State Of Campeche Research Articles

Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from an emergent focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yucatan, Southeast Mexico.

Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is endemic in the Yucatan Peninsula, with historical and contemporary records mainly in the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo. Recently, we reported autochthonous LCL cases and 27.6% of asymptomatic infection in the municipality of Tinum, Yucatan, where no studies of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies have been carried out. In this work, from November, 2019 to February, 2020, we conducted a field study in three areas of Tinum to document, for the first time, the species of Phlebotominae in areas with records of human leishmaniasis transmission. In order of abundance, the species identified were Pifanomyia serrana, Psathyromyia shannoni, Psathyromyia cratifer, Lutzomyia cruciata, Bichromomyia olmeca olmeca, and Dampfomyia deleoni. Most of the sand flies were captured in a Shannon trap where 77.8% of collected specimens were females. The distribution of sand fly species showed some degree of heterogeneity among sites, and the highest species richness was registered in a site located in Xcalakoop. We also discuss the medical importance of Lu. cruciata, Ps. shannoni, and Pi. serrana as potential vectors of causal agents of LCL in this area.

HEARTWOOD FUNCTIONS AND COMPATIBLE TAPER AND MERCHANTABLE VOLUME SYSTEMS FOR Acacia mangium Willd. IN, TABASCO, MEXICO

In the last 20 years in Mexico, 30 % of the plantations supported by the Comisión Nacional Forestal (National Forestry Commission, CONAFOR) were made for timber purposes and established in the states of Tabasco, Veracruz, and Campeche, in Mexico. The economic valuation and management of plantations for these purposes are optimized by estimating the timber volume by type of product. The objectives of this study were to fit three compatible systems of segmented equations of taper and merchantable outside-bark volume; identify functions of taper and cumulative volume of heartwood; and analyze the dendrometric types based on the system developed by Fang et al. (2000) for plantations of clonal trees of Acacia mangium Willd., located in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Ninety-one (91) trees (2, 3, 7 and 8 years old) were cut down and two data groups were formed: 60 trees for fitting, and 31 for validation. The stem volume per section was calculated using the overlapping bolts method. The selection of the models was made according to the classification of four goodness-of-fit statistics. The system developed by Fang et al. (2000) showed reasonable estimates with both groups of measurements. The heartwood volume function overestimated the average percentage of heartwood relative to the inside bark volume in 2-year-old trees. However, it estimated them logically for the other ages: 34.7 % at 3 years, 61.8 % at 7 years, and 67 % at 8 years. The ratio heartwood taper to inside bark taper decreased after reaching 70 % of height.

Suicidal behavior in Mexican adolescents: A test of a latent class model using two independent probability samples

Suicidal behavior is a serious health issue that affects the adolescent population and that may be prevented through evidence-based approaches. There are many risk factors involved in suicidal behavior, but there are few studies encompassing the complex relationships between them. This study tested the similarity between two latent class models from two different epidemiological samples of middle-school students and evaluated if the multinomial regression model replicated the associations between the classes and the psychosocial variables. Data of 4013 adolescents from the Mexican states of Campeche and Querétaro were included in LCA to characterize suicide behavior and associated factors. The most likely latent class membership was used as the outcome in multinomial regression models. The model with data from Querétaro was consistent with the previous LC model from Campeche. The four latent classes were nearly identical for both populations and can be defined as follows: 1) “No Problems,” included 73% of the adolescents; 2) “Drug Use Only,” comprised 7% of the adolescents; 3) “Suicidal Behavior, No Depression,” captured 8% of the adolescents (25% reported binge drinking in the past month, 50% self-inflicted injuries, and 43% low-lethality suicide attempt); 4) “Depression and Suicidal Behavior,” comprised 12% of the sample (66% met criteria for Major Depressive Episode, 28% reported binge drinking in the past month, and 11% had a high-lethality suicide attempt). The congruence between the models and the consistency with identified factors highlight the need for appropriate and effective prevention strategies to minimize risk factors and reinforce protective factors in the adolescent population.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in blood donors during the third wave of infection in Campeche Mexico

At the end of 2020 and previous to the second wave of COVID-19 in Mexico, the seroprevalence in unvaccinated people in the state of Campeche, Mexico was below 15 %. The prevalence changes with ongoing pandemic and per geographical areas. Blood donors screening is a powerful and cost-effective alternative to monitor the population’s infection exposure.The aim of the study was to estimate IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in the Campeche’s main blood bank in Mexico.This was a cross-sectional study carried out at the main blood bank of the State of Campeche, located in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico for the period of August through September 2021 during the third wave of the epidemic. A blood sample from 479 blood donors were included in the study, the overall seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was 69.1 %. Vaccinated donors represented 69.9 % versus 29.4 % unvaccinated. The seropositivity in unvaccinated represented 42.5 % and 81.17 % in vaccinated. The seroconversion in vaccinated donors after first shot was 79 % for Astra-Zeneca-vaccine and 90 % for Pfizer-vaccine.In conclusion 69.1 % of blood donors are seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 and 42.5 percent unvaccinated people are already also seropositive.

