Sao Paulo State Research Articles

An overview of the integrated biogas production through agro‐industrial and livestock residues in the Brazilian São Paulo state

AbstractRecently, new solutions have arisen to promote bioenergy expansion, some of which meet the requirements of reliability, sustainability, and governance. In Brazil, the Sao Paulo state (SPS) is characterized by strong agro‐industrial and livestock activities, which generates increasing residues in the last years with the potential to produce bioenergy and offer environmental and economic benefits. The Brazilian National Biofuel Policy (Renovabio) has been enhanced to seek sustainable development, encouraging new agribusiness research. Studies have shown that the sugarcane sector, a conventional ethanol and bioelectricity producer, has the greatest potential to produce biogas/biomethane, which can be maximized with the introduction of co‐substrates regionally generated from corn, soy, orange, coffee, poultry, and swine. This overview, based on the main SPS agro‐industrial and livestock residues, shows innovative alternatives for integrating anaerobic co‐digestion (co‐AD) processes through a regional strategy, by providing long‐term revenues and greenhouse gas mitigation, which would also spread the discussion for National and International prospects. This study discusses logistical, political, and financial aspects, revealing a promising business model supported by public policies. However, its feasibility requires a real economic assessment with the inclusion of decarbonization credits, and political subsidies for biomethane as a biofuel under the Renovabio, which will facilitate its insertion into the agro‐industry in the coming years.This article is categorized under: Policy and Economics > Energy Transitions Sustainable Energy > Bioenergy Climate and Environment > Circular Economy Policy and Economics > Regional and International Strategies

Spatial, spatio-temporal, and origin-destination flow analyses of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome hospitalized for COVID-19 in Southeastern Brazil, 2020-2021

Brazil experienced one of the fastest increasing numbers of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases worldwide. The Sao Paulo State (SPS) reported a high incidence, particularly in Sao Paulo municipality. This study aimed to identify clusters of incidence and mortality of hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome for COVID-19 in the SPS, in 2020-2021, and describe the origin flow pattern of the cases. Cases and mortality risk area clusters were identified through different analyses (spatial clusters, spatio-temporal clusters, and spatial variation in temporal trends) by weighting areas. Ripley's K12-function verified the spatial dependence between the cases and infrastructure. There were 517,935 reported cases, with 152,128 cases resulting in death. Of the 470,441 patients hospitalized and residing in the SPS, 357,526 remained in the original municipality, while 112,915 did not. Cases and death clusters were identified in the Sao Paulo metropolitan region (SPMR) and Baixada Santista region in the first study period, and in the SPMR and the Campinas, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Barretos, and Sorocaba municipalities during the second period. We highlight the priority areas for control and surveillance actions for COVID-19, which could lead to better outcomes in future outbreaks.

Environmental requirements for infection of Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides sensu lato in citrus flowers and prevalence of these pathogens in Brazil

Citrus post-bloom fruit drop (PFD) is caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes and frequently occurs in Sao Paulo (SP) state, Brazil. The environmental requirements for conidial germination and appressorium formation have been already determined in vitro; however, the environmental conditions for infection in citrus flowers remain unknown. C. acutatum is considered the main species complex causing PFD in citrus, but a survey of the pathogen’s prevalence has never been performed in SP state. The aims of this study were to assess the influence of different temperatures and wetness periods on infection of flowers by C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides in potted citrus trees, and to determine the prevalence of both pathogens in different SP regions and sweet orange varieties. Environmental requirement trials were conducted in 2- to 3-year-old potted sweet orange trees. Flowers at different development stages (R2, R4 and R5) were inoculated with C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, and the trees were incubated at 18 or 24 °C for wetness periods of 6, 8, 12, 16 or 24 h. The percentages of inoculated flowers with PFD lesions and persistent calyces were calculated. The prevalence of both pathogens in SP regions was assessed in samples of diseased flowers collected at 16 commercial orchards of ‘Natal’, ‘Valencia’ and ‘Pera’ sweet oranges. The species complex was confirmed by isolation and PCR with species complex-specific primers. Blossom blight and persistent calyx incidences were higher in flowers inoculated with C. acutatum than in those inoculated with C. gloeosporioides. Incubation periods ranged from 2 to 5 days, and from 5 to 6 days for C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, respectively. In SP, irrespective of the region and sweet orange variety, C. acutatum was isolated from more than 80% of symptomatic flowers. We concluded that C. acutatum is not only more aggressive than C. gloeosporioides for causing PFD but also more prevalent in SP orchards.

