Three-dimensional Film Research Articles

Tunable surface wettability and pH-responsive 2D structures from amphiphilic and amphoteric protein microfibrils.

Two dimensional films and paper-like structures (60–170 μm thick) have been facilely fabricated by casting ethanolic dispersions of amphiphilic and amphoteric protein microfibrils (ca. 1.3 μm width; 53 μm length) under controlled temperatures and moisture levels. Surface hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity can be easily tuned by the abillity of the highly responsive microfibers to self-organize at the interface to mimic the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of cast substrates. For instance, surfaces cast on hydrophobic polystyrene or Teflon were moderately hydrophobic with water contact angles (WCAs) of 54°–71° while those on hydrophilic glass or exposed to air were hydrophilic (WCAs: 5°–10°). Thin film dried in the presence of moisture (60% RH) at 65 °C had the highest crystallinity (CrI: 56%) and β structure (64%), including 48% β-sheet form, and exhibited moisture-responsive Tg, pH-responsive planar swelling, and excellent wet resiliency in extremely acidic (pH = 0) to basic (pH = 10) conditions. The pH-dependent release of highly water-soluble cationic methylene blue bound to protein microfibril (SPMF) films attests to their amphoterism and demonstrates the applicability of such 2D structures for pH-dependent controlled release of other cationic and anionic species. Such versatility of amphiphilic and amphoteric protein microfibrils can be engineered into 2D structures with tunable surface hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, moisture- and pH-responsive behaviors and controlled release capabilities.

Electrospray deposition tool: Creating compositionally gradient libraries of nanomaterials.

Electrospray deposition (ESD) enables the growth of solution deposited thin films in a precise and continuous manner by the delivery of submicron droplets of dilute solutions to a heated substrate. By combining ESD with programmable motor control and gradient solution pumping in a first-of-its-kind user tool at the Center for Functional Nanomaterials at Brookhaven National Laboratory, we show the ability to create one or two dimensional compositional gradient nanoscale films via ESD. These capabilities make it possible to construct thin film multicomponent "libraries" on a single substrate to rapidly and systematically characterize composition-dependent properties in a variety of material systems such as thin films involving homopolymer and block copolymer blends. We report the design, construction, and validation of a gradient ESD tool that allows users to carefully control the jet stability, flow composition, spray position, and substrate temperature. Calibrated thin films range in thickness from tens to hundreds of nanometers. We demonstrate gradient thin films using a ternary dye triangle as well as a gradual blending of polystyrene homopolymer with poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) on a single substrate. Paired with the rapid measurement capabilities of synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering, this tool forms an integral part of a new platform for high-throughput, autonomous characterization and design of nanomaterial thin films and soft materials more generally.

A plasztikus film

The first ’three-dimensional’ films in Hungary were broadcast in the purpose-built Toldi Dimensional Movie Theatre from 1951. During these unique broadcasts, the image sequences of the films and the physical space of reality became entertwined, and so due to the painstakingly designed 3D effect scenes, contemporary audiences could feel that the characters stepped out of the screen and into tangible proximity. This study portrays the dimensional effects of the most modern stereoscopic films.

Controlled shape morphing of solvent free thermoresponsive soft actuators.

High performance thermoresponsive soft, controllable and reversible actuators are highly desirable for diverse applications. The practical implementation of the existing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNipam) based soft thermoresponsive actuators faces serious limitations due to their functional requirement of proximal bulk solvent medium. In this work, addressing this issue, we report the development of a bilayer based actuator composed of a solvent responsive biodegradable polymer and temperature responsive pNipam. The designed bilayer is capable of achieving reversible and irreversible actuation as needed when exposed to a physiological range of body temperature, without any solvent bath around. The solvent or water supplied by the pNipam layer at its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) builds a concentration gradient across the thickness of the polymer layer. The concentration gradient results in a strain gradient, causing an out-of-plane folding of the bilayer. The underlying coupled diffusion-deformation interaction during folding and unfolding is incorporated in the reported finite element model, capable of predicting actuation characteristics under different initial conditions. The combined experimental and modelling effort in this work highlights the possibility of engineering 2-dimensional films into complex 3-dimensional shapes, which could have potential applications in soft machines and robotics.