Population genetics and molecular identification of Crocodylus acutus and C. moreletii (Crocodilia: Crocodylidae) in captive and wildlife populations

Introduction: There is low evidence of genetic diversity and hybridization processes within Crocodylus acutus and C. moreletii populations. Objetive: To evaluate genetic diversity and some phylogenetic relationships in wild and captive populations of C. acutus and C. moreletii using the Barcode of Life Data System (COX1, cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene). Methods: 28 individuals phenotypically like C. acutus located in the state of Guerrero, Oaxaca and Quintana Roo were sampled, as well as animals belonging to C. moreletii located in the states of Tabasco, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. 641 base pairs of nucleotide sequence from COX1 were used to obtain the haplotype and nucleotide diversity per population, and a phylogenetic and network analysis was performed. Results: Evidence of hybridization was found by observing C. moreletti haplotypes in animals phenotypically determined as C. acutus, as well as C. acutus haplotypes in animals classified as C. moreletti. Low haplotypic diversity was observed for C. acutus (0.455 ± 0.123) and for C. moreletii (0.505 ± 0.158). A phylogenetic tree was obtained in which the sequences of C. acutus and C. moreletii were grouped into two well-defined clades. Organisms identified phenotypically as C. acutus but with C. moreletii genes were separated into a different clade within the clade of C. moreletii. Conclusions: There are reproductive individuals with haplotypes different from those of the species. This study provides a small but significant advance in the genetic knowledge of both crocodile species and the use of mitochondrial markers, which in this case, the COX1 gene allowed the detection of hybrid organisms in wild and captive populations. Conservation efforts for both species of crocodiles should prevent the crossing of both threatened species and should require the genetic identification of pure populations, to design effective conservation strategies considering the possibility of natural hybridization in areas of sympatry.
 Palabras clave: ADN mitocondrial; citocromo C oxidasa; diversidad haplotípica; diversidad de nucleótidos; hibridación, Sistema de código de barras de la vida.

Looking beyond the conflict: Everyday interactions and relations between Maya and Mennonite farmers in the state of Campeche, Mexico

Deforestation and environmental contamination from the expansion of neoliberal agriculture, including transgenic soy, turned the municipality of Hopelchén, in the Mexican state of Campeche, into a focus of cultural and economic tensions. Previous studies focused on analyzing the conflict between the original population, Maya traditional farmers and beekeepers, and the recently arrived migrants, Mennonite industrial farmers. We used ‘A Theory of Access’ (Ribot and Peluso 2003) to analyze everyday interactions and relations among the two ethnic groups, and opinions of Maya farmers on Mennonites presence in the area. Our sources of data were scientific publications and interviews with local farmers. We found that Mennonites have a broader “bundle of powers” since they have more capital, farm machinery, technical agricultural knowledge, and organizational and entrepreneurial skills than Maya farmers. Besides the reported conflicts, Maya and Mennonite farmers also enter into many everyday interactions and relations of cooperation and mutual dependence. These results may inform the design of public policies for sustainable rural development, including the national REDD+ strategy, to promote positive environmental and economic changes and help to ameliorate social conflict in the municipality.

Assessing the Risk of Extinction of Vascular Plants Endemic to the Yucatán Peninsula Biotic Province by Means of Distributional Data

