Static Setup Research Articles

The Influence of Static Factors on Seating Comfort of Motorcycles: An Initial Investigation.

The aim of the current study is to examine the influence of static factors on overall seating comfort in motorcycles and validate the use of static lab-based setups for evaluating seating comfort in motorcycles. Seating comfort in automobiles has two factors, static and dynamic. Research on seating comfort of passenger cars has shown that when the magnitude of vibration reaching the seat is low, comfort is largely determined by static factors. Studies have also validated the use of static lab-based setups for research on seating comfort in passenger cars. Static lab-based setups are easy to develop, provide a controlled environment, and efficient for experimental research. The riding posture, mass distribution, and dynamics of a motorcycle differ from a passenger car and warrant further investigation to extend the results from the research on passenger cars. The study compares subjective rating of seating comfort and objective measurement of seat interface pressure in two test conditions: a static lab-based setup and actual driving on a flat test track where the magnitude of vibration reaching the seat is low. The vibration at the seat is measured for the driving trial. A group of 18 male volunteers from TVS Motor Company participated in the study, and two motorcycles from the economy/executive segment of India are used in the study. The subjective ratings are analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's correlation. The vibration data are analyzed as per ISO 2631-1 to calculate the frequency-weighted acceleration, aw. The results show that there is no significant difference between the two test conditions either in the objective measurements or in the subjective rating of comfort. There is also a statistically significant correlation between the subjective ratings of seating comfort in static lab-based setup and actual riding (r = .77, p < .01, n = 36). The mean aw at the seat while driving in the test track used in this study is 0.2 m/s2. Static factors have a significant influence on seating comfort in motorcycles. When the vibration reaching the seat is low (aw ≤ 0.2 m/s2), seating comfort is largely determined by the static factors. The use of static lab-based setups for evaluating static factors of seating comfort in motorcycles is validated. The results of this study enable further research to understand the human criterion for seating comfort in motorcycles using static lab-based setups which are easier to develop and provide controlled environment that is essential for any research.

IoT network-based ANN for ventilation pattern prediction and actuation to optimize IAQ in educational spaces

Nowadays, in a user centered design approach, one of the main parameters for assessing the well-being of building spaces is Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), which can assure a crucial level of comfort and optimal conditions to preserve users’ productivity and cognitive performance. Research works in this direction mention that with 1000 ppm of CO2 concentration, a reduction of the users’ cognitive performance about 11-23% is reported and, for a concentration of 2500 ppm, the decrease reaches 44-94% compared to the performance at 600 ppm. Consequently, a correct buildings ventilation is crucial. The use of mechanical systems seems possibly to avoid the problem but indeed the existing buildings often have outdated and not flexible systems to face changing needs. Thereby, the ventilation rates are not related to people density and the static setup of HVAC systems might be an issue to maintain an acceptable level of CO2 concentration. Moreover, in school buildings, mechanical ventilation is not diffusely adopted and insufficient rates of fresh air supplied to the classrooms are connected with inappropriate IAQ, occurrence of SBS symptoms among pupils. Current technology provides easy measurement of CO2 through dedicated sensors networks. The present research uses the pilot educational building eLUX, located in the Smart Campus of the University of Brescia, to investigate the possibility to integrate IAQ data generated by IoT sensors to improve the estimation of occupancy rate in the educational spaces. The aim is to underline the relevance of the parameter to regulate properly the HVAC systems and to define opening/closing patterns for automated windows to enhance IAQ. The data collected during the monitoring phase are useful to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that through an IoT communication protocol could actuate the ventilation rate control.

Braiding of Majorana Fermions in a Cavity.

We study the dynamical process of braiding Majorana bound states (MBS) in the presence of the coupling to photons in a microwave cavity. We show theoretically that the π/4 phase associated with the braiding of MBS, as well as the parity of the ground state are imprinted into the photonic field of the cavity, which can be detected by dispersive readout techniques. These manifestations are purely dynamical, they occur in the absence of any splitting of the MBS that are exchanged, and they disappear in the static setups studied previously. Conversely, the cavity can affect the braiding phase, which in turn should allow for cavity controlled braiding.