Sergei Eisenstein’s Ideas in the Context of Contemporary Cinema. Stereo Film and Stereo Sound

The text (continuation of the article Vestnik VGIK, No. 3 (41), 2019). deals with the ideas of S.M. Eisenstein, presented by him in the theoretical work On Stereoscopic Films, in the context of the subsequent development of cinema phonography and modern scientific and theoretical discussions on the problems of correlation of technological and aesthetic aspects of cinema art. Eisensteins article focuses on and analyzes new and controversial technical achievements of cinema, but the authors thoughts reach a high level of understanding the history and prospects of the development of cinema and art in general as an expression of the organic human need for creative and artistic activity. Turning to the history of the theater as the forerunner of cinema, Eisenstein emphasizes the moment of separation of the actor and stage action from the audience. The director sees the technical possibilities of stereo cinema as a way of returning the viewer to the space of direct co-action, complete immersion in the artistic space, integration with the artistic image. Modern multichannel sound technologies have come close to fulfilling Eisensteins dream of drawing the viewer into the screen space and merging it with the artistic creation. But when and to what extent is the use of stereo effects justified, how do the technological and artistic aspects of film production correlate These are issues that are currently the subject of theoretical discourse in the framework of not only film studies, but also interdisciplinary knowledge, affect the development of audiovisual concepts in the practice of filmmaking.

From the material to the virtual: the pornographic body in stereoscopic photography, 3D cinema and virtual reality

The human body, with its three-dimensional contours and textured surfaces, has been a favoured subject for stereoscopic (3D) representation for almost two centuries. Attempts to achieve greater fidelity in representing the body’s depth relations have combined stereoscopic technology and immersive fields of view, from initial experiments with photographic images in the nineteenth century to the development of virtual reality (VR) headsets in recent decades. In each case the production of a slightly different image for each eye allows the viewer to fuse the images into one, seemingly depth-rich vista. As Elena del Río suggests, just as the body in moving images is always contingent upon movement for its representation,1 the body in stereoscopy is always contingent upon additional depth cues. These cues allow the body to achieve a particular materiality not found in other screen media. Stereoscopic layers of depth give bodies a tactile solidity, bringing them closer to the touchable surfaces of other plastic arts such as sculpture, whilst retaining the premise of direct reproduction. Furthermore, in the same way that ‘the body’s movement and gestures are capable of transforming static forms and concepts typical of a representational paradigm into forces and concepts that exhibit a transformative/expansive potential’,2 stereoscopic depth is capable of displaying more detailed spatial dynamics, which in turn produce affective modes that develop a transformative object of the gaze in three-dimensional space. With these factors taken into consideration, the stereoscopic body raises significant questions about what exactly becomes visible in this particular form of representation and how that visibility is controlled. One way of addressing these questions is to understand what happens when stereoscopic representation operates in the context of reproducing a sexually commodified body.

Tomographic projector

Over the past century, as display evolved, people have demanded more realistic and immersive experiences in theaters. Here, we present a tomographic projector for a volumetric display system that accommodates large audiences while providing a uniform experience. The tomographic projector combines high-speed digital micromirror and three spatial light modulators to refresh projection images at 7200 Hz. With synchronization of the tomographic projector and wearable focus-tunable eyepieces, the presented system can reconstruct 60 focal planes for volumetric representation right in front of audiences. We demonstrate proof of concept of the proposed system by implementing a miniaturized theater environment. Experimentally, we show that this system has wide expressible depth range with focus cues from 25 cm to optical infinity with sufficient tolerance while preserving high resolution and contrast. We also confirm that the proposed system provides uniform experience in a wide range of viewing zone through simulation and experiment. Additionally, the tomographic projector has capability to equalize vergence state that varies in conventional stereoscopic 3D theater according to viewing position as well as interpupillary distance. This study is concluded with thorough discussion about tomographic projectors in terms of challenges and research issues.

Effect of Deposition Potential and Bath Temperature on One-Step Electrochemical Synthesis of One and Two Dimensional Nanostructured ZnO Thin Films on Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide Substrates