An assessment of the extinction risk of the endemic plants from the Yucatán Peninsula Biotic Province (YPBP) was performed based on distributional data (B criteria of the IUCN) using the GeoCAT tool. The YPBP is located in southeastern Mexico and comprises the Mexican states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán, and the northernmost portion of Belize (districts of Belize, Corozal, and Orange Walk), as well as a portion of northern Guatemala (most of the department of Petén). An analysis of the YPBP flora identified 167 endemic taxa, 154 of which grow in at least one of the three Mexican states (Campeche, Quintana Roo, and/or Yucatán), whereas another 13 occur exclusively in Belize and/or Guatemala. Eighty-five are in some category of risk (50.9%): 17 taxa (10.18%) are categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), 40 (23.95%) as Endangered (EN), and 28 (16.77%) as Vulnerable (VU). Eighty-one (48.5%) species are not threatened: 12 (7.19%) as Near Threatened (NT) and 69 (41.32%) as Least Concern. A single species (0.6%) is considered Data Deficient (DD). The greatest number of endemic species and endemic threatened species inhabit dry and subhumid forests, and some inhabit semi-evergreen forests. The habits of endemic species and threatened endemic species are diverse, but trees, grasses, and shrubs predominate. The official system of protected natural areas (PNA) does not guarantee the conservation of all endemic species in the region. Ninety-eight (58.68%) of the endemic taxa have more than one population (record) within a PNA.

Age at menopause among rural and urban women in the state of Campeche, Mexico.

The purpose of this study was to examine age at natural menopause among women of Maya and non-Maya ancestry living in urban and rural communities in the state of Campeche, Mexico. Women ages 40 to 60 (n = 543) participated in semi-structured interviews and anthropometric measures. The last names, languages spoken, and the birthplace of the woman, her parents, and her grandparents were used to determine Maya or non-Maya ethnicity. Recalled age at natural menopause was compared across four communities; analysis of variance was used to compare means and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to compare medians. Probit analysis was also used to estimate median ages at menopause. Cox regression analyses were applied to identify variables associated with age at menopause. Mean recalled age at natural menopause across all sites was 46.7 years, ranging from 47.8 years in the city of Campeche to 43.9 years in the rural Maya communities in the municipality of Hopelchén. Median ages at menopause across all sites were 50.55 years by probit analysis and 50.5 years by Kaplan-Meier. Variables associated with a later age at menopause included higher socioeconomic status, higher parity, and a later age at menarche. The early mean recalled age at menopause in southern Hopelchén was consistent with previous studies in the Yucatán peninsula. As expected, probit and Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated later ages at menopause. Contrary to our expectations, Maya/non-Maya ethnicity was not associated with age at menopause. Demographic and reproductive factors were more important than ethnicity in explaining variation in age at menopause within the state of Campeche, Mexico.

Bovine milk production in Campeche: prospects and challenges for rural producers' development

Objective: To characterize at the municipal level the productivity of the bovine-milk sector in the state of Campeche, Mexico; to determine the profitability of the sector and to propose improvement schemes in order to add value to the commercialization of the product. Design/Methodology/Approach: From the Agricultural and Fisheries Information System, the following variables were obtained: Production (thousands of L), Price ($ L-1) and Value of Production (thousands of $) from 2006 to 2018. Through multivariate statistics and analyses, the profitability of the bovine-milk sector from 2013-2018 compared to 2007-2012 was determined. The analyses were completed by an interview with 12 milk producers who gave added value through the manufacture of cheeses. Results: A drop in profitability (-8.8%) was found in the sector from 2013-2018 compared to 2007-2012, despite the increase in production of 6.2% that did not compensate for the fall in prices (-14.2%). The regions with the highest productivity were located from the center to the south of the state: Champotón (24.62%), Escárcega (17.36%), and Campeche (16.63%). Study Limitations/Implications: Adding value to the milk commodity is a priority need in the short term, to avoid abandoning the activity, which could compromise the economy of rural producers. Findings/Conclusions: The Mennonite settlements in Campeche have managed to add value to the bovine-milk sector through the manufacture and sale of artisan cheeses. However, the great challenge of the sector is the revaluation of artisan cheeses with market strategies that encourage the consumption of local resources in a context of globalization.

First Molecular Characterization of Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium sp. Isolated from Mangrove in Mexico and the Antagonist Effect of Trichoderma harzianum as an Effective Biocontrol Agent.

The aim of this study was to characterize potential fungal species affecting mangrove species in Mexico. The phytopathogens were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics using internal transcribed spacer (ITS1/ITS4) primers then sequenced and compared with the other related sequences in GenBank (NCBI). Three fungal species were identified as Colletotrichum queenslandicum (Weir and Johnst, 2012) from black mangrove (Avicennia germinans); Colletotrichum ti (Weir and Johnst, 2012) from white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa) and buttonwood mangrove (Conocarpus erectus); Fusarium equiseti (Corda) from red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). In addition, C. ti and F. equiseti were identified from mango Mangifera indica L. sampled close by the mangrove area. This study provides first evidence of anthracnose on four mangrove species caused by Colletotrichum and Fusarium species in the “Términos” coastal lagoon in Campeche State southern Mexico. This is the first time that C. queenslandicum and C. ti are reported in Mexico. F. equiseti has not been reported affecting M. indica and R. mangle until the present work. Little is known regarding fungal diseases affecting mangroves in Mexico. These ecosystems are protected by Mexican laws and may be threatened by these pathogenic fungus. This is the first report of the effect of Trichoderma harzianum TRICHO-SIN as an effective biological control against of Colletotrichum and Fusarium species.