Supercontinuum generation in the absence and in the presence of color centers in NaCl and KBr

We study supercontinuum generation with femtosecond mid-infrared laser pulses in NaCl and KBr crystals when pumped at the vicinity of their zero group velocity dispersion points. Almost three octave-spanning SC spectra (covering the 0.7–5.4 μm and 0.85–5.4 μm ranges in 5 mm-thick NaCl and KBr samples, respectively) were produced by filamentation of 70 fs, 3.6 μm input pulses in continuously translated samples. In the static setup, we show that rapid formation of persistent color centers (within a few seconds at 500 Hz repetition rate) inside these materials results in a marked decrease (by 40%) of the overall energy transmittance and in significant narrowing of SC spectra. We also demonstrate that the effect of color centers on the SC spectrum could be adequately simulated numerically using a simple phenomenological model which considers color centers as impurities with a certain energy bandgap.

The linear hidden subset problem for the (1 + 1) EA with scheduled and adaptive mutation rates

We study unbiased (1+1) evolutionary algorithms on linear functions with an unknown number n of bits with non-zero weight. Static algorithms achieve an optimal runtime of O(n(ln⁡n)2+ε), however, it remained unclear whether more dynamic parameter policies could yield better runtime guarantees. We consider two setups: one where the mutation rate follows a fixed schedule, and one where it may be adapted depending on the history of the run. For the first setup, we give a schedule that achieves a runtime of (1±o(1))βnln⁡n, where β≈3.552, which is an asymptotic improvement over the runtime of the static setup. Moreover, we show that no schedule admits a better runtime guarantee and that the optimal schedule is essentially unique. For the second setup, we show that the runtime can be further improved to (1±o(1))enln⁡n, which matches the performance of algorithms that know n in advance.Finally, we study the related model of initial segment uncertainty with static position-dependent mutation rates, and derive asymptotically optimal lower bounds. This answers a question by Doerr, Doerr, and Kötzing.

One-pot synthesis of multifunctional ZnO nanomaterials: study of superhydrophobicity and UV photosensing property

ZnO nanomaterials are synthesized using one-pot synthesis method. Equimolar solution of Zinc Nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) and Hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4) is used as a precursor for ZnO formation. Different nanostructures of ZnO are achieved by controlling the pH of the growth solution in the range 2–12 (acidic to alkali). ZnO nanostructures are evaluated for hydrophobic property using static contact angle measurement setup and UV photosensing activity. Surface morphology, structural properties and compositional analysis of ZnO nanostructures are examined by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (FEG-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Existence of ZnO wurtzite structure is confirmed from XRD study and is analyzed by Rietveld refinement method. Nanomaterials are characterized using Raman spectroscopy which confirms highest oxygen deficiency in ZnO nanorods. The material shows remarkable superhydrophobic and UV photosensing property and hence the name multifunctional. Among all morphologies grown at different pH values, ZnO nanorods show superhydrophobic nature with contact angle more than 170°. Total surface energy value of ZnO nanostructures is calculated using Wendt two-component theory. Different ZnO nanostructures (with variation of pH value) are used to study UV photosensing property. Responsivity and photocurrent show a strong dependence on the morphology of ZnO.

Mission Scheduling in Space Network With Antenna Dynamic Setup Times

Due to the constantly increasing mission demands for the space network (SN), the technical issue of high-efficient scheduling has attracted continuous attention in recent years. Most of the previous scheduling algorithms have generally ignored two critical factors, i.e., the dynamic property of single access (SA) antenna's setup times and the time-space distribution characteristics of users’ requested missions. In this paper, we build a mathematical model for the heterogeneous intersatellite link antenna (ILA) pointing route problem with the consideration of constraints on visibility windows and dynamic setup times. Specifically, the ILA's pointing mechanics cost and the missions’ time-space distribution are first taken into account into the scheduling model. Meanwhile, a new two-stage heuristic algorithm with hierarchical scheduling strategies is proposed to solve this optimization model. Finally, we employ the SN dataset to verify our proposed model by comparing three algorithms, the existing greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) algorithm with static setup times, our improved GRASP algorithm with dynamic setup times, and our proposed two-stage heuristic algorithm. Experimental results show that our improved GRASP can schedule 3.72%, 10.36%, 12.51% more missions and can consume 53.18%, 49.95%, and 49.32% less setup times of SA antennas than the original Rojanasoonthon's GRASP for the mission scale of 200, 400, and 600, respectively. Moreover, compared with the improved GRASP algorithm, our proposed two-stage heuristic algorithm is more effective, which can further enhance the total number of scheduled missions by 2.41%, 4.43%, and 6.02% and reduce the setup times of SA antennas by 11.84%, 10.38%, and 9.54%.

