Steam Distilled Oil Research Articles

Essential Oil Variability of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. Growing Wild in Southern Puglia (Italy)

Satureja cuneifolia Ten. spontaneously growing in 12 sites in Southern Puglia (Italy), was characterized on the basis of its essential oil composition. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of steam-distilled oil were performed by GC and GC/MS. Cluster analysis made it possible to identify four different chemotypes: linalool, borneol, α-pinene, and borneol/α-pinene. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted the relations existing between the compounds that constitute the essential oils. Moreover, spatial autocorrelation, evaluated in the space described by the principal components, was used to analyse the relationships between chemical polymorphism and certain large-scale environmental conditions proper to sampling sites. Specifically, the arrangement of values in relation to Yearly Rainfall (YR) was found not to be random: the findings showed that increased water availability in the soil causes an arise in the presence of the borneol chemotype. In contrast, reduced water availability is directly correlated with the presence of the linalool and α-pinene chemotypes.

Modeling steam distillation of essential oils: Application to lavandin super oil

AbstractSteam distillation of essential oil was studied to develop a phenomenological model able to reproduce oil recovery yield vs. collected floral water volume of aromatic plants with oil glandular trichomes. The model considers three stages in the oil obtaining process: (1) thermal oil exudation from the glandular trichomes, (2) vapor–liquid equilibrium at the interface, considering individual oil components, and (3) vapor phase oil mass transfer. Oil exudation was confirmed by SEM, and first order release kinetics was assumed for this stage. Lavandin super oil steam distillation experimental data were collected at a bench scale plant, using different steam flows and bed porosities. Experimental data were used to correlate model parameters: (1) the thermal exudation rate constant (0.072 min−1), and (2) the oil spots average thickness in the oil‐aqueous layer (115 μm). The average oil recovery yield was 1.36 ± 0.14% w/w. The main compounds of essential oil were identified and quantified by GC/MS. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008

Volatile Constituents and Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities of Immature Green Seeds of Trachyspermum ammi Linn

Steam distilled volatile oil obtained from fruits of Trachyspermum ammi Linn. belonging to family Umbelliferae, was analysed by Capillary GC and GC-MS. The oil is composed of nine (9) monoterpenes which includes, seven (7) hydrocarbons (97.1%) and two (2) alcohols (2.9%). The predominant monoterpenes were y-terpinene (35%), a-phellandrene (31.4%), ô-carene (19.3%), p -mentha -1,3,8 triene (8.8%), p-cumin-7-ol (2.7%), ß-pinene (1.9%), ß-myrcene (0.4%), cis-myrtenol (0.2%) and Ot-pinene (0.3%).

Antibacterial potential assessment of jasmine essential oil against <i> E. coli</i>

The antibacterial activity of Jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.) flower hydro steam distilled essential oil, synthetic blends and six major individual components was assessed against Escherichia coli (MTCC-443) strain. The activity was bactericidal. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by tube dilution technique, and the Minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 1.9-31.25 μl/ml. Phenolcoefficient of the oil, synthetic blends and components varied between 0.6-1.7. The activity of the chemicals was possibly due to the inhibition of cell membrane synthesis.

Volatile Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Immature Green Seeds of Foeniculum vulgare Miller

A steam distilled volatile oil obtained from the immature green seeds of Indian fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Miller belonging to Umbelliferae family, was analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The volatile oil mainly comprises of five monoterpenes, cumic aldehyde (87.3 %), was found to be predominant constituent followed by fenchone (8.2 %), anethole (2.1 %), citronellal (1.6 %) and geraniol (0.6 %).

Essential oil of Laurus nobilis from Montenegro

Steam distilled oil from the shoots, separated leaves, and stem, as well as from the flower of laurel (Laurus nobilis), grown in Montenegro, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The yield of essential oil was as follow: 1.4% in young shoots, 1.5% in the separated leaves, and 0.7% in separated stems. The main constituents of all investigated oils were 1,8-cineole, methyleugenol, and α-terpinyl acetate. Besides, α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene, and linalool were also present. It was interesting and important for commercial samples of laurel essential oil that there was no significant difference among the essential oil obtained from young shoots and those obtained from leaves and stem. The main constituents of the flower oil were 1,8-cineole (15.7%), β-caryophyllene (9.5%), γ-muurolene (7.1%), α-terpinyl acetate (6.5%), and methyleugenol (3.9%).

