Discharge Of Static Electricity Research Articles

The Influence of Electrostatic Charge on the Stability of Electronic and Electrical Equipment

In discharge of static electricity caused by friction, the voltage can reach 25 kV and the discharge current can reach up to tens of amperes with a rise time from fractions of nanoseconds. Electrostatic discharge can lead to malfunctions of electronic equipment or even to its being damaged. The regulations require checking the operation of electronic equipment under the influence of electrostatic discharges. Tests for resistance to such discharges can be performed using specially developed test generators (simulators) of electrostatic discharges. During the tests, the influence of discharge, the parameters of which are regulated in accordance with the basic standards for test methods, is simulated. At the design stage of electronic equipment, it is proposed to use the model of electrostatic discharge simulator to evaluate the expected voltages on the equipment case and its components for prediction of test results.

A Novel Material Identification Method Based on Material Surface Static Electricity Discharge

In this paper, a novel material identification method is introduced based on material surface static electricity discharge. Firstly, the induced charge model between charged material and metal electrode is established. Simulation results verified that the change of induced charge was influenced by the degree of the material surface static electricity discharge. Next, the electrostatic signal acquisition system with a special structure was designed and presented. Subsequently, five typical indoor materials, aluminum, glass, paper, wood, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were tested. The degree of discharge was defined by the discharge factor (α) and repeated experiments verified α as a stable parameter for materials with standard deviations below 4%. Moreover, α revealed good corresponding relationship with material resistivity. Consequently, the discharge factor can be regarded as a parameter for material identification and prove applicability in rapid detection as well as identification of materials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.23.4.16676

Hybrid metal grid-polymer-carbon nanotube electrodes for high luminance organic light emitting diodes

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) incorporating grid transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) with wide grid line spacing suffer from an inability to transfer charge carriers across the gaps in the grids to promote light emission in these areas. High luminance OLEDs fabricated using a hybrid TCE composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS PH1000) or regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)-wrapped semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (rrP3HT-SWCNT) in combination with a nanometre thin gold grid are reported here. OLEDs fabricated using the hybrid gold grid/PH1000 TCE have a luminance of 18 000 cd m−2 at 9 V; the same as the reference indium tin oxide (ITO) OLED. The gold grid/rrP3HT-SWCNT OLEDs have a lower luminance of 8260 cd m−2 at 9 V, which is likely due to a rougher rrP3HT-SWCNT surface. These results demonstrate that the hybrid gold grid/PH1000 TCE is a promising replacement for ITO in future plastic electronics applications including OLEDs and organic photovoltaics. For applications where surface roughness is not critical, e.g. electrochromic devices or discharge of static electricity, the gold grid/rrP3HT-SWCNT hybrid TCE can be employed.

Establishment of the Security Apparatus against Damage Caused by Lightning on a Transmission line of Electrical Energy

Lightning is the visible discharge of static electricity within a cloud, between clouds, or between tile earth and a cloud. Scientists still do not fully understand what causes lightning, but most experts believe that different kinds of ice interact in a cloud. Updrafts in the clouds separate charges so that positive charges moves end up at the top of the cloud while negative flow to the bottom. A lighting protection system provides a means by which this discharge may enter or leave earth without passing through and damaging non-conducting parts of a structure, such as those made of wood, brick, and tile of- concrete. A lightning protection system does not prevent lightning from striking; it provides a means for controlling it and preventing damage by providing a low resistance path for the discharge of lightning energy.

Prevention Is Better Than a Cure: Electric Shock Injuries from Static Electricity Discharges

Most people are aware of electrostatic discharges at two extremes: 1) the annoying shock from static accumulation from sliding across an automobile seat or shuffling across a carpet and 2) the highly dangerous and destructive energy discharge in lightning strikes. Between these two extremes are the static discharges from manufacturing operations that can cause shock injuries. Hazards of static electricity in industrial and manufacturing operations are generally viewed as a potential ignition source in flammable and explosive environments, or destructive to semiconductor electronic devices, but not as a source for shock injury, Measures to control the static electricity shock hazard and safeguard people are not addressed in the most visible and applied standards addressing electrical safety in the workplace. This article describes manufacturing and other industrial scenarios in which the potential for injury from static electricity discharges exist and discusses methods to prevent, control, and protect personnel from injury.