Repeated implementation: A practical characterization

We characterize the social choice functions that are repeatedly implementable. The necessary and sufficient condition is formulated in terms of the equilibrium payoff set of an associated repeated game. It follows that the implementability of a function can be tested numerically by approximating the equilibrium payoff set. Additionally, with the help of our characterization, we demonstrate that an efficient function is implementable if and only if it satisfies a weaker version of Maskin monotonicity. As an application, we prove that utilitarian social choice functions are implementable by showing that continuation payoff promises effectively play the role of side-payments, which are needed for implementation in static setups.

Occurrence and fate of methane leakage from cut and buried abandoned gas wells in the Netherlands

Methane leakage caused by well integrity failure was assessed at 28 abandoned gas wells and 1 oil well in the Netherlands, which have been plugged, cut and buried to below the ground surface (≥3 mbgl). At each location, methane concentrations were thoroughly scanned at the surface. A static chamber setup was used to measure methane flow rates from the surface as well as from 1 m deep holes drilled using a hand auger. An anomalously high flow rate from 1 m depth combined with isotopic confirmation of a thermogenic origin revealed ongoing leakage at 1 of the 29 wells (3.4%), that had gone undetected by surficial measurements. Gas fluxes at the other sites were due to shallow production of biogenic methane. Detailed investigation at the leaking well (MON-02), consisting of 28 flux measurements conducted in a 2 × 2 m grid from holes drilled to 1 and 2 m depth, showed that flux magnitude was spatially heterogeneous and consistently larger at 2 m depth compared to 1 m. Isotopic evidence revealed oxidation accounted for roughly 25% of the decrease in flux towards the surface. The estimated total flux from the well (443 g CH4 hr−1) was calculated by extrapolation of the individual flow rate measurements at 2 m depth and should be considered an indicative value as the validity of the estimate using our approach requires confirmation by modelling and/or experimental studies. Together, our findings show that total methane emissions from leaking gas wells in the Netherlands are likely negligible compared to other sources of anthropogenic methane emissions (e.g. <1% of emissions from the Dutch energy sector). Furthermore, subsurface measurements greatly improve the likelihood of detecting leakage at buried abandoned wells and are therefore essential to accurately assess their greenhouse gas emissions and explosion hazards.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Polymerization Properties of N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate/Iodized Oil Mixtures for Lymphatic Interventions

PurposeTo evaluate polymerization of N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA)/iodized oil mixtures for lymphatic interventions in vitro. Materials and MethodsPolymerization times of different NBCA/iodized oil mixtures (ratios of 1:0–1:7) were investigated in a static and dynamic experimental setup (performed in a lymph flow model in a silicone tube). Eight lymphatic samples with different triglyceride (TG) concentrations (low TGs, < 50 mg/dL; medium TGs, approximately 100–400 mg/dL; high TGs, > 700 mg/dL) were investigated. Morphologic changes during NBCA polymerization were monitored and recorded by video. Statistical analysis was performed with intergroup comparisons (Kruskal–Wallis test) and multiple regression analysis. ResultsStatic experiments showed increasing polymerization times with increasing concentrations of iodized oil as well as increasing concentrations of TGs. In the low-TG group, polymerization time increased from 14 s at a 1:1 ratio of NBCA to iodized oil to 1,336 s at a 1:7 ratio; times in the medium-TG group increased from 21 s (1:1) to 2,546 s (1:7), and those in the high TG group increased from 168 s (1:1) to 16,530 s (1:7). In dynamic experiments, prolongation of polymerization time was less pronounced. For low- and medium-TG groups, total occlusion of the silicon tube was observed in all cases during the embolization procedure at between 26 seconds (1:1 ratio) and 52 seconds (1:7). In the high-TG group, polymerization took considerably longer (between 43 s [1:1] and 467 s [1:7]) or failed completely. ConclusionsPolymerization time of NBCA/iodized oil in lymph seems to be prolonged by increasing iodized oil and TG concentrations.