Different zinc oxide (ZnO) morphologies such as platelets, nanowalls and nanorods were electrochemically synthesized on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by varying the deposition potentials and bath temperatures, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves reveal that ZnO deposition potentials are decreased as the bath temperatures are increased. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images confirm that the synthesized ZnO nanostructures are hexagonal wurtzite structure. The XRD results reveal that the crystallinity of the films is increased when ZnO deposition potentials and temperatures are increased. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images display platelets, nanowalls and nanorods structures for films synthesized -1.1 V, -1.2 V and -1.3 V respectively. The increase in deposition potential not only increases the growth rate of ZnO with metallic zinc deposition, but also decreases zinc hydroxide chloride hydrate. Fourier transform infrared microscope (FTIR) spectra confirm that the formation of zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)₂) is decreased as the bath temperatures are increased from 30 to 70 °C. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra depict that the crystal quality of the ZnO films are notably improved as the bath temperatures are increased. The film thickness is increased as the deposition potentials and bath temperatures are increased. The dye absorbance is increased with respect to the film thickness. The efficiencies of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated with diverse morphologies such as platelets, nanowalls and nanorods are found to be 0.10, 0.49 and 0.47%, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra reveal that the charge transfer recombination resistance (Rrec) is continuously decreased as metal zinc deposition is increased in ZnO films with increase in deposition potentials.

Between real and virtual, map and terrain: ScanLab Projects, Post-lenticular Landscapes

London-based company ScanLab Projects is a multi-disciplinary commercial collaboration between architect, artist, coders and designers who utilize technologies surrounding 3D laser scanning in their practice. Inherent in the manner their projects are pitched is through reference to the photographic as technological process. Central to their engagement with the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanning apparatus is a consideration of the relationality between virtual or digital object and what could be determined as extrinsic or ‘real’ terrain. In Post-lenticular Landscapes, 2017, ScanLab created a series of LiDAR scans of Yosemite National Park. The landscape, presented as a stereoscopic film work where the spectator flies through an ephemeral black and white point cloud, is contextualized relationally to a certain photo-historical context and lineage: As Yosemite is synonymous with the advent of photographic process through the work of Muybridge, Watkins, Woods and Adams, the work revisits an archetypal image of the American sublime. In this text, I unpack ScanLab’s usage and conceptualization of LiDAR scans referentially to an understanding of the photographic. By considering how ScanLab frames our understanding of the project through the technological apparatus, the text attempts to problematize the scans by reading them through a particular art historic heritage. In this context, I posit alternate ways of reading the work, specifically through reference to the image of Yosemite that has proliferated across the desktops of Apple computers since 2014. Furthermore, through a reading of metonymy in the writing of Eelco Runia, the eerie as understood by Mark Fisher and in relation to Lev Manovich’s description of photorealism, I propose that the future of the mediation and understandings of machinic vision are to be thought with a reconsidered notion of the photographic.

Strong Opto-Structural Coupling in Low Dimensional GeSe3 Films.

Chalcogenide glasses as nanoscale thin films have become leading candidates for several optical and photonic technologies, ranging from reflective displays and filters to photonic memories. Current material systems, however, show strong optical absorption which limits their performance efficiencies and complicates device level integration. Herein, we report sputter deposited thin films of GeSe3, which are low loss and in which the flexible nature of the atomic structure results in thermally activated tunability in the refractive index as well as in the film's physical volume. Such changes, which occur beyond a threshold temperature are observed to be accumulative and directed toward a more equilibrium amorphous state of the film, instead of crystallization. Our results provide insight into a new type of configurability that is based on strong coupling in the material's opto-structural properties. The low optical losses in this material system combined with the tunability in the optical properties in the visible and near-infrared have direct application in higher performing optical coatings and in corrective optics.

Distinct self-assembly aggregation patters of nanorods with decorated ends: A simple model study

Nanorods with polymer grafted ends are promising new materials with applications in distinct technological areas, including two dimensional films for optical devices. In this paper, we use extensive Langevin Dynamics simulations to study how the softness and competition of the ends change the assembled morphologies in a two-dimensional system. The polymer corona can be more or less compacted depending on factors as grafted density and solvent properties. In this way, we compare nanorods with ends modeled by a standard Lennard Jones (LJ), which represents a more compacted corona, with nanorods whose ends are composed by hard core-soft corona monomers, representing a less compacted corona. Hard core-soft corona colloids have competitive interactions, and we focus on how this competition can affect the self-assembled morphologies. We've constructed the morphology diagram for both cases and our results show that both types of nanorods go from a cluster to a percolation morphology as the density increases. However, the two morphologies displayed are completely different. For nanorods with LJ ends, we observed a transition from a nanowire structure at low density, where end-to-end connections are preferred, to a side-by-side aligned pattern at high densities. On the other hand, nanorods with core-softened ends assembled in thicker clusters at low densities, and the competition, typical in core-corona systems, leads to a porous morphology at high densities. These results indicate how the morphology can be tuned by the end properties to create structures that range from nanowires to 2D porous membranes.