Detecção de canabinoide sintético na ausência de padrão utilizando técnicas espectroscópicas e espectrométricas: Um relato de caso

The detection of synthetic cannabinoids represents a huge challenge for Forensic Toxicology, due to the great variety of structures, the difficulty in obtaining analytical standardsand the need for constant updating of methodology and spectral libraries. However, thecombination of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques allows, respecting international quality recommendations, the obtention of an analytical result that makes it possibleto establish the presence of substances of this pharmaceutical class. The purpose of thisstudy is to present a case report of a stamp that was sent to the Narcotics ExaminationCenter of the Superintendence of the Technical and Scientific Police of the State of SaoPaulo for analysis. For this purpose, the suspicious material was extracted with methanoland gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was applied, with concomitant analysis by the Spectroscopy technique in the Infrared region with Fourier Transform.The analysis by Mass Spectrometry, after separation by gas chromatography, and by Spectroscopy in the Infrared region with Fourier Transform allowed the identification of thesubstance 5F-MDMB-PICA, with a good match percentage in both techniques. The use ofa combination of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques, combined with separationtechniques, are sufficient tools for the detection, within international standards, of proscribed substances belonging to the group of synthetic cannabinoids.

Perspectivas de mudança nas práticas pedagógicas da educação física escolar: uma análise dos estudos publicados nos anais de eventos paulistas

O objetivo desse estudo foi compreender as características das práticas pedagógicas inovadoras na Educação Física Escolar, divulgadas em anais de eventos científicos realizados no Estado de São Paulo, no período entre 2005 e 2016. Dos 1348 trabalhos analisados, 451 descrevem investigações ou experiências educativas relacionadas com a inovação pedagógica. A diversificação dos temas tratados, a utilização de diferentes estratégias de ensino, o uso de recursos didáticos e de instrumentos de avaliação caracterizaram a inovação pedagógica nos trabalhos analisados. Percebe-se também a preocupação com a inclusão de todos os estudantes e com a sistematização de conteúdos. Portanto, identifica-se práticas pedagógicas com características inovadoras nos anais dos eventos analisados.

EDUCAÇÃO EM DIREITOS HUMANOS NA PERSPECTIVA DE GÊNERO E SEXUALIDADES: A ATUAÇÃO DA MEDIAÇÃO DOCENTE NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL PÚBLICA PAULISTA

Este artigo, desenvolvido mediante revisão bibliográfica e documental, integra-se à pesquisa “Mediação, direitos humanos e cidadania: políticas educacionais, concepções e ações em escolas públicas estaduais paulistas e espanholas”, correspondendo à contextualização e reflexão teórica do papel da mediação docente na educação em direitos humanos na perspectiva de gênero, especificadamente, na Educação Infantil. Assim, traz-se a historicidade e a construção da categoria social gênero como um dos agentes de otimização e progresso do tratamento aplicado à diversidade humana, como sustentação da afirmação e cumprimentos dos direitos humanos dos sujeitos protagonizados por tal categoria. Realizou-se um resgate histórico do desenvolvimento da categoria de gênero ao longo dos anos para, em seguida, contextualizar com a promulgação da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos e o compromisso do Brasil com o cumprimento de suas diretrizes e da educação em direitos humanos e, finalmente, expor e analisar as correspondências da proposta de mediação nas escolas públicas do estado de São Paulo com a educação em direitos humanos, bem como as implicações de gênero na gestão de conflitos. Ressalta-se que a transformação social contida na categoria de gênero e todo o aparato teórico-prático que este carrega, estudado e desenvolvido em bases científicas, atinge valores e comportamentos, reproduzidos cultural e historicamente, internalizados nas relações sociais e que, a partir destes, gênero propõe uma mudança, o nascimento de uma cultura em/para direitos humanos que respeite e preze as diferenças, na qual a mediação, e a educação como um todo, possui função primordial na formação de pessoas em valores humanos.

Diversidade de Dorstenia L. (Moraceae) do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

RESUMO Dorstenia está representada por 11 espécies no Estado de São Paulo, destas D. brevipetiolata C.C. Berg é registrada pela primeira vez para o Estado. São apresentadas descrições, chave de identificação, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos sobre as espécies.

DINÂMICA POPULACIONAL DE Triozoida limbata (ENDERLEIN) (HEM.: PSYLLIDAE) E DE ARTRÓPODOS PREDADORES EM POMAR DE GOIABA EM VISTA ALEGRE DO ALTO, ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

DINÂMICA POPULACIONAL DE Triozoida limbata (ENDERLEIN) (HEM.: PSYLLIDAE) E DE ARTRÓPODOS PREDADORES EM POMAR DE GOIABA EM VISTA ALEGRE DO ALTO, ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

OBSERVAÇÕES SOBRE A POLINIZAÇÃO DE MELÃO (Cucumis melo L.) CULTIVADO EM ESTUFA

OBSERVAÇÕES SOBRE A POLINIZAÇÃO DE MELÃO (Cucumis melo L.) CULTIVADO EM ESTUFA

Estimating the number of patients with dementia and patients receiving treatment in a regional department of health in sao paulo state, brazil

