Reference State Research Articles

How disciplinary detail obscures the metacognitive potential of curriculums

AbstractThis paper analyses five junior secondary curriculums for their emphases on metacognition. Metacognition is an emergent skill that prepares students for their inscrutable futures, where they will need to apply their knowledge strategically to complex contexts, guided by self-knowledge. Its development requires experiential pedagogies that introduce problematic knowledge, and it is difficult to measure. English, humanities, mathematics and science curriculums for students aged between 11–16 years were coded using a qualitative, deductive approach. Semantic information was ascribed to three epistemic and seven cognitive or metacognitive themes, and code totals compared for their relative emphases. All five curriculums provided pathways that could support metacognitive development, but only two, the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme (MYP) and the New Zealand Curriculum (NZC), explicitly recommended strategies likely to provoke the dispositions of teachers towards engaging students in complex, problematic tasks. Code totals revealed curriculum tightness. Cambridge Assessment International Education (CAIE) courses provided the greatest number of codes, but the Common Core State Standards (CC) and the Australian Curriculum (version 9) (ACv9), were similarly detailed, with up to three times as many cognitive and metacognitive references as the NZC and MYP. Although all the curriculums claimed to develop thinking skills, the three that used mandatory external assessment or benchmarking tests (CAIE, ACv9 and CC) did not offer mechanisms likely to build teacher capacity to engage their students in tasks that had intrinsic educational benefit.

Fault root cause analysis using degree of change and mean variable threshold limit in non-linear dynamic distillation column

The chemical industrial processes are both dynamic and complex. The presence of instability and danger in the production process poses significant challenges to safety management. Early and accurate fault diagnosis is essential to ensure a sustainable and stable chemical process performance. Most studies in literature do not provide detailed information about diagnosing the root cause of faults in distillation columns using contribution plots. Using principal component analysis (PCA) in conventional contribution plots leads to a large number of contributing variables, making it difficult to identify the root cause of a specific fault. In this study, the authors suggest employing the Degree of Change of Contribution Values (DCC) and Mean Variable Threshold Limit (LMVT) techniques alongside the Wavelet Transform-Principal Component Analysis (WT-PCA) method to decrease the quantity of fault identification variables in a non-linear system (distillation column). The Aspen Plus software is utilized to perform a dynamic simulation of a distillation column, generating data for both normal and faulty operations. Two distinct types of faults are considered, which include loss of feed flow and feed temperature changes. This study aims to analyze the results obtained from the Hotelling T2 and SPE contribution plots by calculating the average difference between the normal and faulty conditions using the Degree of Change in Contribution Values. This procedure is performed to determine the extent of deviation from the standard state. Subsequently, the variables that have surpassed the threshold limit for means variables (LMVT) are designated as the variables that serve as the primary underlying cause of the fault. The technique was employed in a case study involving a nonlinear distillation column, and the results indicate that only one "dominant" variable intersects the LMVT by Hotelling T2, which represents the true underlying cause of the corresponding fault.

A Bayesian non-stationary heteroskedastic time series model for multivariate critical care data.

We propose a multivariate GARCH model for non-stationary health time series by modifying the observation-level variance of the standard state space model. The proposed model provides an intuitive and novel way of dealing with heteroskedastic data using the conditional nature of state-space models. We follow the Bayesian paradigm to perform the inference procedure. In particular, we use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to obtain samples from the resultant posterior distribution. We use the forward filtering backward sampling algorithm to efficiently obtain samples from the posterior distribution of the latent state. The proposed model also handles missing data in a fully Bayesian fashion. We validate our model on synthetic data and analyze a data set obtained from an intensive care unit in a Montreal hospital and the MIMIC dataset. We further show that our proposed models offer better performance, in terms of WAIC than standard state space models. The proposed model provides a new way to model multivariate heteroskedastic non-stationary time series data. Model comparison can then be easily performed using the WAIC.

Valuation of Multi-Dimensional Health States With a Bolt-On: Is There a Shortcut?

