Steam Distilled Oil Research Articles

Chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil of Laggera aurita Linn (DC.) grown in Pakistan

Aim: Laggera aurita Linn (DC.) (Asteraceae), an aromatic weed, has significant ethno medicinal use in China. This study was designed to determine xanthine oxidase, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the steam distilled volatile oil of Laggera aurita grown in Pakistan. Materials and methods: The volatile oil of the aerial parts of L. aurita was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The biological activities investigated include xanthine oxidase inhibition and antioxidant activities using UV spectrophotometry and antibacterial activity through agar well diffusion method. Results: GC-MS analysis of the steam distilled volatile oil of L. aurita showed highest concentration of fatty acids (47.5%), followed by sesquiterpenes (30.8%) and hydrocarbons (8.6%). Monoterpenes and phenolic derivatives were observed as the minor components. The volatile oil exhibited significant xanthine oxidase inhibition potential with IC 50 =0.45 ± 0.009 mg/ml. A dose-dependent increase in the antioxidant potential was observed in DPPH

Volatile Compounds and Sensory Analysis of Both Harvests of Double‐Cut Yakima Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

North American peppermint oils are widely regarded as some of the most superior peppermint oils commercially available. Amongst them is Yakima double-cut peppermint oil (Mentha piperita L.). It has an aroma described as strong, refreshing, minty, slightly creamy, and very herbaceous with some of the most desirable flavor notes among peppermint oils. The peppermint is grown in the Yakima Valley of Washington State, USA. As one of the most northerly grown peppermints with longer days, it is unique as there are 2 harvests of the mint leaves in one season. For this study, samples of fresh and dried (hay) leaves were collected from both harvests; 1st cut, July and 2nd cut, September. Steam-distilled oils were produced from each harvest and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to give detailed profiles. The aroma and taste sensory attributes of each oil were evaluated. In addition, menthyl formate has previously been reported only once in the literature, but not as definitively as required by current flavor-regulatory bodies for use as a natural flavoring ingredient. It was conclusively reported in these peppermint oils.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from the Peel of Chinese Torreya grandis Fort

The composition of the peel essential oil of Torreya grandis fort obtained by cold pressing and steam distillation was determined by GC and GC/MS. 62 constituents accounting for 99.6% of the total pressed oil were identified while 59 compounds accounting for 99.4% of the steam distilled oil were identified. Limonene (35.6–37.1%), α-pinene (20.1–24.1%), and δ-carene (3.3–3.9) were the major constituents. Others include γ-carene (3.8-3.9%), germacrene D (2.5–2.9%), and β-farnesene (2.7-2.8%).

Biologically Important Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes from Alaska Cedar Heartwood Essential Oil and Their Semi-Synthetic Derivatives

The essential oil of Alaska cedar heartwood is known to contain compounds which contribute to the remarkable durability of this species. While previous research has identified several compounds, a complete description of this oil has not been undertaken. In this research a profile of the oil is given in which the major components are identified by GC, isolation and spectroscopic techniques. The major components of the steam distilled essential oil were identified as nootkatin, nootkatone, valencene, nootaktene, carvacrol, methyl carvacrol, nootkatol (2), and eremophil-1(10),11-dien-13-ol (3). The last two compounds were isolated for the first time from Alaska cedar in this research. The absolute stereochemistry at C-2 of nootkatol was shown to have the (S) configuration using the Mosher ester method. Assignment of stereochemistry for valencene-13-ol (3) was established by synthesis from valencene (6). Finally, two related sesquiterpenoids were synthesized from nootkatone and valencene. These sesquiterpenoids were nootkatone-1,10-11,12-diepoxide (5) and valencene-13-aldehyde (4), respectively.

Improvement of Essential Oil Steam Distillation by Microwave Pretreatment

Microwave irradiation is proposed as a pretreatment method to accelerate the conventional steam distillation of rosemary essential oil. Microwave extraction methods are based on the capacity of radiation to break the oil-containing glands, allowing faster extraction rates. An analytical method is developed to quantify the fraction of essential oil inside and outside trichomes. This method is used to evaluate the effect of microwaves on the fraction of oil released outside of trichome glands. Steam distillation rates are measured after using different microwave pretreatment energies, and the influence of liquid moisture released from plant cells is also analyzed.