Biocidal Activity of Three Wood Essential Oils Against Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

The biocidal activity of three steam distilled wood essential oils—incense cedar, Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin; Port-Orford-cedar, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.; and western juniper, Juniperus occidentalis (Hook)—were evaluated against adult Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothchild) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) and nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae). In vitro laboratory bioassays were conducted to establish baseline dose–mortality data through 24 h. Incense cedar heartwood was the most toxic to all three vector species followed in order of activity by western juniper and Port-Orford-cedar based on LC50 and LC90 values. Ae. aegypti were substantially more susceptible to the oils than either I. scapularis or X. cheopis.

Chemical Composition of Commercial Juniperus communis L. Leaf Oil

The steam distilled oil from the dry leaves (needles) of Juniperus communis L subjected to Gas Chromatograph (GC) and Gas Chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), resulted in identification of 27 compounds representing (89.40%) of the total oil, β-pinene (10.7%), sabinene (22.8%), trans-sabinene hydrate (6.0%) and γ-cadinene (10.6%) were the major constituents respectively. Simultaneously the comparison of leaves Analysis has been done with earlier published reports.

Components of the Essential Oil from Matteuccia struthiopteris

A steam distilled oil obtained from Matteuccia struthiopteris was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil was found to contain 103 volatile components, and (E)-phytol (24.8%), nonanal (15.1%) and decanal (7.6%) as the main compounds. The oil included two aldehydes known as sea-weed like odor, (8Z, 11Z, 14Z)-heptadecatrienal (0.6%) and (8Z, 11Z)-heptadecadienal (0.1%). The most characteristic aroma compound was (6Z)-nonenal.

Evaluation of size reduction on the yield and quality of celery seed oil

The effect of grinding/flaking with and without pre-cooling of celery seeds on the yield and physical and chemical characteristics of volatile oil was evaluated. For smaller batches (200 g) with pre chilling and flaking, yields of oil were marginally but consistently higher (2.20%), compared to grinding celery at ambient temperature using a mini plate mill (1.9%) and with waring blender (1.8%). With flaking at room temperature the yield of oil was 2.0%. However, in large batches (10 kg), with steam distillation the yield of steam distilled oil was significantly higher for flaking (1.76%) as compared to the hammer mill powdering (1.4%), both at room temperature. Extraction of volatile oil from celery powder or flakes follows first order kinetics with an variance value of 0.04. Gas chromatograph (GC) and gas chromatograph–mass spectra (MS) analysis showed that in case of flaking, the volatile oil had higher levels of limonene, the major volatile compound and sedanenolide, the major character impact compound being present in almost equal quantities in both the cases of flakes and powder. Selective collection of volatile oil at different intervals of time of distillation gave products of different flavour profiles. Flaking had the advantage of higher yields of the volatile oil with better flavour quality. It was also observed that flaking of celery helped in overcoming the problem of clogging and choking which is associated with the conventional grinding.

Comparative Chemical Composition of Steam-Distilled and Water-Soluble Essential Oils of South American Marigold (Tagetes minuta L.)