ObjectivesTo use the EQ-5D questionnaire with bolt-on dimensions in economic evaluation studies, new value sets are needed. In this study, we explored the feasibility of a new approach called the scaling factor model, which estimates bolt-on value sets using estimated EQ-5D dimensional weights. MethodsWe designed a 2-arm study, inviting university students to value health states with and without bolt-on items using the composite time trade-off method. We selected 25 health states from an orthogonal array and added the 5 mildest EQ-5D states in the design. In arm 1, EQ-5D without self-care and standard EQ-5D states were valued, and in arm 2, standard EQ-5D states and EQ-5D with vision were valued. By arm, we compared the mean observed values of health states with and without bolt-on item. Next, by arm, we estimated value sets for the EQ-5D with bolt-on states using both standard model and scaling factor model. Model performances were compared in terms of prediction accuracy and correlation with likelihood-based mean values. ResultsAdding a five-level bolt-on to EQ-5D resulted in statistically lower values. This effect was consistent across 2 arms and bolt-on items. The scaling factor models outperformed the standard models in all statistics. ConclusionsThe scaling factor model offers a methodologically viable and low-cost option for producing value sets for EQ-5D supplemented with bolt-on items. Future studies should further test this method using other bolt-on items and more relevant study populations.

Nonreciprocal collective dynamics in a mixture of phoretic Janus colloids

A multicomponent mixture of Janus colloids with distinct catalytic coats and phoretic mobilities is a promising theoretical system to explore the collective behavior arising from nonreciprocal interactions. An active colloid produces (or consumes) chemicals, self-propels, drifts along chemical gradients, and rotates its intrinsic polarity to align with a gradient. As a result the connection from microscopics to continuum theories through coarse-graining couples densities and polarization fields in unique ways. Focusing on a binary mixture, we show that these couplings render the unpatterned reference state unstable to small perturbations through a variety of instabilities including oscillatory ones which arise on crossing an exceptional point or through a Hopf bifurcation. For fast relaxation of the polar fields, they can be eliminated in favor of the density fields to obtain a microscopic realization of the Nonreciprocal Cahn–Hilliard model for two conserved species with two distinct sources of non-reciprocity, one in the interaction coefficient and the other in the interfacial tension. Our work establishes Janus colloids as a versatile model for a bottom-up approach to both scalar and polar active mixtures.

OVERVIEW OF THE INFLUENCE OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON EXPANDING THE FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES OF AUTOMOBILE HEADLIGHTS, ON THEIR PHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND METHODS AND MEANS OF THEIR CONTROL UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF OPERATION

A brief overview of the features and possibilities of innovative technologies in the field of front light-ing systems of mechanical vehicles, in particular, adaptive front lighting systems, intelligent front lighting sys-tems and modern digital lighting systems, was conducted. The main features of the structure and operation of such systems are considered, and some characteristics and capabilities of the front lighting systems used in Mercedes-Benz cars are given. Analyzed the requirements of the UNECE Rules and state standards of Ukraine in force in Ukraine with the requirements for methods and means of monitoring the conformity of installation parameters and photometric characteristics of front lighting systems during the operation of cars and the re-quirements of the manufacturer’s normative and technological documents for the performance of control, di-agnostic and regulatory maintenance work front lighting systems of Mercedes-Benz cars. The results of the work performed were used in the development of methodological instructions for the performance by NTU stu-dents of laboratory work on maintenance and inspection of the condition and adjustments of Mercedes-Benz headlights. Based on the results of the research, proposals and recommendations have been developed regard-ing the expediency of making changes to the state standards and regulatory documents in force in Ukraine, which regulate the performance of works to control the compliance of the technical condition of mechanical road vehicles with safety requirements in terms of external lighting devices. Also, recommendations have been developed for the use of control and diagnostic equipment, with which it is advisable to equip posts for mainte-nance of external light devices of Mercedes-Benz cars by maintenance stations located in Ukraine. Keywords: car headlight, adaptive front lighting system, intelligent front lighting system, digital lighting sys-tem, dynamic cornering lighting, static cornering lighting, low beam headlights, high beam headlights, adaptive low beam, adaptive high beam, city light mode, extra-urban mode light, light mode on highways; advanced fog light mode, fog light, matrix LED light, light with micro-opto-electromechanical system.

Quasi-static tensile and fatigue behaviour of a metastable austenitic stainless Cr-Ni-Cu-N steel

The tensile as well as the fatigue behaviour of an experimental copper-alloyed metastable austenitic stainless steel has been investigated. Three batches were studied: (i) cast material as reference state and two states were recrystallised after (ii) rotary swaging and (iii) forward impact extrusion. Deformation-induced α’-martensite was formed during both rotary swaging and forward impact extrusion with volume fractions of 48 vol% and 4 vol%, respectively. The material was then heat treated to form a fine-grained, fully austenitic microstructure. These fine-grained material states exhibited a higher strength compared to the cast state. However, strain-hardening was highest in the cast state. The effect of the initial microstructure on the cyclic deformation behaviour and fatigue life was investigated using strain-controlled tests. During cyclic deformation all three states exhibited a martensitic phase transformation and concurrently a pronounced cyclic hardening with the formation of up to approximately 70 vol% α’-martensite. The fine-grained state produced by rotary swaging and reversion annealing showed a significantly higher fatigue life of about factor 4 compared to the coarse-grained cast state. Relative to forward impact extrusion, rotary swaging provided a higher fatigue life and fatigue strength.

Молодежь России: ответ на вызовы времени

The article examines the value orientations of youth in the USSR and after its collapse, before the start of the Special Military Operation and within its framework, as well as the main directions of state youth policy, state standards and life guidelines of the younger generation, the formation of a worldview among youth based on Russian spiritual and moral values.

Dinitro-[1H,4H]-dihydropyrazines - A DFT treatment

Dinitro-(1H,4H)-dihydropyrazine isomers and the 1,3- and 1,5-proton tautomers of these isomers are considered within the constraints of density functional theory at the level of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). All the structures are electronically stable, thermodynamically exothermic and have favorable Gibbs’ free energy of formation values at the standard states. Various quantum chemical properties, including IR and UV-VIS spectra, the HOMO and LUMO energies etc., have been obtained and discussed. The NICS values have been calculated for the antiaromaticity order of the isomers considered.

Deprotonation of formic, acetic acids and bicarbonate ion in slit silica nanopores at infinite dilution and in the presence of electrolytes

Dielectric effects and the coupled electrostatics between the nanoconfined and the internal/external aqueous media contribute to the observed deviations of chemistry within the nanoconfined environment when compared with unconfined systems. A systematic understanding has remained elusive, especially with respect to background salt concentration and boundary condition effects like the nanopore surface chemistry and the reference state used to calculate free energies. We utilize molecular dynamics simulations along with thermodynamic integration to determine the free energy difference associated with acid-base chemistry in 2 nm and 4 nm slit pores open to a bulk-like reservoir. pKa increases are predicted when confining acetic acid, formic acid, and bicarbonate in the slits at infinite dilution conditions. We find that confinement weakens the acids, and the modulation of outer pore surface dipole magnitudes can tune the pKa shift values, suggesting that purely “intrinsic” electrostatic effect on confinement may not exist. At sufficiently high salt concentrations, the dielectric/electrostatic effects on pKa values diminish due to charge screening effects. These discoveries enable future modifications of nanopore chemistries to achieve desirable properties for industrial applications.

Spatial reasoning in mathematics standards: identifying how early elementary educators are systematically supported to teach spatial skills

Spatial reasoning is critical to early mathematics learning, but it is unclear how early elementary educators learn to teach and are supported in teaching its comprising skills. One view of the available supports can be found by examining the alignment of spatial reasoning skills and mathematics education standards, as standards provide the content of the intended curriculum children are expected to learn at each grade level. This study used content analysis methods to investigate how spatial reasoning might be taught through broadly adopted early elementary education standards in the United States, the Kindergarten through Grade 2 Common Core State Standards for Mathematics. The paper describes the frequency and degree of explicitness with which 38 spatial reasoning skills are therein represented. Findings indicate that most standards implicitly relate to some form of spatial reasoning through a pedagogical reach of teaching expertise, but few standards contain explicit spatial linkages. The implications and limitations of this analysis are discussed in relation to teaching spatial reasoning in early elementary grades and students’ opportunities to learn these critical skills.

Physics-informed data-driven discovery of constitutive models with application to strain-rate-sensitive soft materials

AbstractA novel data-driven constitutive modeling approach is proposed, which combines the physics-informed nature of modeling based on continuum thermodynamics with the benefits of machine learning. This approach is demonstrated on strain-rate-sensitive soft materials. This model is based on the viscous dissipation-based visco-hyperelasticity framework where the total stress is decomposed into volumetric, isochoric hyperelastic, and isochoric viscous overstress contributions. It is shown that each of these stress components can be written as linear combinations of the components of an irreducible integrity basis. Three Gaussian process regression-based surrogate models are trained (one per stress component) between principal invariants of strain and strain rate tensors and the corresponding coefficients of the integrity basis components. It is demonstrated that this type of model construction enforces key physics-based constraints on the predicted responses: the second law of thermodynamics, the principles of local action and determinism, objectivity, the balance of angular momentum, an assumed reference state, isotropy, and limited memory. The three surrogate models that constitute our constitutive model are evaluated by training them on small-size numerically generated data sets corresponding to a single deformation mode and then analyzing their predictions over a much wider testing regime comprising multiple deformation modes. Our physics-informed data-driven constitutive model predictions are compared with the corresponding predictions of classical continuum thermodynamics-based and purely data-driven models. It is shown that our surrogate models can reasonably capture the stress–strain-strain rate responses in both training and testing regimes and improve prediction accuracy, generalizability to multiple deformation modes, and compatibility with limited data.

One-Particle Operator Representation over Two-Particle Basis Sets for Relativistic QED Computations.

This work is concerned with two-spin-1/2-fermion relativistic quantum mechanics, and it is about the construction of one-particle projectors using an inherently two-particle, "explicitly correlated" basis representation necessary for good numerical convergence of the interaction energy. It is demonstrated that a faithful representation of the one-particle operators, which appear in intermediate but essential computational steps, can be constructed over a many-particle basis set by accounting for the full Hilbert space beyond the physically relevant antisymmetric subspace. Applications of this development can be foreseen for the computation of quantum-electrodynamics corrections for a correlated relativistic reference state and high-precision relativistic computations of medium-to-high-Z helium-like systems, for which other two-particle projection techniques are unreliable.

DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AS A FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN'S SUBJECTIVITY

In this article, the issues related to the interactions between an individual and the social environment are analysed. The educational environment is seen as a factor for the development of the personality of its subjects. Various approaches to understanding the educational environment as a system of opportunities for developing the subjectivity of preschool children are considered. In the transitional conditions where the State Standards of Preschool Education are applied, the main components of the educational environment of early childhood, the educational environment for the acquisition of the child's subjective position, are in focus. The article contains a description of the results of a study on the influence of the educational environment on the child's mastery of a subjective position. It is proved that the child's subjective position in the activity can be successfully developed already at the preschool age, determining the integrity of his/her development, and the involvement of the preschool child into the surrounding reality and the opportunity to create in it. Analysis of the results of the empirical study has demonstrated that studying the environment affects each subject of the educational process. Its quality affects the personal development of children, including its intellectual, social, and personal components. The educational environment of early childhood enhances the development of subjectivity in preschool children, being a systemic quality of personality and integrating such attributive characteristics as liberty, independence, creativity, constructive interaction with the environment, desire to acquire self-regulation through mastering the motivating, and activating and directing functions of subjectivity.

Phase-resolved measurement of entangled states via common-path interferometry

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a method to directly measure the phase of biphoton states using an entangled mode as a collinear reference. The technique is demonstrated with entangled photonic spatial modes in the Laguerre–Gaussian basis, and it is applicable to any pure quantum system containing an exploitable reference state in its entanglement spectrum. As one particularly useful application, we use the new methodology to directly measure the geometric phase accumulation of entangled photons.

The problems of training future teachers of vocational education in the context of post-war economic recovery in Ukraine

The research analyzed the key issues of preparing future vocational education teachers for the economic recovery of Ukraine, particularly emphasizing the relevance and necessity of ensuring the economic component of their pedagogical training for the further development of entrepreneurial competence of students in vocational education, which will meet the state's needs during the post-war period in qualified specialists and workers. In the process of scientific research, a set of problems of preparing future vocational education teachers for professional activities in the context of post-war recovery of Ukraine was identified, particularly emphasizing the need for systematic updating of the content of pedagogical training taking into account the socio-economic factors that influence the labor market and determine the content of economic components of educational programs in vocational education. The research utilized methods such as analysis of scientific-pedagogical and socio-economic literature, periodicals, monographs; study of state standards, legislation in the field of education, qualification frameworks, concepts of competency-based approach, strategies for post-war recovery, etc., systematization of research results; interviews with specialists from the Ministry of Education, teachers in vocational education, educators and masters; pedagogical observations, and more. The author identified and justified the relevance of a number of key issues in preparing future teachers in preliminary higher and vocational education considering the economic component of pedagogical training, and also planned perspectives for further research on the readiness of future teachers to carry out their professional activities at the sufficient level, taking into account the modern requirements of the labor market for qualified specialists and workers, as well as the socio-economic factors in the country during the period of post-war recovery

Development of a platform for state online education services: Design concept based on meta-universe