Breaking the Limits in Urban Video Monitoring: Massive Crowd Sourced Surveillance over Vehicles

Contemporary urban environments are in prompt need of the means for intelligent decision- making, where a crucial role belongs to smart video surveillance systems. While existing deployments of stationary monitoring cameras already deliver notable societal benefits, the proposed concept of massive video surveillance over connected vehicles that we contribute in this article may further augment these important capabilities. We therefore introduce the envisioned system concept, discuss its implementation, outline the high-level architecture, and identify major data flows, while also offering insights into the corresponding design and deployment aspects. Our conducted case study confirms the potential of the described crowd sourced vehicular system to effectively complement and eventually surpass even the best of today's static video surveillance setups. We expect that our proposal will become of value and integrate seamlessly into the future Internetof- Things landscape, thus enabling a plethora of advanced urban applications.

Evaluating efficiency and stability of calcite scaling inhibitors at high pressure and high temperature in laboratory scale

Reduction or prevention of scaling is commonly achieved by injecting scaling inhibitors into the geothermal circuit. Inhibitor-efficiency tests can be carried out in static or dynamic experiment set-ups allowing measurements at high pressures and high temperatures (HPHT). For these measurements, suitable analytical methods have to be selected depending on the nature of the scales and the specifics of the related sensors in a HPHT environment. In this study, a calcite scaling inhibitor was evaluated in static batch tests at HPHT conditions with respect to its inhibitory efficiency as well as its degradation behaviour. The inhibitor efficiency significantly decreases in comparison to ambient p,T-conditions. In a long-term stability experiment, a delayed partial degradation of the inhibitor at HPHT conditions could be observed.

Frictional forces for disc-type pigging of pipelines

We investigate the frictional force which is acting on a pipeline pig. Two complementary experimental setups have been designed and used to study the sealing disc of a pig, which is responsible for the frictional force between the pig and the pipe wall. Six 12'' off the shelf sealing discs from two different vendors have been used. The first setup is a static setup in which the sealing disc is subjected to a normal wall force and a tangential friction force. A unique feature of the setup is that the ratio between the friction force and the wall force can be readily adjusted. This allows to experimentally determine the force ratio which is directly related to the Coulomb friction coefficient, which is often a difficult parameter to predict. Furthermore, the static setup is used to systematically study the effect of oversize, thickness, and Young's modulus of the sealing disc on the frictional force. A direct comparison with Finite Element (FE) calculations is made. The second experimental facility consist of a dynamic setup in which a sealing disc is pulled through a vertical 1.7 m long pipe. The effect of possible lubrication on the frictional force is studied by applying water to the sliding contact and comparing the results with dry pull tests for different sliding velocities. The corresponding difference in the Coulomb friction coefficient was quantified using FE calculations which were successfully verified with the static setup. The sensitivity of possible wear of the sealing disc on the frictional force is discussed.

In vitro model to assess the adsorption of oral veterinary drugs to mycotoxin binders in a feed- and aflatoxin B1-containing buffered matrix