GC-MS analysis of lemon catnip (Nepeta catariaL. var.citriodoraBalbis) essential oil

Summary The essential oil of the herb Nepeta cataria L. var. citriodora was obtained by hydrodistillation in Dean-Stark apparatus and by steam distillation. The chemical composition of the oil was determined by GC-MS. Two different GC oven temperature programs were tested. The main constituents of all the samples studied were the monoterpene alcohols (R)-(+)-β-citronellol and geraniol. The largest amounts of monoterpene aldehydes (geranial and neral) were found in the hydrodistilled oil. α-Amyrin (a precursor of ursolic acid) was also detected in the oil. trans-Rose oxide, α-terpineol, geranic acid, and trace amount of rose-oxide were found in the steam distilled oil only.

Chemical Components and Nitrite Cleaning Activity of Essential Oil from <i>Tagetes erecta L</i>. Leaf

Steam distillation oil (SDO) and simultaneous distillation oil (SDEO) were obtained from Tagetes Erecta L. leaf of Heilongjiang province by steam distillation method and simultaneous distillation method, respectively. The yields were 0.0943% and 1.005%. Compared the differentiation of essential oil through the GC-MS analysis, the result indicated that there were twenty-nine kinds of compounds can be confirmed from SDO and fifty-one kinds can be confirmed from SDEO. The two kinds of essential oil were assayed for affinity to scavenge sodium nitrite for the purpose of characterizing mechanisms of nitrite cleaning activity. Both show strong nitrite cleaning activity up to a concentration of 0.1mL.The maximum scavenging rate was 95.18% (SDO) and 54.28% (SDEO).

Comparative Investigation of the Volatile Oils of Satureja sahendica Bornm., Extracted via Steam and Hydro Distillations

Lamiaceae family comprises 13 species in Iran among which Satureja sahendica Bornm is growing wildly in north- west of Iran. In this study, the aerial parts of S. sahendica were collected in Sep, 2008 from Azerbayjan province. The essential oils of S. sahendica, extracted using steam and hydro distillations, have been analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-one compounds in the hydro distilled oil, representing 98.9 % and 14 compounds in the steam distilled oil, representing 98.8 %, were identified. The hydro distilled oil of S. sahendica was rich of monoterpenes with thymol (37.2 %), p-cymene (32.6 %) and γ-terpinene (11.5 %) as the major compounds. The steam distilled oil consists of the same main compounds but with different amounts as thymol (66.0 %), p-cymene (20.3 %) and γ-terpinene (3.6 %).

Volatile Components of Pelargonium roseum R. Br

Steam distilled volatile oil from leaves of Pelargonium roseum R.Br. was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-two compounds were identified; the major compounds were citronellol (27.3 %), citronellyl formate (17.2 %), β-caryophllene (10.3 %), γ-muurolene (6.1 %) and menthone (5.0 %).

Antimicrobial Activity of Isolates and Derivatives ex Indian Mentha arvensis Essential Oil

The antimicrobial activity of the steam distilled essential oil of Mentha arvensis, major isolates such as monoterpenes, menthone and isomenthone, dementholized oil (DMO), liquid menthol, l-men-thol and its acyl derivatives were studied. In vitro bioactivity evaluation of the oil, isolated components and the derivatives showed activity against a wide spectrum of human pathogenic fungi and bacteria tested. The activity of the isolated pure compounds and l-menthol derivatives was comparable to the bioactivity of original oil.

A Comparative Study of the Chemical Composition of the Leaves and Fruits Deriving the Essential Oil of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. from Benin

The steam-distilled essential oils from fresh leaves and fruits of wild Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. were obtained with a very low percentage and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-five compounds were identified. The main components of the oils were β-caryophyllene (43.7%), trans-α-bergamotene (6.3%), caryophyllene oxide (4.4%), 6-hydroxycarvotanacetone (4.4%), bicyclogermacrene (4.2%), (Z)-trans-α-bergamotol (3.9%), terpinen-4-ol (3.5%).

