State Of Campeche Research Articles

Attitudes towards Gender Equality of Government Institution´s Workers in Southeastern Mexico

The objective of this research was to analyze if there are differences between the Institutions of Social and Public Security Assistance and between men and women who work for the government of the State of Campeche, southeastern Mexico. This article uses a quantitative methodology; For this, the Questionnaire "Attitudes towards Gender Equality" (CAIG) was applied, which was prepared by Amelia Sola, Isabel Martínez Bellonch and José Luis Meliá (2003), validated in a Mexican sample by Olga Marfil Herrera (2006) with an alpha of Cronbach's .885.
 The sample was composed of 212 people, 79 women and 133 men, six factors were evaluated. The Student's t-test revealed that there are significant differences; the Social Assistance Institutions present greater egalitarian attitudes as does the group of women. Meanwhile, the percentiles show these egalitarian attitudes at a medium level. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to compare groups revealed regarding religion, there are significant differences between the Christian, the Catholic and the people who claim to have no religious beliefs; Catholics are those who present a more favorable attitude towards gender equality.

Review of Occurrence of Vespoidea (Hymenoptera) in the State of Campeche, Mexico

AbstractThe superfamily Vespoidea of the order Hymenoptera is reportedly comprised of 27,389 species worldwide within 10 taxonomic families and represents a diversity of composition, behavioral habits, and ecological roles. Studies of Vespoidea in the state of Campeche, Mexico, are scarce, and most reports are focused on the family Formicidae. This study presents an analysis based on a literature review of the occurrence of Vespoidea in Campeche. Results indicate that 91 species in 3 taxonomic families (Formicidae, Pompilidae, and Vespidae) are found in Campeche. Tropical ecosystems of Campeche serve as habitats for 6.3% of the total species of Vespoidea in Mexico. Further research on the diversity and ecology of Vespoidea is suggested to increase our knowledge of Vespoidea as natural enemies and pollinators in agroecosystems and natural environments in the state of Campeche, Mexico.

Asian Tiger Mosquito in Yucatan Peninsula: First Record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Campeche, Mexico.

This report describes the presence of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) in Yucatan Peninsula and represents the first record of the Asian tiger invasive mosquito in Campeche State, southeastern Mexico. We collected specimens using 11,326 ovitraps put into houses of urban and rural areas, as part of the entomological surveillance by the local Ministry of Health from January 2019 to February 2020. We found Ae. albopictus in five of the 12 municipalities of Campeche (San Francisco de Campeche, Tenabo, Hecelchakán, Calkíni and Escárcega). We record 68 positive ovitraps and 226 Ae. albopictus larvae. This finding increases the number of mosquito species recorded in Campeche, Mexico, and possibly the potential for 22 arbovirus transmission.

Eficiencia energética con Generación Distribuida Fotovoltaica (GD-PV); Caso de una Congeladora de Pescados y Mariscos en Campeche, México

In this article, an energy efficiency study is presented for the fish and seafood freezer company which possesses a Photovoltaic Distributed Generation (GD-PV) plant of 60.32 kWp installed capacity. An energy audit is performed which consists of analyzing the principal electric variables for the utility billing service. Distributed Generation (GD) from renewable energy has been increasing worldwide as an effective mean to reduce electrical energy costs. It also directly helps companies to be more competitive and promote economic growth. Photovoltaic Distributed Generation (GD-PV) provides other additional benefits such as greenhouse gas mitigation and functioning as a roof barrier that prevents gaining solar radiation in buildings. This fact is particularly relevant in a hot-humid climate such as the state of Campeche, Mexico. The shading area due to GDPV prevents a daily roof thermal gaining of approximately 236.62 kW. Moreover, the GD-PV prevents the atmospheric emission of 4,448.9 kg of CO2 equivalent.

The distribution of Cuban Brown Anoles, Anolis sagrei (Squamata: Dactyloidae), in Mexico, with new records and comments on ecological interactions


 
 
 
 The Cuban Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei) is native to the Bahamas, the Cuba Archipelago, and Little Cayman, but is now among the world’s most widely distributed invasive lizards. In Mexico, the species has been reported from the states of Campeche, Chiapas, Jalisco, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Yucatán. However, no complete compendium exists summarizing the locality-level distribution of A. sagrei in Mexico. Herein we provide an exhaustive compilation of vouchered Mexican specimens based on museum records and the literature. Supplementing this review are reports of five new localities for A. sagrei in Veracruz and Tabasco. We conclude with brief comments on the potential ecological effects of this species in Mexico.
 