Formation mechanism of 2D WS2 with different morphology by chemical vapor deposition

Exploring materials formation mechanism and shape evolution during the growth of nanomaterials is vital for controllable synthesis and improving the crystal quality. Here, two dimensional WS2 films were synthesized on Si/SiO2 substrates via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. Different shapes of WS2 films scattered on the surface of substrate can be obtained simultaneously under the same experimental condition. We find that the edge free energy of different edges competes with each other, which promotes the growth of two dimensional WS2. Besides, the local ratio between W and S atoms of precursors on the surface of substrates can also influence the growth process and the final morphology of WS2 films. This work is helpful in further understanding the growth mechanism of 2D films and then further modulating the quality of 2D materials.

Monocular Depth Estimation With Augmented Ordinal Depth Relationships

Most existing algorithms for depth estimation from single monocular images need large quantities of metric ground-truth depths for supervised learning. We show that relative depth can be an informative cue for metric depth estimation and can be easily obtained from vast stereo videos. Acquiring metric depths from stereo videos are sometimes impracticable due to the absence of camera parameters. In this paper, we propose to improve the performance of metric depth estimation with relative depths collected from stereo movie videos using existing stereo matching algorithm. We introduce a new “relative depth in stereo” (RDIS) dataset densely labeled with relative depths. We first pretrain a ResNet model on our RDIS dataset. Then, we finetune the model on RGB-D datasets with metric ground-truth depths. During our finetuning, we formulate depth estimation as a classification task. This re-formulation scheme enables us to obtain the confidence of a depth prediction in the form of probability distribution. With this confidence, we propose an information gain loss to make use of the predictions that are close to ground-truth. We evaluate our approach on both indoor and outdoor benchmark RGB-D datasets and achieve the state-of-the-art performance.

Cine 3D español: experiencias del cine estereoscópico 3D durante los años del franquismo

Este artículo investiga los orígenes de la producción española en cine estereoscópico 3D en la década de los cincuenta y sesenta, en pleno franquismo. La rapidez en la producción de cortometrajes tridimensionales muestra un conocimiento de la tecnología de producción foránea y una enorme flexibilidad y agilidad a la hora de crear contenidos 3D en España. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es identificar aquellas producciones cinematográficas españolas realizadas con técnicas estereoscópicas desde la propia filmación o tras su adecuación con técnicas de posproducción para la proyección. La hipótesis es que las muestras puntuales que ha dado la cinematografía española de cintas tridimensionales han respondido a fenómenos de moda pasajeros y no han supuesto hitos de importancia comercial o artística, más allá de la experimentación con las posibilidades del formato. Con todo, recogen una voluntad de aperturismo del cine español hacia las nuevas tecnologías y hacia la búsqueda del público. Aplicaremos una metodología basada en el estudio de caso, a partir de la revisión bibliográfica de fuentes primarias y secundarias dedicadas a la producción y la exhibición cinematográfica en España. Los resultados muestran que la influencia de la cinematografía estadounidense en su vertiente más tecnológica y comercial es evidente, incluso si los organismos del Régimen aplican políticas proteccionistas agresivas frente a la importación de filmes estadounidenses. La conflictiva relación de las productoras de Hollywood con el Régimen franquista no impide su liderazgo en la recaudación en la taquilla ni su influencia en los modos de producción de la cinematografía nacional.

Good for the feelings, bad for the memory: the impact of 3D versus 2D movies on persuasion knowledge and brand placement effectiveness

Brand placements have been a popular advertising strategy for several decades, yet the effects of technological factors have been largely neglected in brand placement research. Consequently, this study analyzes the impact of a popular media technology, namely stereoscopy, on brand placement effectiveness, using the limited capacity model of mediated message processing and the persuasion knowledge model to predict and explain the effects. The main study (N = 120) confirmed that compared with 3D movies, in 2D movies the participants were more likely to remember the brands placed and to critically reflect the persuasive intentions behind the placements. The additional structural elements in stereoscopic movies appear to require more cognitive resources. The consequent lack of cognitive capacity diminishes persuasion knowledge, which, in turn, positively affects brand evaluations and behavioral intentions. A post-hoc study (N = 54) validated the assumption that media users watching 3D movies experience a higher cognitive load than those watching 2D movies.