Flowering shoot biomass of feld-grown South American marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) was hydrodistilled in Clevenger-type apparatus, steam-distilled in a feld distillation unit and the distillation water was collected. Chemical profles of hydrodistilled, steam-distilled and water-soluble (recovered from the distillation water of feld distillation unit employing hexane as the solvent) essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The solubility of T. minuta oil in cold water at room temperature (30° C), in hot water (80° C) and the effciencies of hydrodistillation and hexane methods for isolating dissolved oil in water were studied under laboratory conditions. The solubility of the oil ranged from 0.11% in cold water to 0.15% in hot water. Hydrodistillation recovered 33.3–36.7% of dissolved oil in hot water and 55.0–60.0% of dissolved oil in cold water. Hexane extraction recovered 82.7–83.3% of dissolved oil in hot water and 90.0–90.5% of dissolved oil in cold water. Hydrodistilled and steam-distilled oils were richer in mono-and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, while the water-soluble oil was richer in oxygenated monoterpenes (83.1–93.5%). Hydrodistilled and steam-distilled oils contained (Z)-β-ocimene (13.6–42.2%), dihydrotagetone + (E)-β-ocimene (14.8–30.3%), (Z)-tagetone (7.1–11.9%), (Z)-ocimenone (3.7–5.9%) and (E)-ocimenone (1.8–12.7%) as their major constituents. The main components of the water-soluble oil were: dihydrotagetone + (E)-β-ocimene (3.9–6.8%), (Z)-tagetone (6.2–7.9%), (E)-ocimenone (10.7–13.0%) and geraniol + linalyl acetate (47.5–52.0%).

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Lantana indica Roxb. Leaves

A steam-distilled essential oil obtained from the leaves of Lantana indica Roxb. (Verbenaceae), infesting large areas in India and used variously in Indian system of medicine, was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Quantitatively the oil contained about 42% monoterpenes and 51% sesquiterpenes. The predominant component was α-humulene (17.8%) followed by dalta;-3-carene (15.6%), sabinene (14.8%), (E)-nerolidol (9.2%), β-selinene (8.6%) and globulol (7.7%).

α-Bulnesene, a PAF inhibitor isolated from the essential oil of Pogostemon cablin

Steam distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of Pogostemon cablin was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Forty one compounds were identified of which α-guaiene (20.62%) and α-bulnesene (16.18%) were major constituents. Furthermore, fractionation of the essential oil from P. cablin guided by inhibitory activity against PAF-induced platelet aggregation led to the isolation of the sesquiterpene, α-bulnesene.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Steam Distilled Oil of Ashanti Pepper (Piper guineense) Fruits (Berries)

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Steam Distilled Oil of Ashanti Pepper (Piper guineense) Fruits (Berries)

<b>VOLATILE LEAF OIL CONSTITUENTS OF <i>OCIMUM AMERICANUM</i> L. OCCURING IN WESTERN KENYA

Steam distilled volatile oils from the leaves of Ocimum americanum L. growing in Western Kenya were analysed by GC and GC-MS. A total of 36 compounds, representing a total of 88.51% of the total oil, were identified. The oil was classified as terpinen-4-ol-type according to the terpinen-4-ol content (43.21%). To the best of our knowledge this chemotype of O. americanum has not yet been reported from the East African region. This chemotype of O. americanum has only been reported from Togo. Other notable components include 1,8-cineole (16.13%), α-terpineol (4.01%), trans-caryophyllene (3.06%), α-bergamotene (2.68%) and cis-sabinene hydrate (2.59%). The oil contains mainly oxygenated monoterpenes which accounted for 71.24% of the total oil. The yield obtained was 4% w/w on a dry weight basis. KEY WORDS: Ocimum americanum, Lamiaceae, Chemotype, Terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-Cineole, µ-Terpineol, trans-Caryophyllene, Kenya Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2006, 20(1), 177-180.

Essential Oil Composition of the Fruits of Eletteria cardamomum

A steam distilled essential oil obtained from fruits of Eletteria cardamomum was characterized by a high proportion of monoterpenes (87.6%). The main monoterpenes was 1,8-cineole (35.6%) followed by α-terpenyl acetate (27.1%), α-terpineol (4.9%), linalool (4.1%) and thujyl alcohol. Sesquiterpenic constituents amounting to only 1.8 % were represented by t-caryophyllene (0.8 %) and valencene (1%). Other important volatile constituents identified in the oil were α-phellandrene (2.5 %), cis-ocimene (2.4 %) and neryl acetate (1.7 %).

Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Anemopsis californica Leaf Oil

Isolation and characterization of leaf volatiles in Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. and Arn. (A. californica) was performed using steam distillation, solid-phase microextraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Thirty-eight compounds were detected and identified by gas chromatography; elemicin was the major component of the leaf volatiles. While the composition of the leaf volatiles varied with method of extraction, alpha-pinene, sabinene, beta-phellandrene, 1,8-cineole, piperitone, methyl eugenol, (E)-caryophyllene, and elemicin were usually present in readily detectable amounts. Greenhouse-reared clones of a wild population of A. californica had an identical leaf volatile composition with the parent plants. Steam-distilled oil had antimicrobial properties against 3 (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Geotrichim candidum) of 11 microbial species tested. Some of this bioactivity could be accounted for by the alpha-pinene in the oil.

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil and Supercritical CO2Extract ofCommiphora myrrha(Nees) Engl. and ofAcorus calamusL.

Volatile concentrates from the oleo-gum resin of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and from the rhizomes of Acorus calamus were isolated by supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide. The volatile oil of myrrh was obtained at 9.0 MPa and 50 degrees C and at a CO2 flow of 1.5 kg/h. Acorus calamus was extracted at 9.0 MPa and 45 degrees C and at a CO2 flow of 1.6 kg/h. In both cases, an oil devoid of cuticular waxes was obtained with a single depressurization stage. The SFE myrrh oil had a yield, Y, of 3.2%. Its main components, identified and quantified by GC/MS, were furanoeudesma-1,3-diene, 34.9%; lindestrene, 12.9%; curzerene, 8.5%; and germacrone, 5.8%. The essential oils from the same starting material by hydrodistillation, HD, (Y = 2.8%) and by steam distillation, SD, (Y = 0.4%) were quite similar to the SFE extract. The main components of the SFE oil of A. calamus (Y = 3.5%) were acorenone, 13.4%; iso-acorone, 11.6%; (Z)-sesquilavandulol, 11.0%; dehydroxy isocalamendiol, 7.7%; and beta-asarone, 5.5%. The comparison with hydrodistilled (Y = 1.8%) and steam distilled (Y = 1.0%) oils revealed large differences in the content of iso-acorone and crypto-acorone.

Volatile Oil Constituents of the Fresh Rhizomes of Curcuma amada Roxb.

The steam distilled oil obtained from the fresh rhizomes of Curcuma amada Roxb. contained 26 components, of which 24, comprising 96.1% of the oil, were completely identifed. The oil contained 10 monoterpenes and 14 sesquiterpenes accounting for 12.2% and 83.9%, respectively. The predominant monoterpene identifed was camphor (5.5%). The sesquiterpene fraction consisted mainly of hydrocarbons (ca 83.6%) and the prominent hydrocarbons were (Z)-β-farnesene (21.9 %), guaia-6,9-diene (19.8%), α-longipinene (14.8%) and α-guaiene (14.5%).The aromatic constituent contributing to the odor of the oil were thymol (4.9%).

Extraction of essential oil from geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) with supercritical carbon dioxide

AbstractThis study investigated the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of geranium essential oil from geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) using supercritical carbon dioxide solvent. The extraction yield was measured as a function of pressure, temperature and carbon dioxide flow rate. At low pressure (10 MPa) and high temperature (343 K), waxes were co‐extracted with the essential oil, resulting in artificially elevated essential oil extraction yields as no method was available with the SFE apparatus used to separate co‐extracted waxes and oil. At high pressure (30 MPa) and low temperature (313 K), the amount of wax co‐extracted decreased. Under these ‘optimum’ conditions, the extraction yield increased with decrease in flow rate giving a maximum extraction yield of 2.53%. All samples were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and the effect of pressure and extraction time on oil composition was studied. The percentage compositions of terpene hydrocarbons, terpenols, geraniol and geranyl esters were significantly affected by pressure and extraction time. The oil samples obtained by SFE were also compared with commercially obtained steam distilled samples. All major components of the commercially obtained oils were present in the SFE‐obtained oils; however, the percentage composition of the major components differed greatly between steam distilled and SFE oils. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry