State Of Campeche Research Articles

Análisis FODA de la apicultura en la península de Yucatán

The objective of this work is to identify and analyze through a participatory diagnosis the main strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats of beekeeping in the Yucatan Peninsula. Three participatory workshops were held with beekeepers in the states of Campeche, Yucatan and Quintana Roo. The study was based on the SWOT analysis procedure as a diagnostic tool. The analysis indicated that the main strengths of beekeeping in the Yucatan Peninsula are the experience, organization of the producers and the biodiversity that the beekeeping flora provides to the Apis mellifera bees to produce honey. The weaknesses were the lack of good practice, lack of knowledge in administration and location of their apiaries. In the area of opportunities, government support, cooperatives and access to new markets stood out. Finally, the threats were climate change (droughts, hurricanes), the use of pesticides, beehive pests and fluctuating honey prices. This diagnosis is of great importance to propose improvement proposals for the strengthening of beekeeping activity in the Yucatan Peninsula. Keywords: beekeeping, SWOT, producers, Yucatán Peninsula.

Plan de manejo basado en ecosistemas para el santuario Chenkan, Campeche

The objective of this work was to design an ecosystem-based management plan for the Chenkan Beach Sanctuary, located in the municipality of Champoton, state of Campeche, using as methodology the twelve principles of the ecosystem approach mentioned by Shepherd (2006) grouped into the following steps: determination of the main actors, characterization of the structure and function of the ecosystem, identification of the relevant economic aspects that will affect the ecosystems and their inhabitants, determination of the probable impact of the ecosystem on adjacent ecosystems and decision of long-term goals and flexible mechanisms to achieve them. The results obtained indicate that the Chenkan Beach Sanctuary was named a protected natural area due to the great variety of species that are at risk, which are registered in the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 and because it is a nesting site for the hawksbill turtle and the green turtle. It was found that the place has erosion problems that put the nesting sites at risk and that various anthropogenic activities have altered the ecosystems causing the turtles to have to migrate to find a new suitable site to nest. Based on all these problems, proposals are put forward to help mitigate the existing problems in the area. Keywords: Chenkan Beach, environmental problems, ecosystem services, ecosystem approach.

Annonaceae (Annona spp.) cultivated in the State of Campeche (Mexico)

Annonaceae (Annona spp.) cultivated in the State of Campeche (Mexico)

New species, new geographical records and taxonomical notes on North and Central American Cerambycidae and Disteniidae (Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea)

Elytrimitatrix (Grossifemora) pubescens Santos-Silva & Hovore, 2008 (Disteniidae) is redescribed based on three males, morphological and chromatic variation in the species is reported. The unknown female of Neocompsa flavoquadripunctata Botero & Santos-Silva, 2022 is shortly described and a new Mexican state record is provided. The absence of the paratype of Nealcidion bruchi (Melzer, 1934) in the MZSP collection (see acronym below) is reported, and the date of description of the species is commented. Alphinellus Bates, 1881 is transferred from Acanthocinini to Desmiphorini. Alphinellus minimus Bates, 1881 is recorded for the first time from the Mexican state of Campeche and from Guatemala. Three new species are described: Psyrassa peninsularissp. nov. (Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae, Elaphidiini) from Mexico (Quintana Roo); Pseudastylopsis skillmanisp. nov. (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Acanthocinini), from Guatemala; and Eranina amaurasp. nov. (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Hemilophini), from Guatemala.

Estado de excepción neoliberal y resistencia en el sureste de México

In November 2021, the President of Mexico (2018-2024) declared that the priority megaprojects of the National Development Plan (Maya Train, Isthmus of Tehuantepec Interoceanic Corridor, Dos Bocas Refinery) fall within the realm of national security. Public and private investments in these projects are directed towards southeastern Mexico, covering the states of Oaxaca, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Yucatán, and Tabasco. These regions are home to indigenous peoples and communities that hold 45% of Mexico’s total social property. In some cases, these communities are visibly linked to national political organizations that defend land and territory. The decree is considered a state of exception applied to land-territory use, with dual implications. On one hand, it represents the undivided social field monopolized by monetary metrics. On the other hand, it signifies the expansion of a neocolonial condition promoted by the Mexican federal government, which marginalizes the voice of resistance in favor of adopting the capital logic defined by the stratification of the global economy. The methodology involves participatory action research since 2019, collaborative research through the coordination of workshops, caravans, marches, and political-community meetings, promoted in conjunction with assemblies fighting for territorial defense. We anticipate the increased use of such state of exception in response to the intertwined rise of health, environmental, and economic contingencies that drive the economic cycle, coupled with ineffective governmental policies formulated for regular times. In other words, the state of exception is activated to ensure the continuity of capital accumulation driven by the concentration of private property.

FIRST RECORDS OF AEDES TORMENTOR AND CULEX PANOCOSSA AS A RESULT OF VECTOR SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED DURING THE CHARACTERIZATION OF FOCI OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS IN TAMAULIPAS, MEXICO.

We report the 1st records of Aedes tormentor and Culex panocossa throughout vector surveillance events carried out in putative foci of eastern equine encephalitis in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Formerly, Ae. tormentor had been reported in, at least, 2 Central American countries and Mexico. In Mexico, reports were from the states of Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, and Veracruz. Records of Ae. tormentor in these 4 Neotropical states were recently reviewed and eliminated; thus, the southernmost geographic distribution for this species is considered to be the state of Tamaulipas Mexico in its neotropical zone. Further, Cx. panocossa had been collected in Guerrero, Tabasco, and Veracruz. In Tamaulipas, there are 82 species of mosquitoes, being the 4th state accounting for the highest mosquito species diversity of 11 states in which comprehensive studies have been conducted on the subject of mosquito distribution.

Marafalfa grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) and mucuna (Stizolobium pruriens L. Medik) silage in a semi-confined sheep system in southeastern Mexico

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate an alternative for feeding with silage to limit the decrease in productivity in dry seasons for sheep producers. Design/methodology/approach: Ensilage was made with marafalfa grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) and endemic mucuna (Stizolobium pruriens (L.) Medik). The feeding method evaluated consisted of a semi-confined system, allowing the sheep to graze for a period of five hours per day, to later supplement it with the proposed silage. Studies of bromatological parameters were carried out with the three proposed silage treatments, and the weight of the sheep was measured at the beginning, during and at the end of fattening. Results: The results suggest that the P. purpureum silo demonstrates significant weight gain, which is why it is proposed as an alternative for dry seasons. Limitations on the study/implications: In the state of Campeche, sheep production is carried out under extensive direct grazing systems on grasslands, with scarce technology and low productivity. In the dry season, the productivity of these systems suffers a significant loss, due to limitations. Findings/conclusions: Ensilage without the addition of mucuna (S. pruriens) obtained better results in sheep growth and this may be due to palatability. It is suggested to include a drying process prior to adding the mucuna (S. pruriens)

Study of the relationship between uniaxial compressive strength vs non-destructive testing and specific weight in bank rocks from the Seybaplaya Campeche Mexico

This research study focuses on analyzing the uniaxial compressive strength of rocks and its correlation with non-destructive testing (Schmidt hammer) and specific gravity. It is important to note that Seybaplaya, located in Campeche, Mexico, is known for its fishing, industrial, and commercial activities. Samples from one of the main active quarries in the state of Campeche were used for the investigation. As a result, equations were developed to predict the simple uniaxial compressive strength based on values obtained from the Schmidt hammer and specific gravity. It is relevant to highlight that these relationships are only valid for rocks with lithological characteristics similar to those used in this study. The results of the analysis and the conclusions demonstrate the non-linearity of the relationships between simple uniaxial compressive strength, non-destructive testing, and specific gravity.

FIRST RECORD OF THE RING-NECKED COFFEE SNAKE Ninia diademata BAIRD & GIRARD, 1853 (SQUAMATA: DIPSADIDAE) FOR QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO

Ninia diademata is a small-sized snake that inhabits from evergreen seasonal forest to marginally pine-oak forest. This species is found from Mexico to Honduras, in Central America. In the Mexican portion of the Yucatan Peninsula, this species had previously only been reported in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, at the base of the state of Campeche. On November 7th, 2023, we found an active adult N. diademata at night, located 6.8 km south of Nuevo Becar, municipality of Othon P. Blanco, Quintana Roo, Mexico. This observation marks the first record of N. diademata in the state of Quintana Roo, and the second known locality of this species on the Yucatan Peninsula.

The carbon footprint of livestock farms under conventional management and silvopastoral systems in Jalisco, Chiapas, and Campeche (Mexico)

Livestock production is one of the most important agricultural sources of greenhouses gasses (GHG). Transforming the livestock sector is a critical task to mitigate the effects of climate change, and the implementation of silvopastoral systems (SPS) may be a way to do so. Carbon footprint (CF) estimation was carried out for 131 conventional livestock farms (CONF) and SPS farms (SPSF) selected in the states of Jalisco, Chiapas and Campeche (Mexico). GHG emissions were estimated based on interviews with the farmers and farm monitoring to collect information about management, milk production and the live weight gain (LWG) of calves (for meat production) using national emission factors. Emissions from animals, fossil fuels, electricity and nitrogen fertilizers were estimated using Tier I and II criteria. Land use distribution was recorded for each farm, and their carbon fixation in total biomass and soils was estimated using studies from tropical Latin America. CF was estimated for area and for production of milk and the LWG of calves. SPSF had lower GHG emissions, higher carbon fixation rates and a better CF than CONF (5.7 vs. 8.0 t CO2e/ha/year; 6.9 vs. 5.5 t C/ha/year and − 5.0 vs. −2.9 t CO2e/ha/year, respectively). The CF of milk production and calf LWG were − 68.6 to −4.6 kg CO2e/kg and − 3.2 to −0.1 t CO2e/kg, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of implementing SPS to mitigate climate change in livestock production, given its contribution to GHG emissions and the importance of capturing atmospheric carbon in biomass and soils. National and regional policies should focus on promoting implementing SPS as an active and effective strategy for improving CF in livestock farms.

Sustainable prototype with IoT implementation for remote monitoring of Apis mellifera apiaries in maya regions of Campeche, Mexico

Currently, beekeeping activities are being abandoned in the Camino Real region, which encompasses the communities of Tenabo, Hecelchakán, Dzitbalché and Calkiní, where the Tren Maya railroad lines cross, impacting indigenous beekeepers by modifying the land usage of the territory in section 2, presenting great deficiencies in these practices that are fundamental for the economy of families. This article proposes the design of an Internet of Things (IoT) based monitoring station prototype, which will measure the following variables: humidity, indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, average population and whether the box is open or closed; the information will be acquired by sensors and sent to an ESP32 microcontroller. Three essential components are required for its operation: Installation of a LAN Network, development of the IoT prototype and the Mobile Application. The purpose of the study is to design and deploy the prototype in Apis Mellifera Apiaries using a quasi-experimental and descriptive methodology, destined to improve the production of apiaries in the northern region of the state of Campeche, providing beekeepers with timely information of the hives for effective decision making.

Institutional arrangements in the promotion of sustainable livestock: an approach from the case of beef and dairy cattle production chains in Jalisco, Chiapas, and Campeche

This study focuses on a policy and practice review of existing institutional arrangements within the beef and dairy cattle production sectors in the Mexican states of Jalisco, Chiapas, and Campeche. Acknowledging the critical role of robust governance frameworks in transitioning towards sustainable livestock agriculture, a collaborative governance approach is employed to holistically address environmental and production challenges. This approach underscores the importance of active participation, stakeholder collaboration, and contextual adaptation in decision-making processes. Classified as explanatory research, the study is grounded in a qualitative approach, covering a synchronous period from 2017 to 2022. Secondary sources such as public policies, international climate commitment reports, sector-specific reports, and databases were utilized to provide context and data regarding the analyzed institutional arrangements. Additionally, semi-structured information-gathering protocols were developed and, in conjunction with participant observation, administered to approximately 30 key stakeholders from public, private, academic, research centers, international cooperation, and civil society sectors involved in institutional arrangements in the aforementioned states. The findings highlight the significance of collaborative governance as a valuable alternative for addressing governance challenges in the livestock sector, particularly when hierarchical or market-oriented approaches are less effective. The diversity of identified institutional arrangements, ranging from hierarchical to polyarchic, emphasizes the need to acknowledge the specificities of the context in which they operate and adapt strategies accordingly. This analysis contributes to the growing discussion on sustainable livestock farming and the fundamental role of institutional arrangements in promoting responsible practices and mitigating environmental impacts. As demands for natural resources and environmental awareness increase, understanding and strengthening these arrangements become essential to balance livestock production and environmental conservation.

Catalog of Insects in Human Diets in Southern Campeche, Mexico

Abstract In Mexico, a large number of insects are used by indigenous groups for food, medicine, and the arts. The objective of this research was to review and identify edible insects in communities in the municipality of Escarcega, state of Campeche, Mexico. We conducted a literature review and interviewed residents of 12 communities in Escarcega. The interview consisted of questions about insects that they or others may have consumed, the location of collection of those insects, the times of the year when the insects appear, the methods of capture, and the ways that they were used. We determined that 25 insect species are consumed by humans in the 12 communities studied. In the communities of Constitución and Ej. Km. 74, Brachygastra mellifica Say (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) larvae are consumed year-round. Our results serve as a foundation for future research on the use and production of insects for food in rural and indigenous communities in southern Campeche and represent an initial approach to acquiring knowledge for the use of insects as a food source in Campeche to guarantee food security in such communities.

Improved eDNA assay evidences further refugia for critically endangered smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) in Mexico

Sawfishes are considered one of the most threatened marine fish taxa globally, with major contractions in their geographic range documented over the last 50 years across all oceans. Two sawfish species used to be found in Mexico, but a historical lack of research and first-hand baseline information recently raised concerns about the fate of both species there. Recent Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) and environmental DNA (eDNA) research has shown that: a) Pristis pectinata and P. pristis were formerly abundant and widely distributed in the Mexican Atlantic coast, and the latter also in the Mexican Pacific coast, and b) sawfishes (at least P. pectinata) are still found in some coastal refugia in central Veracruz state and Campeche state on the Atlantic coast. In the present research we developed improved primers that allow for better species ID resolution for Pristis pectinata and P. pristis through successful sequencing of eDNA samples by amplifying a 270 bp fragment of the CO1 gene. Our results based on the analysis of 305 eDNA samples showed an improved positive species identification rate through sequencing, demonstrate that P. pectinata occurs in other coastal refugia along the Yucatán Peninsula in the Mexican Caribbean, and suggest this species might be extirpated from southern Veracruz, while no P. pristis eDNA has been found along the Atlantic coast.

Illustrating the current geographic distribution of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Campeche, Mexico: a maximum entropy modeling approach

Abstract Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Asian citrus psyllid) is a quarantine pest found in at least 60 countries, causing indirect damage as a primary vector of pathogens associated with Huanglongbing in citrus trees. Huanglongbing-infected trees die within 3–8 years, accompanied by economic losses in citriculture. D. citri has spread in Mexico to several states and is a high risk to Mexican citriculture due to its ability to cause damage and the lack of a disease cure. The primary objective of this research was to enhance our understanding of the current status of D. citri in southeastern Mexico. This study analyzed the distribution of D. citri in Campeche, Mexico from 2013 to 2020. The study generated 572,619 D. citri records from 40,620 yellow sticky traps deployed in 10 of the 12 municipalities of the state. We employed advanced MaxEnt and DivaGIS software to accomplish this study. Results showed population fluctuations with a peak during June and July from 2013 to 2019 and July and September in 2020. The study found a higher presence of D. citri in Campeche, Tenabo, Carmen, Champotón, and Escárcega and a higher incidence in Citrus latifolia Tanaka ex Q. Jiménez and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck crops. The variance in the number of D. citri adults captured per year and the dispersion index (a parameter measuring the ability of insects to leave one ecosystem and move to another in search of suitable conditions for their survival and reproduction) was greater than the annual mean, demonstrating a spatially distributed, right-skewed aggregate. The elliptical polygon or standard deviation ellipse indicated the tendency for a less elongated ellipse in 2013–2014. From 2015 to 2018 D. citri expanded north towards Hecelchakán and south towards Champotón, Escárcega, and Carmen. In 2019, D. citri expanded north towards Champotón, Campeche, Tenabo, Hecelchakán, and Calkiní. The months with the most activity between 2013 and 2020 were May, June, July, and August, with June having the highest numbers collected. The results of the enveloped tests (parameter measuring how environmental conditions influence the spatial patterns of insect populations) showed the adaptability of D. citri to different conditions. D. citri prefers temperatures of 24.6–27.9 °C and 1,050–1,500 mm of rainfall. Areas with high-risk for D. citri are coastal and northern parts of the study area. Central Campeche is suitable, and southern parts have low to medium risk. Our research shows the relationship between climatic factors and the distribution of D. citri in the state of Campeche, Mexico. Moreover, our findings will be crucial for implementing effective surveillance measures in areas where the probability model indicates the potential presence of D. citri. This is especially significant due to the remarkable adaptability of D. citri to diverse environmental conditions.

Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) feathers as bioindicators of exposure to metals and metalloids contamination in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas from Campeche state, Mexico

Landfills are sources of soil, water, and air pollution due to the release of toxic compounds such as metals and metalloids. In both tropical and temperate environments, scavenger birds such as the Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) that have learned to use these sites as a feeding area are probably exposed to metals, metalloids and other “persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances (PBTs)” released in open dumpsite (OD) and sanitary landfill (SL). The objective of this study is to evaluate the presence and distribution of toxic metals (Al, Sn, Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr) and As in OD and SL from urban, semi-urban and rural localities in Campeche, México, using molting feathers of C. atratus as bioindicators. A total of 125 Black Vulture primary and secondary wing feathers were collected from OD and SL. Metals were determined by voltammetry through acid digestion. The highest levels of metals occurred in landfills in urban, semi-urban, and rural localities. The elements with the highest concentrations were Al, with an average of 35.67 ± 33.51 μg g−1 from rural environments, and As, with 16.20 ± 30.06 μg g−1 from the urban localities. Mercury was the only element that had a very homogeneous distribution between the three environments we studied. In general, Pb, Hg, Cu and Cd were the elements that presented the lowest concentrations with 0.32 ± 0.35, 0.16 ± 0.22, 0.14 ± 0.31 and 0.06 ± 0.10 μg g−1, respectively regardless of any particular location or environment. Black Vultures from dumpsites are good bioindicators of what humans consume in urban, semi-urban, and rural environments. However, the conservation of vultures is of great importance since these scavenger birds perform ecosystem services by feeding on decomposing organic material.

Typological characterization of beekeepers in Campeche state, Mexico

Background: Beekeeping is a livestock activity that brings multiple benefits to humanity, in addition to its cultural value; therefore, it requires focused intervention within the framework of rural extension projects to optimize economic resources and capacities. Objective: To characterize the typology of the beekeepers that make up the honey production chain in the municipalities of Campeche, Calkiní, and Hopelchén in the State of Campeche. Methods: Surveys were applied to 220 beneficiary producers, stratified in terms of subsistence without market linkage (E1) and subsistence with market access (E2). Twenty social, economic, and technological variables were studied by main component and cluster analyses. Results: Five variables explain 65.81% of the variance: schooling, production experience, number of hives, yield/hive, and production per year. Four beekeeper profiles were identified. Type I includes beekeepers with 10 years of experience, production of 107.80 kg per year, and yield of 6.7 kg. Type II beekeepers have higher technological index, ten more years of productive experience, and completed basic education. Type III includes young beekeepers with completed high school and with the highest production of honey and yield and the same technological index as Type II. Type IV, elderly beekeepers with work logic more linked to the social and solidarity economy, all speaker of Mayan language with traditional organization schemes that obtain better yields per hive and honey production than Type I and II. Conclusions: This proposal can be used to typify producers from other regions in the context of Rural Extension Programs with a focused and differentiated vision in which development routes are required. Type III beekeepers could be the focus of Rural Extension Projects.

Proposal to improve the process of administration of projects financed by CONACYT by the Treasuries of the Universities of Campeche

The treasuries of the universities and educational institutions of the state of Campeche, have processes for the administration of projects that are generally made up of many steps to follow to carry out the different procedures such as payments to suppliers, per diems, scholarships, among others, which usually takes from days to weeks, making it impossible to meet the commitments made by the institution. The objective of this work is to evaluate the flow of the current financial administration process of the projects of the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) to propose a reengineering of the processes. The technique of direct observation and the survey was applied to learn from the users the perspective of the administrative process and to identify critical points in conflict. The study of time and movement proposed by Tejada et al (2017) was applied, a tool that determines the standard times of the operations that make up a process; and the movements of the people involved to carry out said operation. With this application of this method, the following were achieved: minimizing the time required in each step and the costs, providing a reliable and high-quality process, eliminating inefficient steps, and accelerating the efficient ones.

Entrepreneurial skills of the Millennials and Centennials generation in the North of state of Campeche, Mexico

Many young people of working age find it necessary to leave their places of origin to find work due to the characteristics of the economic conditions of the moment, but also, it occurs over time between decades and generations. Mastering skills in the area of entrepreneurship is of vital importance today to mitigate migration from rural areas to urban areas, to self-employ and improve their abilities to know how to generate a business. The objective of this work is to compare the entrepreneurial skills of the Millennials and Centennials generations in the north of the state of Campeche, Mexico. It is a quantitative study, with a descriptive scope and nonexperimental cross-sectional design, since the variables of entrepreneurial skills are compared at two different times, that is, the year 2011 and the year 2021. Some of the results found are that for the Millennial Generation, the least developed competencies were Previous technical experience with 3.7 and Tolerant society with 3.8. For the Centennials generation, it was observed that the most developed entrepreneurial competencies were Family Culture, Credibility and Need for the business to exist with a value of 4.4 each.

Coastal vulnerability assessment with a hierarchical coastal segments approach

Coastal vulnerability assessment is crucial for the effective planning and management of coastal zones, particularly in the face of climate change and increasing coastal hazards. Currently, there is no universal method to accurately assess coastal vulnerability. Therefore, many coastal vulnerability assessments are based on the combined use of physical and social data, simple models, and expert judgment. In this study, the coastal vulnerability index was evaluated using 13 variables related to the physical and social aspects of Campeche state coastline. In addition to an intervention index was identified based on the physical characteristics of the study area. Finally, using the information from the vulnerability index and the action index, areas were defined as hierarchical coastal segments and classified as low, medium, or high priority depending on the economic activities, population, and natural environments present in the area. The results show the distribution of vulnerability along the coast of Campeche: 24% have low vulnerability, 41% have moderate vulnerability, and 35% have high vulnerability. These highly vulnerable areas are in the south, near Laguna de Terminos, the most important coastal lagoon in Mexico, because of its socioeconomic and environmental relevance. The hierarchical coastal segments allow decisions to be made regarding actions that integrate natural and anthropic elements in a more regional and not only local way. The results are useful for medium and long-term planning and management of coastal zones since they allow the identification of vulnerable areas that require a comprehensive solution to the coastal risks to which they are subject. The applied method has the advantages of being replicable and generating a solid base of applicable knowledge owing to the participation of local and foreign experts.