Steam Distilled Oil Research Articles

G.L.C. study of the essential oil of wild cardamom oil of Sri Lanka

AbstractVolatile oil steam distilled from wild cardamoms was analysed by gas liquid chromatography and several significant differences from the expressed oil and the oil of other varieties of cardamom were observed, e.g. cold pressed wild cardamom oil contained no p‐cymene whilst steam distilled oil contained a high percentage. Thujene and cis‐p‐2‐menthen‐1‐ol are constituents reported for the first time.

ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SPICES GROWN IN ALBERTA. ANISE OIL (PIMPINELLA ANISUM)

The annual plant anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), grown in Alberta over five consecutive seasons, was rated as medium for its herb vigor and growth, and the yield and quality of its essential oil was determined. The average yield of steam-distilled oil, calculated on a dry weight basis, was 1.05–1.1% for seed and 1.2–1.35% for the whole crushed plant. The number of identified constituents, as determined by using a TL-GL-chromatography method, was 16 for the plant, and 12 for the seed oil, with corresponding percentages of 74.7 and 84.6, respectively. The only major oil constituent was trans-anethole which was 57.4% of whole plant and 75.2% of seed oil. The other constituents of plant oil, present in amounts of 1–5% were cis-anethole, carvone, β-caryophyllene, dihydrocarvyl acetate, estragole and limonene. Compositional data obtained for world market oils, which are used for flavoring by domestic food industries, suggested that the Alberta anise oils are of sufficient quality to substitute for the imported oils.

Simulation of Steamflooding With Distillation and Solution Gas

Abstract This paper describes a three-dimensional numerical model for simulating steam-injection processes. The model accounts for solution gas and steam distillation of oil. The relative-permeability treatment presented includes a flexible but simple representation of temperature dependence and a history-dependent hysteresis in gas relative permeability. Since computational stability is a major difficulty in steamflood simulation, an implicit treatment of transmissibilities and capillary pressure is presented in detail. Model applications include comparisons with laboratory data, sensitivity experiments, and a field steam-injection test. Introduction Shutler and Abdalla and Coats described two-dimensional, three-phase flow numerical models for simulating steam-injection processes. Weinstein et al. described a one-dimensional model that accounted for steam distillation of oil. Coats et al. described a three-dimensional steamflood model that neglected steam distillation of oil, release of solution gas at elevated temperatures, and temperature dependence of relative permeability. This paper describes an extended formulation that includes these three phenomena and uses a more implicit treatment of capillary pressures and transmissibilities in the fluid-saturation calculations. The extended formulation represents a step toward a fully compositional thermal model without incurring the computational expense of the latter. The relative-permeability treatment described includes a rather flexible but simple representation of temperature dependence and incorporates a hysteresis in gas-phase relative permeability that varies with the historical maximum grid-block gas saturation. The phase-behavior representation is the weakest element of this work. We have found insufficient data relative to PVT behavior of a heavy-oil/steam system to justify sophisticated schemes of the type used in isothermal hydrocarbon systems. The PVT treatment presented is the simplest we could construct subject to the objectives of "directional correctness," reasonable quantitative accuracy, and ability to obtain required parameters from laboratory data either normally parameters from laboratory data either normally available or readily determinable. Model results presented include a comparison with laboratory data for a steamflood of a distillable oil; sensitivity results indicating effects and relative importance of various types of input data; and a comparison between calculated and observed injection rates for a Cold Lake (Alta.) steam-injection test. The latter is of interest in regard to reservations we have had regarding a model's ability to predict steam-injection rates into virtually immobile oil (100,000 cp). The field-test data showed initial and sustained steam-injection rates of 1,400 STB/D (cold-water equivalent). We discuss several reservoir-fluid parameters that had little effect and one independently measured parameter that had a pronounced effect on the calculated injection rate. pronounced effect on the calculated injection rate. MODEL DESCRIPTION The model consists and sewn equations expressing conservation of energy, conservation of mass, and constraints on sums of liquid and gas phase mol fractions. The mass-conservation equations apply to water and to each of three hydrocarbon components. In finite-difference form these equations are the following. SPEJ P. 235

Rapid method for determination of unsulfonated oils

AbstractA primary limitation to alkylbenzene sulfonation processes has been the lack of a rapid method to sense the quality of sulfonation. This is especially true for a process using sulfur trioxide where both the level of sulfonating agent and time are critical: too little reagent results in high oils; too much reagent degrades product color; and a delay in the process also degrades color. Although steam distillation of oils from the neutralized sulfonate can be conducted in about one and one‐half hours for commercial dodecylbenzene derivatives, far greater time is required for higher molecular weight homologs. Extraction of oils requires about one hour and more operator time than distillation.The use of ethylene glycol as the principal carrier solvent, along with a small amount of water, provides oil values within 10 min distillation time. It is also applicable to longer chain alkylbenzene. sulfonates besides those from dodecylbenzene. Subsequently, extracted oils are high, ca. 90%, in sulfone content. Glycol distilled oils plus subsequently extracted oils (sulfones) are slightly greater than oils obtained exclusively by extraction. It has been realized that some of the more volatile oils are lost during the usual extraction procedure.The glycol oils distillation method has been successfully used in plants for alkylbenzene sulfonic acid quality control.

Field Studies With Pine Oils as Destroyers of Overwintering Codling Moth Larvae1

A blend of various fractions of steam-distilled pine oils was found to be effective in field applications against hibernating codling moth larvae (Carpocapsa pomonella) when brushed liberally upon the rough bark, crotches, pruning wounds, and cankers of apple trees. The applications produced marked reduction in the amount of first brood codling moth injury in the treated blocks, without injury to the trees. Fruit counts at harvest indicated that the initial advantage gained by the treatment will produce the greatest benefit when large areas are treated at the same time, and followed by the recommended codling moth cover sprays.