 
 

Mexico’s Credit Guarantee Programs: Shifting Regional Impacts

Rationing of working capital in rural businesses that work in agriculture is preventing from improving living conditions in impoverished areas. Whereas government programs have their greatest impact in areas attempting to transition from subsistence production into a modern commodity production system, the attempts to achieve social goals produce varying regional impacts and do not necessarily reach the agricultural households most in need. As a response, Mexican government has established public programs that back small rural enterprises when doing financial operations with private entities.It is well documented that small rural businesses suffer from commercial credit rationing due to inherent risks of their economic activities. Lack of collaterals, credit history or formal accounting records are some of the factors that the private banks avoid credit operations with this kind of producers. Mexican government has established a set of public programs to promote rural economic development through credit guarantees. These guarantees reduce the counterpart risk in credit operations making rural businesses more attractive to private banks. However, the eligibility conditions of this credit guarantee schemes (CGS) can discriminate and leave out the most poor. Adjustments to such programs have been implemented to provide focalized support to the poorest regions of the country. A new set of eligibility rules were issued in 2008 through a new program called Fondo Nacional de Garantías or FONAGA. Even though there is an increase in the number guaranteed operations after the inception of FONAGA, the spatial distribution of the CGS has not been evaluated. Calculating a Gini coefficient as a measure of inequality between the income coming from guaranteed credits and the population with the most patrimony poverty shows that the distribution has been uneven across the country.This study use Geographic Hot Spot Analysis (HSA) to analyze clustering patterns of the CGS distribution before and after the incorporation of FONAGA in 2008. The analysis calculates the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic, an association measure based on spatial conceptualizations such as fixed distances among neighbors. Maximization of spatial clustering reports the areas that consistently received high or low amounts of CGS operations. A high number of CGS operations within contiguous municipalities suggests a hot spot while low number of credit guarantees within municipal neighbors poses a “cold spot” difficulty. The Mexican case offers an opportunity to study a public program that is subject to socio-economic conditions that arise from contrasting commercial relationships with developed economic partners at the north border and emergent economies at the south.HSA reveals that introduction of FONAGA resulted in a major shift of program support that favored smaller scale agriculturalists located in previously underserved and underdeveloped regions of Mexico. In 2004, heavy guarantee coverage was concentrated in northern states of the country. Municipalities from Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur were covered by higher amounts of guarantees than the rest of Mexico. On the other end, Oaxaca and Veracruz received consistently low coverage per square km of cultivable land. From 2004 to 2007 there are consistent and statistically significant clustering patterns in the north (hot spots) and south-central (cold spots) and hot spots appeared in the northwest region in 2006. In 2008, the year when FONAGA started operations, the patterns changed significantly. Operations moved from northern to western and southeastern municipalities. In 2009 and 2010 a high number of guaranteed operations increased the allocation intensity in the municipalities of the states of Quintana Roo, Campeche and Yucatan. In general, the hot spots shifted from the north to southern regions in the 2008-2013 period. A combination of a high number of operations with high credit coverage amounts in the southeast region is associated to a downward shift of the average amount CGS per operation, meaning that small-scale farmers in greater need were included in the guarantee schemes after FONAGA took place primarily in the states of Campeche, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, and Chiapas.Until now this type of analysis has not been used to evaluate the targeting of CGS operations. Its application provides a different and important perspective regarding CGS performance. A shift in the CGS allocation after the introduction of FEGA in 2008 represents a success from the view point of the trust administrator. However, clustering patterns are evidence of a continuing uneven distribution of the credit guarantees. This points to the need of more analysis for public programs implementation to explore additional ways to provide financial access to rural businesses that do not have private funding.

