and Miyakes’ (1992) finding that respondents selected down-ward comparison targets in a positive mood. The selective exposure self- and affect-management model (SESAM, Knobloch-Westerwick, 2015) may serve as a theoretical framework for explaining the result. Besides income inequality literature, the discussion is based on the Wu et al. (2018) finding, and it suggests that the selection of headlines about the rich could be linked to a positive stereotyping process. We would call this process of accepting one’s own culture as it is by social comparisons to make the unequal word supportable as soothing social comparison. The same logic was applied to the poor.