Loading Drosophila Nerve Terminals with Calcium Indicators

Calcium plays many roles in the nervous system but none more impressive than as the trigger for neurotransmitter release, and none more profound than as the messenger essential for the synaptic plasticity that supports learning and memory. To further elucidate the molecular underpinnings of Ca2+-dependent synaptic mechanisms, a model system is required that is both genetically malleable and physiologically accessible. Drosophila melanogaster provides such a model. In this system, genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators are available to detect Ca2+ changes in nerve terminals. However, these indicators have limited sensitivity to Ca2+ and often show a non-linear response. Synthetic fluorescent indicators are better suited for measuring the rapid Ca2+ changes associated with nerve activity. Here we demonstrate a technique for loading dextran-conjugated synthetic Ca2+ indicators into live nerve terminals in Drosophila larvae. Particular emphasis is placed on those aspects of the protocol most critical to the technique's success, such as how to avoid static electricity discharges along the isolated nerves, maintaining the health of the preparation during extended loading periods, and ensuring axon survival by providing Ca2+ to promote sealing of severed axon endings. Low affinity dextran-conjugated Ca2+-indicators, such as fluo-4 and rhod, are available which show a high signal-to-noise ratio while minimally disrupting presynaptic Ca2+ dynamics. Dextran-conjugation helps prevent Ca2+ indicators being sequestered into organelles such as mitochondria. The loading technique can be applied equally to larvae, embryos and adults.

Loading Drosophila Nerve Terminals with Calcium Indicators

Calcium plays many roles in the nervous system but none more impressive than as the trigger for neurotransmitter release, and none more profound than as the messenger essential for the synaptic plasticity that supports learning and memory. To further elucidate the molecular underpinnings of Ca(2+)-dependent synaptic mechanisms, a model system is required that is both genetically malleable and physiologically accessible. Drosophila melanogaster provides such a model. In this system, genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators are available to detect Ca(2+) changes in nerve terminals. However, these indicators have limited sensitivity to Ca(2+) and often show a non-linear response. Synthetic fluorescent indicators are better suited for measuring the rapid Ca(2+) changes associated with nerve activity. Here we demonstrate a technique for loading dextran-conjugated synthetic Ca(2+) indicators into live nerve terminals in Drosophila larvae. Particular emphasis is placed on those aspects of the protocol most critical to the technique's success, such as how to avoid static electricity discharges along the isolated nerves, maintaining the health of the preparation during extended loading periods, and ensuring axon survival by providing Ca(2+) to promote sealing of severed axon endings. Low affinity dextran-conjugated Ca(2+)-indicators, such as fluo-4 and rhod, are available which show a high signal-to-noise ratio while minimally disrupting presynaptic Ca(2+) dynamics. Dextran-conjugation helps prevent Ca(2+) indicators being sequestered into organelles such as mitochondria. The loading technique can be applied equally to larvae, embryos and adults.

Electrostatics requirement for intermediate bulk containers intended for use in explosive atmospheres

Intermediate bulk containers (IBC) of 1m3 in volume are often needed for storing flammable liquids. These containers should also be suitable for use in potentially explosive atmospheres of zone 1 without safety hazards being caused. In the past, such containers were exclusively made of metal. Some years ago special designs made of insulating plastic material instead of metal made their appearance on the market. However, inappropriate construction or use of these plastic containers may create hazards as a result of static electricity discharges. For this reason, the build-up and decay of electrostatic charges produced during filling, emptying, transportation as well as by rubbing have been studied on several container types. On the basis of the experimental results safety measures are proposed, which will ensure safe operation of the container with regard to static electricity discharges.

Elimination of background due to discharge of static electricity from X-ray film.

Elimination of background due to discharge of static electricity from X-ray film.

Picosecond discharges and stick–slip friction at a moving meniscus of mercury on glass

At a meeting of the French Academy in 1700, Bernoulli demonstrated that swirling mercury in an evacuated flask generates light1,2. He emphasized that this ‘barometer light’ “has not been explained since its discovery about 30 years ago” by Picard3. Here we revisit this phenomenon and find that the repetitive emission of light from mercury moving over glass is accompanied by the collective picosecond transfer of large numbers of electrons. When brought into contact with mercury, the glass acquires a net charge. This charge separation provides a force which, in our experiment in a rotating flask, drags mercury against gravity in the direction of the motion of the glass. Eventually the edge of the mercury slips relative to the glass, accompanied by a picosecond electrical discharge and a flash of light. This repetitive build-up and discharge of static electricity thus gives rise to stick–slip motion. The statistics of the intervals between events and their respective magnitudes are history-dependent and are not yet understood.

Damage to enamel on stirred apparatus triggered by static electricity discharges of material being stirred

When stirring nonconductive liquids in enamel apparatus, incendive discharges for combustible gas or vapor/air mixtures and discharges which cause severe damage to the enamel may be triggered Ignitions due to discharges are generally avoided by rendering the atmosphere inert; under certain operating conditions, damage to the enamel will lead, even after a short time, to perforations in the enamel coating due to discharges and thus to the failure of apparatus or apparatus parts. The damage characteristics resemble damage which is also triggered by mechanical impact or faulty coating. To explain the damage, it is first assumed that there is perforation of the enamel coating at places of particularly high electrostatic charging and that it is subsequently destroyed by corrosion attack. This assumption is endorsed by damage characteristics at different stages of the damage process and the many years of successful use of enamel with a conductive, grounded intermediate layer. Brush discharges are considered to be the cause of perforations of the wall at the liquid/gas interface. Manufacturers have so far not paid any attention to requests by the operators of enamel apparatus for a coating which is completely or partially capable of dissipation.

Angiographic artifacts that simulate arterial pathology in acute trauma

Films from 246 angiograms performed for acute trauma were reviewed for artifacts that mimic arterial pathology. The population studied was young (mean age 31.8 years), and preexisting arterial disease was uncommon. Thirty patients (12%) exhibited 35 artifactual abnormalities. Artifacts included stationary wave formation (15 patients), admixture in the leading edge of the contrast column (7 patients) or streaming from the inside aspect of an arterial curve (13 patients), Mach bands (8 patients), and abnormal densities caused by the mishandling of film (1 patient) or discharge of static electricity (1 patient). These artifacts have typical morphologic appearances and locations that allow differentiation from pathological processes that manifest as intraluminal filling defects or arterial wall irregularity.

Harmful effects and damage to electronics by electrostatic discharges

Electronic systems malfunctions are increasingly being attributed to electrostatic discharge effects. Owing to the growing deployment of sensitive data-processing machines in ‘static’ prone environments, such effects are creating a reputation for unreliability. The discharge of static electricity near active electronic systems can cause memory corruption or temporary failure owing to device latch-up, usually recoverable on re-start. At the device level, however, electrostatic discharges may result in total destruction. The mechanisms of such failure are discussed. Typical practical problems which arise in electronics production, test and packaging are described, combative means presented and areas of uncertainly reviewed.

On the discharge of static electricity: Some historic notes with comments and remarks

Luminous phenomena involving the discharge of static electricity have been known for hundreds of years. Some historic notes are briefly commented on from our present state of knowledge.

ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE IMPACT ON ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC DEVICES, COMPONENTS, ASSEMBLIES, AND EQUIPMENT

ABSTRACTThe construction and design features of current generation micro‐technology electronics result in devices which can be destroyed or degraded by the discharge of static electricity. This electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage phenomenon became known in industry because of low yields of metal oxide semiconductors and other ESD sensitive items, especially at the device production level. Yet today, overall industry implementation of ESD controls is not uniform and is not being instituted at a satisfactory rate. Worse, the Government and Navy personnel are generally even less knowledgeable of ESD hazards, their effects, and what to do about it. This lack of knowledge is resulting in unnecessary repair costs, excessive equipment downtime, and reduced mission effectiveness in that electrical/electronic devices and equipment which incorporate them are being damaged throughout the equipment life‐cycle during processing, assembly, inspection, handling, packaging, shipping, storage, testing, and maintenance. Unfortunately, even if the equipment or device contractor has instituted procedures for ESD control, very little of this information is reflected in Government training course materials and in other documents such as Technical Manuals. ESD controls, therefore, must be established and implemented throughout all phases of hardware design, production, test, and Fleet operation and maintenance.

Protection of data processing equipment against static electricity discharges

The fact that electric charges can be produced by friction has been known for several thousandyears, and for most of that time people have been aware of the danger of fires being caused by sparks generated in this way. During the last decade the combination of synthetic fabrics and the dryatmospheres produced by central heating has made discharges of this sort common, and the fast logic circuits used in modem data-processing equipment have often proved susceptible to interference

Triboelectric interference in the ECG.

Triboelectric noise resulting from motion in the patient vicinity has been observed to occasionally interfere with the ECG. Experiments were performed to verify the nature of the interference and to define the factors which enable this ever-present phenomenon to interfere with ECG acquisition. No instances have been observed that could not be corrected by good electrode placement technique. This study shows that currents produced during the generation or discharge of static electricity can be easily and accurately measured, and the technique used may be applicable to other areas of investigation.

On the discharge of static electricity from an insulator surface

A partly new and sensitive technique is described for measuring the net charge on a small object. The electrostatic energy of a charged circular insulator plate is calculated. The technique is then used for energy measurements on discharges from insulator surfaces. Simultaneously with these measurements the discharges are photographed. A powder technique is also used for studying the surface discharges.

What of air safety?

Many of the main hazards to air safety are the result of the generation and discharge of static electricity, a problem which has not been solved satisfactorily either in commercial or military aviation. The need for constructive research in the field is apparent. However, the author submits that such dangers as arise from electrostatic discharge can be eliminated by the utilization of the ionizer described in this article.