Compositional Changes in Yuzu (Citrus junos) Steam-Distilled Oil and Effects of Antioxidants on Oil Quality during Storage

Changes in 44 compounds of yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) steam-distilled peel oil (SDO) and possible artifacts that accrue during storage at 25°C were investigated after 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Changes in SDO composition during storage took place more rapidly than in cold-pressed oil. Total monoterpene hydrocarbons decreased markedly, with major losses of limonene and γ-terpinene and notable increases in p-cymene, as well as alcohols. Bicyclogermacrene, the main sesquiterpene hydrocarbon of the fresh oil, practically disappeared. (–)-Spathulenol, the main artifact, was converted from bicyclogermacrene. Antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, β-carotene and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) slowed the formation of oxidation products, such as p-cymene, (–)-spathulenol by inhibiting the formation of oxidative products. This suggests that the antioxidants can be used to maintain yuzu oil quality.

Chemical Composition of the Seed Volatiles of Aframomum sceptrum (Oliv. & T. Hanb.) K. Schum. from Nigeria

The steam distilled volatile oil obtained from pulverized Aframomum sceptrum seeds was examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components were 1,8-cineole (81.9 %), α-terpineol (10.1 %) and β-pinene (4.8 %). The oil displayed no antibacterial activity against either Gram positive organisms such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, or Gram negative organisms such as Escherichia coli, (MIC = 625 μg/mL).

Constituents of Artemisia tournefortiana Rchb. Essential Oil from Iran

The steam-distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of Artemisia tournefortiana was analysed by a combination of GC and GC-MS. Twenty nine compounds representing 97.3 % of the total constituents in the oil of A. tournefortiana obtained from aerial parts were rich in trans-thujone (47.0 %), sabinene (16.5 %) and β-pinene (8.3 %). This Artemisia was rich in monoterpenes.

Spinning cone column isolation of rosemary essential oil

Chemical compositions of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L .) essential oil isolated using different processes, steam distillation and a spinning cone column (SCC), and harvested at different times, spring and autumn, were compared. The effect SCC operating parameters had on yields was also studied. The method used for isolating the oil influenced its composition and yield. The main components found were: camphor, β-myrcene and 1,8-cineole. SCC derived oils were more consistent and richer, on average, in oxygenated compounds than steam distilled oils. Furthermore, citronellol, chrysanthenone, piperitone and thymol were detected in SCC oils but not in their steam distilled counterparts. SCC yields were more consistent at a 1/40 dilution while higher yields were achieved at the same dilution spinning at 570 rpm.

The Effect of Temperature on the Essential Oil Components of Salvia potentillifolia Obtained by Various Methods

The chemical compositions of the essential oils of Salvia potentillifolia (Lamiaceae) were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The oils were obtained by four different methods (hydrodistillation, steam distillation, and two extraction methods) to investigate the effect of temperature on the volatile compounds. In total, 121 components were detected in the various oils. The major compounds characterized were alpha-pinene (30.2, 31.2, 10.6, and 14.8%) and beta-pinene (15.0, 14.6, 7.6, and 11.4%), respectively. Surprisingly, the percentage concentrations of alpha-pinene and beta-pinene in the hydrodistilled and steam distilled oils were high, even though prepared at high temperature, whereas the contents of both compounds were lower in the essential oils obtained by the extraction methods prepared without added heat. The percentage concentration of 8,13-epoxy-labda-14-en-2-one, a diterpenoid, in the extracted essential oil was 22 times higher than in the hydrodistilled and steam distilled essential oils. However, the concentrations of cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol was four times, and beta-bourbonene and beta-caryophyllene two times superior than their percentage concentrations in the hydrodistilled and steam distilled essential oils.

