The linear hidden subset problem for the (1 + 1) EA with scheduled and adaptive mutation rates

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We study unbiased (1+1) evolutionary algorithms on linear functions with an unknown number n of bits with non-zero weight. Static algorithms achieve an optimal runtime of O(n(ln⁡n)2+ε), however, it remained unclear whether more dynamic parameter policies could yield better runtime guarantees. We consider two setups: one where the mutation rate follows a fixed schedule, and one where it may be adapted depending on the history of the run. For the first setup, we give a schedule that achieves a runtime of (1±o(1))βnln⁡n, where β≈3.552, which is an asymptotic improvement over the runtime of the static setup. Moreover, we show that no schedule admits a better runtime guarantee and that the optimal schedule is essentially unique. For the second setup, we show that the runtime can be further improved to (1±o(1))enln⁡n, which matches the performance of algorithms that know n in advance.Finally, we study the related model of initial segment uncertainty with static position-dependent mutation rates, and derive asymptotically optimal lower bounds. This answers a question by Doerr, Doerr, and Kötzing.