Perfil TIC de estudiantes de la licenciatura en Educación de la UNACAR

El objetivo central de este texto es dar a conocer el perfil que tienen los estudiantes de primer semestre de la licenciatura en Educación de la Universidad Autónoma del Carmen (Unacar) en cuanto a habilidades, conocimientos y condiciones materiales individuales y colectivas para el empleo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). Para ello, se realizó una investigación de tipo cuantitativa, con un alcance descriptivo. El instrumento, una encuesta con 20 reactivos de opción múltiple, estuvo basado en el Cuestionario sobre usos de las TIC entre estudiantes universitarios barineses (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2006), el cual fue adaptado a las características de la población objeto de estudio, las condiciones particulares de las universidades en México, así como la zona en la que se realiza este estudio. Se seleccionó una muestra no aleatoria de 52 estudiantes de los dos grupos primer ingreso, en el ciclo escolar de febrero a julio del 2019, de la licenciatura en Educación de la Unacar, ubicada en el estado de Campeche. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, del total de la muestra, 44 % permanece conectado a Internet de 13 a 20 horas semanales. Asimismo, 50 % de los encuestados no posee equipo de cómputo personal en sus casas, por lo que realizan sus tareas en algún ciber (33%) o en la universidad (25%). A pesar de que 44 % comenzó a utilizar la computadora entre los 3 y 10 años de edad, solo 19 % la utiliza para actividades académicas; 75 % emplea el Internet para comunicarse con sus compañeros de clase por correo electrónico, fundamentalmente. Aunado a ello, 46 % no ha participado en foros en línea ni tiene experiencia en varios programas informáticos; 49 % emplea el Internet solo para buscar información para las clases. A pesar de todo, 92 % de los estudiantes consideran muy importante el empleo de las TIC en su futura profesión.

Banded tetra (Astyanax aeneus) as bioindicator of trace metals in aquatic ecosystems of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: Experimental biomarkers validation and wild populations biomonitoring.

Bioindicator organisms are important tools in environmental monitoring studies. Understanding this, the overall goal of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity and viability of the native fish species Banded tetra, (Astyanax aeneus; Günther, 1860), widely spread in the aquatic ecosystems of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, as a bioindicator organism. In order to do this, we performed a bioassay at sublethal concentrations using copper (CuSO4) to experimentally evaluate and validate the relationship between the trace metals and oxidative stress biomarkers response [(catalase (CAT), lipoperoxidation content (LPO)], detoxification [(glutathione S-transferase (GST), metallothionein content (MT)] and neurotoxicity (AChE) in muscle of A. aeneus. Results showed changes in biomarkers after 96h: Catalase activity (CAT) was significantly higher above 1.5 and 2mg/L (154.35 and 172.50% increase, respectively); lipid peroxidation contents (TBARS), GST activity, and MT content were very similar to CAT activity at 1.5 and 2mg/L of Cu. In terms of neurotoxicity, AChE activity was significantly inhibited at 0.1mg/L (64%; p<0.001) and 0.5mg/L (44%; p<0.001) of Cu. Based on the bioassay results, we performed a trace metal monitoring campaign in muscle of A. aeneus caught in 15 sites with different anthropogenic activities, during the summer of 2017, to establish a baseline of trace metals pollution in the state of Campeche. A. aeneus showed the highest trace metal accumulation in the following order: Al>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Hg>Cr>Pb>Cd>V>As, while sites were arrange as follows: Xnoha lagoon>Palizada River>Candelaria River>Ululmal>Maravillas>López Mateos. PCA showed a cluster between biomarkers (GST, CAT, TBARS, and MT) and concentration of metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn, Hg and Cr). Conversely, AChE inhibition was not related to a specific metal, but highest inhibitions (>50%) were present in those sites with intensive agricultural practices. These results determined that, based on its physiological response and trace metal bioaccumulation, Astyanax aeneus can be considered a good bioindicator for evaluating the presence of trace metals in tropical aquatic systems of the Yucatan Peninsula.

High species richness of epiphytic Mastogloia (Mastogloiales: Bacillariophyceae) on Thalassia testudinum along the coast of Campeche, southern Gulf of Mexico

Diatoms of the genus Mastogloia are naviculoid forms that are generally easy to discriminate due to the presence of marginal chambers known as partecta. They exhibit a wide marine distribution, and are basically benthic forms usually conspicuous in epiphytic and epipelic diatom assemblages. Our objective was to identify species of Mastogloia epiphytic on Thalassia testudinum blades from the southern Gulf of Mexico region. Blades of T. testudinum were collected off the coast of Campeche State, Mexico; the epiphytic diatoms were scrapped off, cleaned and mounted on permanent slides for identification under light microscopy. A total of 76 Mastogloia taxa were recorded. This is the highest number of Mastogloia taxa recorded for Mexican coasts. Seven taxa had not been observed for the region: Mastogloia angusta, M. belaensis, M. depressa, M. ovalis, M. pseudolacrimata, M. regula, and M. urveae . Likewise, 20 Mastogloia species are new records for the Gulf of Mexico, while 15 are new records for Mexican coasts overall. This study confirms that Mastogloia species are mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical habitats, and shows that much floristics and formal taxonomy are required on benthic diatoms from different types of substrata for Mexican littorals.

Toward an Historical Agroecology: an academic approach in which time and space matter

ABSTRACT We pose that Agroecology, which is already a hybrid science, is further overcoming disciplinary isolation and stagnation through explicit processes of interdisciplinary recombination, in what might be termed “second generation hybridization”. We refer to the intellectual contact zone of Agroecology – mainly with Cultural Geography, Historical Ecology, Archeology, Ecological Anthropology, and Ethnoecology – as “Historical Agroecology”. We discuss the following five theoretical methodological foundations of our proposal toward an Historical Agroecology: (1) regional agroecological histories, (2) agroecological landscapes as palimpsests: human-mediated disturbances and their cumulative effects, (3) alpha and beta as agrobiodiversity on the table: manifestations of human niche construction, (4) agroecological ethos as landscapes of knowledge, and (5) infrapolitics and collective action as other forms of agroecological resistance aside from social movements. We illustrate these points through case studies based on our research in peasant communities of the Maya lowlands in the Mexican states of Yucatan, Chiapas, and Campeche. We conclude by reflecting on the need to further develop historical agroecological perspectives in those regions with agricultural systems that have resulted from profound diachronic legacies that are spatially rooted in broad geographical areas.

Más allá de la frontera. Movilidad y reconfiguraciones familiares entre los chuj de México y Guatemala

In 1981, thousands of indigenous Guatemalans fled the civil war in their country, taking refuge in the first instance in Chiapas, Mexico, near the border line. In 1996 the Peace Agreements were reached, and part of the refugee population returned to Guatemala, while another fraction remained in Mexico, in localities of the states of Chiapas, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. This triple process –refuge, return, and/or definitive settlement in Mexico– resulted in new dynamics of movement and cross-border mobility, as well as in the reconfiguration of family and parental groups based on differentiated citizenship status. In this article, we provide analytical elements associated with these dynamics, based on the ethnographic observation carried out in the returnee village of Yalambojoch, in the department of Huehuetenango, municipality of Nentón, Guatemala, and in Santa Rosa el Oriente, a town in Chiapas that received refugees.

Seasonal Wind Energy Characterization in the Gulf of Mexico

In line with Mexico’s interest in determining its wind resources, in this paper, 141 locations along the states of the Gulf of Mexico have been analyzed by calculating the main wind characteristics, such as the Weibull shape (c) and scale (k) parameters, and wind power density (WPD), by using re-analysis MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2) data with hourly records from 1980–2017 at a 50-m height. The analysis has been carried out using the R free software, whose its principal function is for statistical computing and graphics, to characterize the wind speed and determine its annual and seasonal (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) behavior for each state. As a result, the analysis determined two different wind seasons along the Gulf of Mexico;, it was found that in the states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Tabasco wind season took place during autumn, winter, and spring, while for the states of Campeche and Yucatan, the only two states that shared its coast with the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, the wind season occurred only in winter and spring. In addition, it was found that by considering a seasonal analysis, more accurate information on wind characteristics could be generated; thus, by applying the Weibull distribution function, optimal zones for determining wind as a resource of energy can be established. Furthermore, a k-means algorithm was applied to the wind data, obtaining three clusters that can be seen by month; these results and using the Weibull parameter c allow for selecting the optimum wind turbine based on its power coefficient or efficiency.

Chromatic palette studies in sculptural architectonical elements of Maya buildings in the south of Campeche, Mexico

ABSTRACT The Maya sites Balamkú, Calakmul, Becán, Chicanná, Xpuhil, Hormiguero, Muñeca, and Chactún are located in the south area of the Mexican State of Campeche, immerse in a tropical subhumid climate. Surrounded by jungle vegetation, these archeological sites preserve some of the best examples of sculptural elements from the pre-Classic (1800 b. C. – 250 a. C.) to the terminal Classic (1000 d. C.) periods. These sites display how the Maya used sculptures as architectural elements in order to emphasize their cosmogony and political beliefs. The main purpose of this research is to comprehend the technology of paint layer materials and to register the chromatic palettes by using surface and microscopic analytical techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer system (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) in order to analyze and interpret the pictorial technique used for the architectural sculpture decoration.

Raman Spectroscopy and Chemometric Modeling to Predict Physical-Chemical Honey Properties from Campeche, Mexico.

In this work, 10 chemometric models based on Raman spectroscopy were constructed to predict the physicochemical properties of honey produced in the state of Campeche, Mexico. The properties of honey studied were pH, moisture, total soluble solids (TSS), free acidity, lactonic acidity, total acidity, electrical conductivity, Redox potential, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and ash content. These proprieties were obtained according to the methods described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Codex Alimentarius, and the International Honey Commission. For the construction of the chemometric models, 189 honey samples were collected and analyzed in triplicate using Raman spectroscopy to generate the matrix data [X], which were correlated with each of the physicochemical properties [Y]. The predictive capacity of each model was determined by cross validation and external validation, using the statistical parameters: standard error of calibration (SEC), standard error of prediction (SEP), coefficient of determination of cross-validation (R2cal), coefficient of determination for external validation (R2val), and Student’s t-test. The statistical results indicated that the chemometric models satisfactorily predict the humidity, TSS, free acidity, lactonic acidity, total acidity, and Redox potential. However, the models for electric conductivity and pH presented an acceptable prediction capacity but not adequate to supply the conventional processes, while the models for predicting ash content and HMF were not satisfactory. The developed models represent a low-cost tool to analyze the quality of honey, and contribute significantly to increasing the honey distribution and subsequently the economy of the region.

Characterization of a native Bacillus velezensis-like strain for the potential biocontrol of tropical fruit pathogens

Postharvest fungal decay causes economic loss and may cause human intoxication. Biological control of fungal decay of fruits using antagonistic native bacteria is a promising alternative. Leaf-associated (phyllosphere) bacteria are a promising yet underexploited source of antagonists for fungal control. A total of 108 bacterial isolates from mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves from orchards in the Campeche state (southern Mexico) were isolated on PDA medium and screened to determine their in vitro antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides var. minor ATTC 42374. Selected antagonistic isolates TS3B-44, TS3B-45, TS3B-92 and TS3B-183 were subject to a comparative analysis to determine their in vitro control potential. The most effective isolate was TS3B-45, identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as being more closely related to Bacillus velezensis; its effect was compared with different control methods: chitosan, two synthetic fungicides (benomyl and prochloraz), NaHCO3 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 55614. TS3B-45 isolate showed inhibitory activity in vitro (80%), similar to prochloraz (82%) and B. subtilis ATCC 55614 (77%). It also proved effective against other fungal plant pathogens, including native Colletotrichum spp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia clavata, Pestalotiopsis maculans, and both Fusarium nivale and F. solani. In vivo tests validated the effectiveness of this novel B. velezensis strain against C. gloeosporioides under semi-commercial postharvest conditions, achieving a disease control based on Abbott's method. Based on this analysis, the results did not differ significantly of those exhibited by the commercial product Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis). B. velezensis TS3B-45 treatment did not affect a range of quality parameters including maturity index, fruit weight, reducing sugar, and acidity of mangoes after 32 days of storage and shelf conditions. To our knowledge this is the first report of a B. velezensis-like bacterium as a promising suitable biocontrol agent for postharvest conservation. Further testing is required including stabilization, bioformulation and assessment of toxicity against human.

Estimación del contenido de carbono orgánico en suelos y vegetación del estado de Campeche. Propuesta metodológica.