New Distribution Records of Anopheles darlingi in Quintana Roo, Southeastern Mexico.

Anopheles darlingi is considered the main vector of malaria in the Neotropical region, so knowledge of its distribution in the Americas is highly relevant for the design of strategies for prevention and control of the illness. In Mexico, An. darlingi was recorded for the first time in 1943, and currently its distribution covers the states of Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, and Tabasco. In this study, new distribution data and observations of the abundance of An. darlingi in 14 localities of Quintana Roo, southeastern Mexico, are presented.

Genetic Structure and Gene Flow of Octopus maya (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the States of Yucatan and Campeche, Mexico / Estrutura genética e fluxo gênico do polvo maya (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) nos Estados de Yucatan e Campeche, México

It was determined the population genetic structure of the red octopus Octopus maya in the states of Campeche and Yucatan in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, through the expression of isozymes in polyacrylamide gels. Mantle samples from 25 octopuses, captured in nine sites of the Yucatan Peninsula, were used to characterize the genotypic expression revealed by the expression of 26 loci in thirty enzyme systems. Program TFPGA version 1.3 (Tools for Population Genetic Analyses), was used to process data of allozyme gene frequencies of the studied populations. The parameters determined were: descriptive statistics, F statistics, genetic distances, Hardy - Weinberg, UPGMA and the number of migrants as an indicator of gene flow. The average number of alleles per locus, percentage of polymorphic loci, average and direct and direct heterozygosity were: 1.08 ± 0.05 to 1.15 ± 0.04. P95 26.9231% to 34.6154, Have 0.1142 to 0.1390 and Hdir = 0.0354 to 0.0938 respectively. Heterozygosity values in a range of 0.3506 to 0.4793 and G6PDH for ARGK with an average heterozygosity value of 0.1824, Fisher average value of 0.5313 and 0.0140 Fst indicates a heterozygous deficiency but it is within the ranges reported for marine invertebrate species. The number of migrants derived from the Slatkin equation is 1824 per generation, globally indicates some degree of variability between sites and is consistent with the low values of Nei genetic distance found, particularly the node showing the separation of the population of Lagartos River and Dzilam Bravo from the other locations with an obtained value of 0.0004. From the results of this study, it is concluded that locations of Octopus maya have a certain level of interpopulation genetic variability that does not reflect its fragility.

Adaptive governance and coping strategies in the Yucatan Peninsula coasts facing COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has abruptly transformed all social structures around the world, and coastal zones where tourist and fishing activities take place is no exception. Due to the sanitary measures, restrictions to travel and lock down periods, the tourist sector has been one of the economic sectors most affected by this health and economic crisis. However, it is not the only sector to have been affected, the fisheries sector, being highly dependent on the export market, has also suffered the consequences of this crisis. In this article, we aim to identify the main characteristics and key aspects of the fishing and tourist sectors in the states of Yucatan and Campeche, in Mexico, under pandemic dynamics. What are the organizational and governance structures that have been developed in response to this world phenomena? To answer this question, we conducted phone interviews and reviewed governmental and community actions. Results show that individual survival strategies prevail as a response to COVID-19, over community or governmental actions. There was limited coordination among the different governance structures, between the community and governmental levels. However, this crisis has also been a period of learning and innovation to implement adaptive governance structures to build resilience and a “new normal social reality”.