Screening the Coulomb interaction and thermalization of Anderson insulators

Long range interactions are relevant for a wide range of phenomena in physics where they often present a challenge to theory. In condensed matter, the interplay of Coulomb interaction and disorder remains largely an unsolved problem. In two dimensional films the long-range part of the Coulomb interaction may be screened by a nearby metallic overlay. This technique is employed in this work to present experimental evidence for its effectiveness in limiting the spatial range of the Coulomb interaction. We use this approach to study the effects of the long-range Coulomb interaction on the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of electron-glasses using amorphous indium-oxide films. The results demonstrate that electronic relaxation times, extending over thousands of seconds, do not hinge on the long-range Coulomb interaction nor on the presence of a real gap in the density of states. Rather, they emphasize the dominant role played by disorder in controlling the slow thermalization processes of Anderson insulators taken far from equilibrium.

Hole Transport Modulations in Low Dimensional γ-CuI Films: Implication for High Figure of Merit and Thin Film Transistors

Development of efficient transparent and conducting functionalities of p-type materials at low dimensions are extremely vital for thin film transistor (TFT) electronics and hole transport applicati...

Low-Cost Stereoscopic Recordings of Neurologic Surgery Operative Microscopy for Anatomic Laboratory Training

Stereoscopic video recordings of operative microscopy during neuroanatomic dissections are an important component of surgical training and research in well-financed medical schools and teaching hospitals. However, the high cost of the latest operative microscopes with integrated video recording equipment can be a limiting factor in their worldwide use. The aim of the present work is to provide a simple low-cost 3-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic operative microscope recording system that can be used even in economically and resource-limited locations. This is achieved by using readily available smartphones, smartphone accessories, and computer software. Stereoscopic recording is accomplished by attaching and aligning matched or similar smartphones to the eyepieces of an operative microscope using readily available smartphone mounting connectors. Video recordings from the smartphones are then transferred to a personal computer and processed with a video-editing software to generate stereoscopic movies that are viewed on a smartphone using virtual-reality glasses. The setup time to mount and align the smartphone cameras typically requires 15-30 minutes. Video image quality and 3D depth presentation is more than sufficient for surgical training and research purposes. The implementation cost ranges from $1,315-$7,066, or much less if smartphones and a computer are already available. The 3D video system demonstrated herein can be implemented on any type of operative microscope, including older units for which commercial stereo recording systems are not available. The system and method presented herein can be readily and affordably implemented in low-budget environments for clinical training and research.

Gas Sensors Based on Nano/Microstructured Organic Field-Effect Transistors.

Benefiting from the advantages of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), including synthetic versatility of organic molecular design and environmental sensitivity, gas sensors based on OFETs have drawn much attention in recent years. Potential applications focus on the detection of specific gas species such as explosive, toxic gases, or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play vital roles in environmental monitoring, industrial manufacturing, smart health care, food security, and national defense. To achieve high sensitivity, selectivity, and ambient stability with rapid response and recovery speed, the regulation and adjustment of the nano/microstructure of the organic semiconductor (OSC) layer has proven to be an effective strategy. Here, the progress of OFET gas sensors with nano/microstructure is selectively presented. Devices based on OSC films one dimensional (1D) single crystal nanowires, nanorods, and nanofibers are introduced. Then, devices based on two dimensional (2D) and ultrathin OSC films, fabricated by methods such as thermal evaporation, dip-coating, spin-coating, and solution-shearing methods are presented, followed by an introduction of porous OFET sensors. Additionally, the applications of nanostructured receptors in OFET sensors are given. Finally, an outlook in view of the current research state is presented and eight further challenges for gas sensors based on OFETs are suggested.

Biomarkers-based Biosensing and Bioimaging with Graphene for Cancer Diagnosis.

At the onset of cancer, specific biomarkers get elevated or modified in body fluids or tissues. Early diagnosis of these biomarkers can greatly improve the survival rate or facilitate effective treatment with different modalities. Potential nanomaterial-based biosensing and bioimaging are the main techniques in nanodiagnostics because of their ultra-high selectivity and sensitivity. Emerging graphene, including two dimensional (2D) graphene films, three dimensional (3D) graphene architectures and graphene hybrids (GHs) nanostructures, are attracting increasing interests in the field of biosensing and bioimaging. Due to their remarkable optical, electronic, and thermal properties; chemical and mechanical stability; large surface area; and good biocompatibility, graphene-based nanomaterials are applicable alternatives as versatile platforms to detect biomarkers at the early stage of cancer. Moreover, currently, extensive applications of graphene-based biosensing and bioimaging has resulted in promising prospects in cancer diagnosis. We also hope this review will provide critical insights to inspire more exciting researches to address the current remaining problems in this field.