Assessing carbon content in soil and vegetation is a burdensome task, hence, the importance of developing reliable methods using databases with scarce information. The objective of the present study was to estimate the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and organic carbon in vegetation (OCV) for the State of Campeche, Mexico. Developing a methodology in conditions of low availability of information. The off icial database available in Mexico (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía; INEGI) was used. The main limiting factor of the INEGI database for estimating the SOC by land unit area is the missing information on soil bulk density. Therefore, the bulk density of the soils was obtained using linear multiple regressions with data from 37 soil prof iles that were described in 10 of the 14 soil types reported in the State. The SOC ha-1 for each prof ile/soil unit for the whole State was calculated using the formula proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Estimation of OCV was achieved using INEGI database (area for vegetation type), reclassifying the vegetation types, from 58 to 23. The reduction of the coeff icient of variation in comparison with the results of other studies shows that the applied methodology produces more precise estimates. The total carbon estimated for the State of Campeche was 765 417 Gg, of which 64.1% accounted for SOC and 35.9% for OCV.

Dynamics of coastline changes in Mexico

The goal of our work was to locate and quantify changes that occurred in 66% of the Mexican coastline, based on four land cover maps generated by the Mexican Mangrove Monitoring System (SMMM) of the National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) for the years 1970/81, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Our results showed overall dominance of erosion over accretion processes, beaches being the most affected coastal land cover. Emphasis was placed on identification and description of coastline sites in which land was either continuously lost (erosion) or gained (accretion) during the studied time periods. These sites were defined as continuous unidirectional dynamic sites and were compared with previous knowledge about the geodynamics of Mexican coasts. Continuous unidirectional dynamic sites were distributed throughout the study area and within all land cover types, but predominantly corresponded to areas covered by mangroves in the states of Campeche and Nayarit. Finally, we found an intensification of coastal erosion-accretion processes over time; coastline change rates having duplicated between the earliest (1970/81–2005) and the two more recent (2005–2010, and 2010–2015) analysed time periods, with erosion rates for each corresponding period of –3 m/yr, –7.5 m/yr, and –7.3 m/yr, and accretion rates of 2.8 m/yr, 7.3 m/yr, and 6.9 m/yr, respectively.

Genetic diversity of HLA system in two populations from Campeche, Mexico: Campeche city and rural Campeche

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 81 Mexicans from the state of Campeche living in the city of Campeche (N = 34) and rural communities (N = 47), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Campeche include ten Native American, three European, one African and one Asian haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Campeche are Native American (65.56 ± 0.96% by ML; 51.24% of Native American haplotypes), European (34.44 ± 10.94% by ML; 30.25% of European haplotypes), and a virtually absent African genetic component (0.00 ± 10.31% by ML; 9.26% of African haplotypes).

Influencia de las condiciones de secado solar en la coloración de plantas medicinales

For millennia, humans have used hundreds of medicinal plants to treat diseases. Currently, many species with important characteristics are known to alleviate a wide range of health problems, mainly in rural areas, where the use of these resources is very high, even replacing scientific medicine almost completely. This paper presents the dehydration of medicinal plants that are grown in the State of Campeche through direct and indirect solar technologies in order to evaluate the influence of air flow and temperature on the color of the final product through the L* a* scale. b*, analyzing the activity of water and humidity during the drying process. The experimental results showed that the direct solar dryer with forced convection presents a little significant color change in a drying time of 400 min on average, guaranteeing the null bacterial proliferation and reaching a final humidity between 9 % and 11 %.

Use and application of information and communication technologies in the students of the degree in administration of the Tecnologico de Calkini

Currently, ICTs are necessary for growth and educational and social development. However, the simple provision of infrastructure and technological equipment to schools is insufficient, These require its proper articulation in the teaching-learning processes and proper school management. for this reason it is imperative to evaluate the use of ICT in young students of higher level in the Maya area of the Camino Real of the State of Campeche. The study is descriptive, with a quantitative approach, the design is non-experimental transactional, the method was the field study and the technique is the survey with the questionnaire as an instrument. The results indicate that one of the most deeply rooted devices among students is the cell phone; the Laptop is the machine that most students use to do their jobs and tasks; for this reason, this device represents an opportunity to work more with them, this device represents an opportunity to work more with them, this is favored by the public policies that have taken place in the area and have allowed students to access the internet in schools. Therefore, an ICT policy in the institution favors young students to increase their potential in the use of these technologies.