Heartwood Oils of Santalum macgregorii F. Muell. (PNG Sandalwood)

The steam distilled essential oils of 14 samples of heartwood of Santalum macgregorii from Papua New Guinea have been examined by GC and GC/MS. Three extremes of composition have been identified, viz. one in which the oil was very similar to that from S. album, with large amounts of α- and β-santalol, a form with large amounts of (Z)-lanceol, and a form with large amounts of (E,E)-farnesol, (Z)-γ-curcumen-12-ol, (Z)-β-curcumen-12-ol and (Z)-nuciferol. It would appear from the analyses that chemotypes are not present; rather, there is a continuous variation in the oils of this species.

Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial constituents from the essential oil and ethanol extract of Salvia potentillifolia

The essential oil of Salvia potentillifolia was analysed by GC and GC–MS. Totally, 123 components were detected in both hydrodistilled and steam-distilled oils, α - and β -pinenes being major compounds. The antioxidant activities were determined by using complementary tests, namely, DPPH radical-scavenging, β -carotene-linoleic acid and reducing power assays. The ethanol extract also showed better activity (IC 50 = 69.4 ± 0.99 μg/ml) than that of BHT in the DPPH system, and showed great lipid peroxidation inhibition in the β -carotene-linoleic acid system (IC 50 = 30.4 ± 0.50 μg/ml). The essential oil showed meaningful butyrylcholinesterase activity (65.7 ± 0.21%), and α -pinene showed high acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC 50 = 86.2 ± 0.96 μM) while β -pinene was inactive. Antimicrobial activity was also investigated on several microorganisms, and the essential oil showed high activity against Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus . It also exhibited remarkable anticandidal activity against Candida albicans and C. tropicalis with MIC values of 18.5 and 15.5 μg/ml, respectively, while α - and β -pinenes showed moderate activity.

Comparison of essential oils compositions of Nepeta persica obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and steam distillation methods

Essential oil of Nepeta persica cultivated in Iran was obtained by steam distillation and supercritical (carbon dioxide) extraction methods. The oils were analysed by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detections. The compounds were identified according to their retention indices and mass spectra (EI, 70 eV). The effects of different parameters such as pressure, temperature, modifier volume and extraction times (dynamic and static) on the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of N. persica oil were investigated. The results showed that under the pressure of 20.3 MPa, temperature of 45 °C, methanol of 1.5% v/v), dynamic extraction time of 50 min and static extraction time of 25 min extraction was more selective for the 4αβ,7α,7aα-nepetalactone. Twelve compounds were identified in the steam-distilled oil. The major components of N. persica were 4αβ,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (26.5%), cis-β-farnesene (4.4%) and 3,4α-dihydro-4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (3.5%). However, by using supercritical carbon dioxide under optimum conditions, only two components have more than 90.0% of the oil. The extraction yield based on steam distillation was 0.08% (v/w). On the other hand, using SFE extraction yield in the range of 0.22–8.90% (w/w) were obtained at different conditions. The results show that, in Iranian N. persica oil, 4αβ,7α,7aα-nepetalactone is a major component.

Effect of Harvesting Treatments and Distillation Methods on the Essential Oil of Lemon Balm and Apple Geranium Plants

The effects of harvesting treatments and / or distillation methods (hydrodistillation, hydro-steam distillation and steam distillation) on the essential oil content and composition of Pelargonium odoratissimum L. and Melissa officinalis L. plants were carried out in a greenhouse at Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Shanghai, China, during the years of 2007 and 2008. The highest oil yield of P. odoratissimum L. and M. officinalis L. was obtained by hydrodistillation and the lowest by steam distillation. The essential oil was significantly decreased towards the second harvesting. The main component of P. odoratissimum essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation was methyl eugenol (25.9 % - 30.4 %), while the main component of hydro-steam distilled or steam distilled oil was limonene (30.5 % - 32.4 % for hydro-steam distilled oil and 38.8 % - 49.4 % for steam distilled oil). The most abundant compound of M. officinalis oil extracted by hydrodistillation or hydro- steam distillation was citronellal (36.1 % - 37.8 % for hydrodistillation and 27.3 % - 29.8 % for hydro- steam distillation ), whereas αthe essential oil content and co-terpinene (20.2 % - 21.9 %) was the main component with steam distillation. The oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbon compounds were changed according to the distillation methods and / or harvesting number for both P. odoratissimum and M. officinalis. plants.