ABSTRACTMycotoxin binders are feed additives which are mixed in the feed to adsorb mycotoxins and thereby reducing their toxic effects on animals. Interactions with orally administered veterinary medicinal products, such as antimicrobials or coccidiostats, have been reported previously. This paper describes an in vitro model to screen the interaction between mycotoxin binders and veterinary drugs with respect to the non-specific binding of drugs. It is designed as a static setup using a single concentration of drug and binder in a feed-containing or a feed-plus-mycotoxin-containing matrix, buffered at different pH values. The model was applied to two frequently used antimicrobials in veterinary medicine, doxycycline (DOX) and tylosin (TYL), one major mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and four mycotoxin binders. Proportions of feed, DOX or TYL, AFB1, and binder are equivalent to the in vivo situation for broiler chickens, while pH and volume of the buffer are representative of the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. A substantial binding of DOX (~ 88%) and TYL (~ 66%) to the feed-matrix was observed. For the mycotoxin binders, similar results were obtained for DOX and TYL; more specifically up to an inclusion rate of 20 g binder/kg feed, no significant binding was demonstrated, determined as the free concentration of DOX and TYL. A single exception was noticed for TYL and one specific bentonite-based mycotoxin binder, for which no significant interaction could be demonstrated up to 10 g binder/kg but there was an effect at 20 g/kg. In all cases, there was no competition between the tested drugs DOX or TYL and the mycotoxin AFB1 for binding to the bentonite-based mycotoxin binder.

Using induced chlorophyll production to monitor the physiological state of stored potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)

A Visible/Near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectrometer equipped with a fibre-optic probe was used to stimulate and measure chlorophyll production in potato tubers, at low levels that produce no visible greening in the skin. Subtle responses to changes in the light stimulus were also tracked. When used with a static experimental setup, these measurements are precise. However, the technique is very sensitive to the exact geometry of the tuber-probe arrangement, and careful positioning of the probe is crucial. Complementary studies established that tissue under the apical buds (‘eyes’) has greater capacity to produce chlorophyll than other locations on the tuber surface. A long-term study of multiple tubers suggested that different cultivars behave differently in terms of the rate of chlorophyll production. These behavioural differences may be related to the batch dormancy status; validating this potential relationship is the focus of ongoing work.

A study on amplitude transmission in ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composites

Ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composite materials is a promising joining technique that is now moving towards up-scaling, i.e. the assembling of large industrial parts. Despite its growing technological maturation, the assumed physical mechanisms underlying ultrasonic heating (viscoelastic heating, friction) are still insufficiently understood and modelled. In particular, the hammering phenomenon, resulting from the periodic loss of contact between the sonotrode and adherends due to the high frequency vibration caused to the former, directly impacts the heating efficiency. We propose in this work an original experimental and modelling approach towards a better understanding of the hammering effect. This approach makes combined use of: (i) an experimental static welding setup provided with a high-frequency laser sensor to analyse the vibration amplitude transmitted to the adherends and (ii) an improvement of the multiphysical finite element model already presented in previous works. Results show it is possible to obtain a good estimation of the vibration transmitted to the upper adherend from laser measurements close to the sonotrode. The hammering effect is shown to decrease during the welding process, due to the heating of the interface which directly affects further heat generation. Quantitative introduction of this hammering effect in the existing numerical model results in improved predictions in terms of dissipated power in time.

Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polypyrrole/Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanocomposite as Highly Selective Chemiresistor Sensor for 2,4‐DNT Vapor Recognition

AbstractIn this research, a chemiresistor sensor coated with the polyvinyl alcohol/polypyrrole/molecularly imprinted polymer (PVA/PPy/MIP) nanocomposite was designed and fabricated to detect the vapor of 2,4‐DNT as a nitroaromatic explosive material. The molecularly imprinted polymer was composed of molecular nanoparticles containing cavities compatible with DNT; while, the nanoparticles were synthesized using PVA and glutaraldehyde as functionalized polymer and cross‐linking agent, respectively. Composition and chemical properties of the synthesized MIP and PPy nanoparticles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Results indicated that the nanoparticles of polypyrrole and the synthesized MIP have an average particle sizes of 56 nm and 45 nm, respectively. Afterwards, sensor surface was coated by a thin layer of nanocomposite composed of PVA, the PPy and MIP nanoparticles. The prepared sensors were calibrated and performance‐tested in a static setup. The developed sensor was used to measure different concentrations (0.1–150 ppm) of the explosive vapor. The coated sensor presented a linear range of response within the concentration range of 0.1–70 ppm. Also, selectivity tests were carried out in the presence of DNT and vapor of other organic matters and the results indicated that the designed sensor possesses high sensitivity and selectivity toward DNT.