The importance of women in the preservation of the companies dedicated to the production and sale of the Jipi-Japa hat in the Maya area of Calkiní

In the Yucatán península, the handicraft businesses tend to disappear when the master craftsman dies, losing these family type companies. According with researches applied by Santos y Barroso (2016), point out that the 66% of the companies are run by handicraft woman, who preserve their customs, traditions and handicraft heritage. This document aims to appreciate the importance of the women in the preservation of the companies dedicated to the production and commercialization of the Jipi-Japa hat in the mayan area from Calkiní, in order to know the strengths and weaknesses of these companies for the export to European Markets. The research proposal was mixed and it was carried out in the four mayan localities: Tankuche, Bécal, Santa Cruz ex-Hacienda y San Nicólas from the municipality of Calkiní, in the state of Campeche, in two phases: Phase 1.- Internal analysis of the handicraft’s companies. Phase 2.- External analysis of the handicraft´s companies through key informants. The results point out that even when the woman has an important leading role in this activity, there is a significant decrease in their number; which indicates, that the new generations do not see the handicraft production attractive perhaps because of the work it implies and the low remuneration, putting at risk the generation of jobs derived from this activity; For this reason, it is urgent to implement strategies in the production and commercialization of the hat that help to strengthen this activity and prevent its extinction.

The Yucatan Yellow Bat (Vespertilionidae, Rhogeessa aeneus): a New Record for Banco Chinchorro Atoll, Mexico

The Yucatan yellow bat (Rhogeessa aeneus) is a poorly known species endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula, mainly distributed in tropical forests of the three Mexican states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatan. Here, we report the first record of this species in Cayo Centro, the main cay of Banco Chinchorro atoll, located in southern Quintana Roo, Mexico, 47 km from the mainland in the Caribbean Sea. On May 2021, we captured three individuals of R. aeneus on Cayo Centro in a low coastal forest consisting mostly of Bursera simaruba. This is the second species of bat reported for the atoll, and more studies are needed to further the investigation on the species diversity and status of the populations there.

Natural infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in bats captured in Campeche and Yucatán, México.

Introduction: Bats have been reported as hosts of the Trypanosoma cruzi protozoan, the etiologic agent of American trypanosomiasis, an endemic zoonotic disease in México. Objective: To describe T. cruzi infection in bats from the states of Campeche and Yucatán, México.Materials and methods: Captures were made from March to November, 2017 at three sites in Yucatán and one in Campeche. Up to four mist nets on two consecutive nights were used for the capture. The bats' species were identified and euthanasia was performed to collect kidney and heart samples for total DNA extraction. Trypanosoma cruzi infection was detected by conventional PCR with the amplification of a fragment belonging to the T. cruzi DNA nuclear. Results: Eighty-six bats belonging to five families (Vespertilionidae, Noctilionidae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostomidae, and Molossidae) and 13 species (Rhogeessa aeneus, Noctilio leporinus, Pteronotus davyi, P. parnellii, Artibeus jamaicensis, A. lituratus, A. phaeotis, Glossophaga soricina, Carollia sowelli, Chiroderma villosum, Uroderma bilobatum, Sturnira parvidens, and Molossus rufus) were captured. Infection frequency by PCR was 30,2% (26/86) detected only in the renal tissue. The infected species were P. parnellii, G. soricina, A. lituratus, A. jamaicensis, S. parvidens, C. villosum, and R. aeneus.Conclusions: Our results confirmed the participation of several bat species as hosts in the T. cruzi transmission cycle in the region. Further studies are necessary to establish the importance of these animals in the zoonotic transmission of T. cruzi.

Modelo de Minett-Wang para la competencia lingüística del maya yucateco y español en la Península de Yucatán

La lengua maya yucateca es una de las lenguas mayenses que actualmente se habla en los estados mexicanos de Campeche, Quintana Roo y Yucatán, así como en los distritos norteños de Belice tales como Corozal. Una vez que el área fue ocupada por los españoles, el español fue introducido en el siglo XVI coexistiendo con el maya yucateco durante toda la era colonial. Sin embargo, la proporción de mayahablantes ha decrecido durante los años recientes. Método: En esta investigación, modelamos la competencia entre maya yucateco y español utilizando las ecuaciones diferenciales de Minett-Wang con tres enfoques principales de preprocesamiento de los datos: un enfoque directo, un enfoque generacional y un enfoque geográfico, ajustando los parámetros de los modelos mediante Descenso de Gradiente + Momentum con los datos históricos provistos por los censos y encuestas intercensales del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) de los estados de Campeche, Quintana Roo y Yucatán desde 1930 hasta 2015. Las proyecciones poblacionales de los estados se realizaron mediante el modelo logístico. Resultados: En casi todos los enfoques se observó que la lengua maya yucateca tiende a la desaparición. El uso combinado de los enfoques directo y geográfico muestran que el maya yucateco se extinguirá en 2285 (en Felipe Carrillo Puerto-Tulum), 2390 en Campeche (en Calkiní) y finalmente en 2524 en Yucatán (en los municipios del sur y este). Sin embargo, existen dos casos donde la coexistencia es posible: Mayapán y Tahdziú. Discusión: El modelo de Minett-Wang describió adecuadamente un escenario incierto sobre competencia lingüística, dado que la lengua maya yucateca aún es numéricamente importante en la Península de Yucatán. Las zonas oriente-sur de Yucatán, centro de Quintana Roo y norte de Campeche tienen una mayor resistencia a la sustitución lingüística, pero las estimaciones paramétricas realizadas muestran que esta lengua tiende a un escenario de extinción en la mayoría de los municipios de México. Son necesarias las medidas pertinentes para minimizar este panorama en términos de políticas lingüísticas y realizar nuevas estimaciones con los resultados de los censos siguientes para actualizar los parámetros del modelo y monitorear el decaimiento del número de mayahablantes.