AbstractThe incorporation of metaverse technology in education, particularly within standardized state educational frameworks, holds promise for significant improvements in learning outcomes. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of integrating an online metaverse platform into state educational services, thereby fostering the development of digital environments. A total of 278 students from middle and high school levels in China participated in the study. Academic achievement tests, alongside the Engagement Level Scale (ELS) and Motivation Level Scale (MLS), were employed as measurement tools. The utilization of the metaverse platform, hosting the state-approved curriculum for seventh and tenth grades, resulted in notable enhancements in students’ academic performance, engagement, and motivation. Among seventh graders, the most significant improvements in academic performance were observed in mathematics (5.897), literature (5.101), and history (5.767). For tenth graders, enhancements were noted in Chinese language (7.500), literature (5.800), and chemistry (5.650). Moreover, improvements in engagement and motivation were statistically significant. Seventh graders in the experimental group exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation (6.45), extrinsic motivation (5.28), and self-regulation (7.18) compared to the control group. For tenth graders, the respective increases were 5.70, 4.00, and 4.65 for each subscale. The practical and scientific significance lies in demonstrating the potential of enhancing educational outcomes and student motivation through the implementation of an online metaverse platform, which could be integrated into state school curricula.

A semi-empirical equation modeling long-range contributions to the activity coefficients of individual ions at high ionic strengths

Molecular thermodynamics is well developed with models like UNIQUAC, UNIFAC and SAFT. These models include robust codes and extensive databases for chemical and petroleum industries through ASPEN, DORTMUND, and others. However, important systems in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries now exist where these codes and their databases are not always sufficient. Cell culture media used to grow mammalian cells are multicomponent aqueous solutions with 50, 100, or more compounds including amino acids, salts, acids or bases, as well as sugars, fatty acids, etc. These components can exhibit both complexation and incomplete dissociation. The thermodynamics of these systems have proven challenging to model, as current solubility descriptions frequently assume complete dissociation in solutions containing a single solute in water at relatively low concentrations. However, not all compounds that are generally considered to be strong electrolytes are completely dissociated even at low concentrations. Further, mixtures of such components can show dramatic changes in dissociation and complexation with concentration, pH, and temperature. In this paper, we present a semi-empirical model for individual ions in aqueous solutions. We use data from 317 compounds to isolate the ionic contribution to a compound’s activity coefficient in aqueous systems from confounding short-range effects. We compare eight robust regression M−estimators with a least-squares estimate and provide a two-parameter equation relating ionic strength, valence, and the activity coefficient not requiring arduous characterization of the solute of interest. We demonstrate that the Fair M−estimator generates an accurate model that can serve as an appropriate reference state for use with a model based on perturbation theory up to 29 molal.

Observation of Grain Boundary Sliding in a Lamellar Ultrafine‐Grained Steel

The deformation behavior of a ferrite steel with ultrafine‐grained (UFG) lamellar microstructure generated by linear flow splitting is investigated and compared to a coarser cold‐worked reference state, using a set of complementary local deformation and microstructural characterizations methods. The pile‐up around indentations shows a pronounced anisotropy for the UFG lamellar microstructure indicating the relative motion of grains along their elongated boundaries. This observation is confirmed by stepwise compression testing of micropillars along the normal direction of lamellar‐shaped grains using a new faceted pillar geometry to image the initial microstructure and its evolution throughout the test. The surface roughening in pillar compression testing can be categorized into the formation of discrete steps at the surface along particular grain boundaries and a more gradual roughening that is attributed to intragranular dislocation slip. Potential mechanisms for the observed grain boundary sliding are discussed taking several factors such as the strain rate sensitivity and potential Coble creep rates into account. In conclusion, a grain boundary sliding process carried by grain boundary dislocations appears to be the most likely explanation for the observed behavior.

Assessment of Children’s Skill in Noticing Unfamiliar Words within Informational Context

ABSTRACT Reading and language standards, such as the Common State Standards for English Language Arts, indicate that primary-grade students should be able to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words from grade-level context. However, to be able to attempt determining the meaning of an unfamiliar word, the word must first be noticed. There is a lack of research on young children developing skill in noticing unfamiliar words, which may be an important skill for their vocabulary development and comprehension. In the present study, theories of word learning, earlier experimenter-created assessments with older learners, and research with multilingual learners guided the development of such an assessment, the Noticing Unfamiliar Words Assessment (NUWA). Instrument development methods, including expert review and piloting, were performed prior to administering the NUWA to a sample of 55 second graders. Results of the exploratory factor analysis supported the hypothesized unidimensional factor structure and indicated that the assessment had an adequate fit and internal consistency reliability. Findings suggest that the NUWA may be helpful in better understanding the developmental nature of skill in noticing unfamiliar words from context while listening and how it contributes to children’s vocabulary knowledge and other literacy skills.