Directional Emphasis in Ambisonics

We describe an ambisonics enhancement method that increases the signal strength in specified directions at a low-computational cost. The method can be used in a static setup to emphasize the signal arriving from a particular direction or set of directions. It can also be used in an adaptive arrangement where it sharpens directionality and reduces the distortion in timbre associated with low-degree ambisonics representations. The emphasis operator has a very low-computational complexity and can be applied to time domain as well as time–frequency ambisonics representations. The operator upscales a low-degree ambisonics representation to a higher degree representation.

Wind turbine wake measurements with automatically adjusting scanning trajectories in a multi-Doppler lidar setup

Abstract. In the context of the Perdigão 2017 experiment, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) deployed three long-range scanning Doppler lidars with the dedicated purpose of investigating the wake of a single wind turbine at the experimental site. A novel method was tested for the first time to investigate wake properties with ground-based lidars over a wide range of wind directions. For this method, the three lidars, which were space- and time-synchronized using the WindScanner software, were programmed to measure with crossing beams at individual points up to 10 rotor diameters downstream of the wind turbine. Every half hour, the measurement points were adapted to the current wind direction to obtain a high availability of wake measurements in changing wind conditions. The linearly independent radial velocities where the lidar beams intersect allow the calculation of the wind vector at those points. Two approaches to estimating the prevailing wind direction were tested throughout the campaign. In the first approach, velocity azimuth display (VAD) scans of one of the lidars were used to calculate a 5 min average of wind speed and wind direction every half hour, whereas later in the experiment 5 min averages of sonic anemometer measurements of a meteorological mast close to the wind turbine became available in real time and were used for the scanning adjustment. Results of wind speed deficit measurements are presented for two measurement days with varying northwesterly winds, and it is evaluated how well the lidar beam intersection points match the actual wake location. The new method allowed wake measurements to be obtained over the whole measurement period, whereas a static scanning setup would only have captured short periods of wake occurrences.

Estimation of Transport and Kinetic Parameters of Vanadium Redox Batteries Using Static Cells

Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) are receiving significant attention as a promising technology for grid storage applications.1 While there has been great progress in experimental aspects of flow battery technology, there is a lack of modeling approaches to rapidly evaluate system performance. For example, a common practice has been to determine parameters in mathematical RFB models either through conducting experiments or based on the information available in the literature.2,3,5 However, it is not easy to investigate all parameters for models through this way, and there are occasions when important information, such as diffusion coefficients and rate constants of ions, is not studied. In addition, the parameters needed for modeling charge-discharge are not always available. In this presentation, we demonstrate that an optimization-based robust modeling framework, which is based on a physics-based electrochemical engineering model and parameter estimation techniques,2-5 is useful in studying and analyzing RFB systems. We have studied aspects of capacity loss/fade, kinetics, and transport phenomena of the system and further optimized our model using a laboratory-scale all-vanadium redox static cell setup. The practical impact of this work will be reviewed by providing executable files that enable to identify the performance of redox batteries without the need for software installation and a priori programming knowledge. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Clean Energy Institute located in University of Washington, Seattle and Washington Research Foundation. The battery experimental work has been supported by program manager Dr. Imre Gyuk through the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. References K. T. Cho, P. Ridgway, A. Z. Weber, S. Haussener, V. Battaglia, and V. Srinivasan, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 159 (11), A1806-A1815 (2012)..K. Knehr, E. Agar, C. Dennison, A. Kalidindi, and E. Kumbur, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 159 (9), A1446-A1459 (2012).A. Shah, R. Tangirala, R. Singh, R. Wills, and F. Walsh, Journal of the Electrochemical society, 158 (6), A671-A677 (2011).A. Tang, J. Bao, and M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Journal of Power Sources, 196 (24), 10737-10747 (2011).P. A. Boettcher, E. Agar, C. Dennison, and E. C. Kumbur, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 163 (1), A5244-A5252 (2016).