Motivation in the practice of physical education, in adolescents who attend the upper middle level

The research aims to find the motivations that move the students in the physical education class, as well as the perspective that they have of their teachers, this collection of information was carried out in a high school in the north of the state of Campeche, Mexico. The research included 162 students who were between the ages of 14 and 18, students who attend physical education classes normally and perform physical activity regularly when their class corresponds to them and in some cases outside of class as an occasional sport or sport. directed and controlled training in few of the participants. In gender, no significant difference was found, the ratings of the respondents were mostly approving, the percentage of failures is very low, the age studied gave us similar percentages between the range of 14 to 18 years, the survey shows that There is a collaborative and team work to achieve the goals that are worked in class and outside of them, and that their teachers favor this work in addition to promoting it, supervising and evaluating it, young people perceive that they are an important part of the class and each of the actions that are manifested in them, a low percentage manifest do not feel integrated into the activities.

Intelligent prototype for the collection of small urban solid waste

Wasting disposal systems are a crucial sector in society, improper management of solid urban waste (SUW) can be harmful to health and the environment. In the state of Campeche, Mexico, an average of 3528.32 KG of waste is collected by every person, around 227 people are hired for this activity. This means that the generation of waste exceeds the collecting capacity in the state. This work presents an intelligent prototype for the collecting of small SUW. To achieve this task, we designed and created a model based on different electronic components (Raspberry, sensors, camera, etc.), as well as we created and implemented a SUW collection algorithm for its autonomy. The design of the prototype consists of two metal structures and the electronic components are integrated into the Raspberry. The creation and implementation of the algorithm work with artificial.

PALMA DE ACEITE, RECONVERSIÓN PRODUCTIVA Y RESPUESTAS CAMPESINAS EN EL USO DEL SUELO

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Oil palm is the highest economic value plantation crop in the tropics and its rapid expansion is a controversial topic around the world. In Mexico, 85% of the national production comes from plantations of small producers, they are mainly rural landholders from “ejido” communities. The way in which the peasants have carried out the productive reconversion of their lands is important to understand the social and environmental impacts associated with oil palm cultivation. <strong>Objective:</strong> The process of oil palm productive reconversion, its implications on land use and the associated impacts in terms of job and income generation, is described through the case study of a peasant community located in the state of Campeche with more than 20 years of experience working the crop. <strong>Methodology</strong>: Two surveys were applied to the community. One with a socioeconomic focus and the other with a productive approach. The former was applied to a representative sample of households (n = 60), and the latter to a representative sample of palm growers (n = 20). The first survey was aimed to describe the role of oil palm has played as a source of jobs and income, while the second focused on describing the process of productive reconversion, its implications on land use and management practices of rural plantations. The results obtained were analyzed in a participatory manner in a focus group organized in the community. <strong>Results:</strong> Oil palm is the main source of employment for half of the families in the community. Households with oil palm plantations have an income 2.7 times higher than the community average. The productive reconversion has been carried out on previously deforested lands for extensive cattle ranching and has slowed down the praderization of peasant plots. Oil palm plantations have low technology, low use of labour and inputs, and low productivity. <strong>Implications:</strong> Oil palm has become the most important land use second only to extensive cattle ranching. The farmers have important limitations that prevent them from the consolidation of the crop, which in the medium term may compromise its continuity. This would represent a high opportunity cost since oil palm has become the main productive activity that generates income and jobs in the community. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> In social terms, oil palm has proven to be effective and improve the living conditions of producers and their families, meanwhile in environmental terms it has not generated deforestation. There are important windows of opportunity to increase the productivity of peasant plantations so that the crop can be consolidated as a factor of economic and social development in rural communities.</p>