Estimating the number of patients with dementia and patients receiving treatment in a regional department of health in sao paulo state, brazil

Sunn hemp, a major source-plant of the phytoplasma associated with huanglongbing symptoms of sweet orange in São Paulo State, Brazil

In Sao Paulo State (SPS), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees with huanglongbing (HLB) symptoms are infected with Candidatus (Ca.) Liberibacter (L.) asiaticus (Las) or Ca. L. americanus (Lam). However, in 2007, 3 years after HLB was first reported in SPS, some trees with characteristic HLB symptoms were found free of liberibacters, but infected with a phytoplasma of 16Sr group IX. This phytoplasma was further characterized by PCR amplification of ribosomal protein genes rpsC-rplV-rpsS and amplicon sequencing. A qPCR test to detect the phytoplasma in plants and insects was also developed on the basis of the ribosomal protein genes. The phytoplasma was transmitted from citrus-to-citrus by grafting. The 16Sr group IX phytoplasma associated with HLB symptoms in sweet orange in SPS and characterized by the above techniques was named “HLB-phytoplasma”. Although the HLB-phytoplasma is widely distributed in many municipalities of central, northern, and northwestern SPS, the number of HLB-phytoplasma-infected trees in each municipality is very small. Experiments have been undertaken to identify the origin of the HLB-phytoplasma and the source of inoculum on which a putative insect vector could become infected with the HLB-phytoplasma. In SPS, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is a major, widely distributed cover crop. A 16Sr group IX phytoplasma was detected in sunn hemp plants with witches’ broom and virescence symptoms, and was shown to have 16Sr DNA sequences and ribosomal protein gene sequences with 100% identity to the corresponding sequences of the sweet orange HLB-phytoplasma. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of phytoplasma cells in the phloem sieve tubes of infected C. juncea stalks. These results were taken as evidence that the sunn hemp phytoplasma and the sweet orange HLB-phytoplasma were identical. Scaphytopius marginelineatus, a leafhopper frequently found in sweet orange orchards, was shown to acquire the HLB-phytoplasma efficiently from affected sunn hemp plants, but acquisition from, and transmission rates to, sweet orange were very low. On the whole, these data suggest that (i) sunn hemp is a major source of inoculum of the HLB-phytoplasma, (ii) S. marginelineatus becomes infected on sunn hemp and transmits the phytoplasma to sweet orange, and (iii) transmission from sweet orange to sweet orange occurs only rarely, if at all. 16Sr group IX phytoplasmas, very closely related to the SPS HLB-phytoplasma, have also been detected in citrus in Minas Gerais and Bahia states (Brazil) and Mexico.

Lessons from a case of successful eradication of citrus canker in a citrus-producing farm in São Paulo state, Brazil.

Asiatic citrus canker (ACC), caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, is one of the most serious diseases affecting citrus worldwide. In areas under quarantine/eradication, such as Sao Paulo state (SPS), Brazil, the impact of ACC is related to the production costs for inspections and tree removal. Several protocols for eradication were adopted in SPS since the first detection of ACC in 1957. Among these, the one carried out from 1999 to 2009 was the most effective for maintaining the disease at a very low level throughout the state. That protocol mandated periodic inspections and removal of symptomatic and asymptomatic trees based on disease incidence in the block. After 2009 the eradication protocols were less stringent and ACC incidence continued to increase. This study aimed at identifying the key factors for the successful eradication of ACC in a farm located in SPS. Data on the outbreaks from 2006 to 2010 were collected and the related control measures adopted. The farm remained under quarantine from July 2006 to March 2010. Twelve disease foci were detected from July 2006 to January 2008 and incidence of symptomatic tress ranged from 0.05% and 0.43%. The successful eradication of ACC in this farm is attributed to the relatively low number of diseased trees in all foci detected in the course of frequent and well-executed inspections. The results of this case study may be used to guide containment protocols in other citrus production areas of Brazil or countries where ACC is either absent or has a low incidence.

<b>Population genetics of the sugarcane borer <i>Diatraea saccharalis</i> (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Diatraea saccharalis is the principal pest of sugarcane in Brazil and is found throughout the sugarcane crop. Information about its population genetics is scarce, but population genetic analysis is of particular importance as a basis for a successful pest control program. Pest control requires a constant evaluation of genetic variability so that appropriate strategies can be employed. In this study, the structure of D. saccharalis populations in sugarcane crops was analyzed with PCR-RAPD (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers. Samples were collected from four sugarcane fields in ParanaState and one in Sao PauloState. Twelve PCR-RAPD primers were used. The analysis produced 216 fragments, with a 99.54% polymorphism rate. The Shannon index averaged 0.3797 (± 0.1729), and the average value of GST for the five populations was 0.0909. These results showed that the populations are differentiated. An analysis of molecular variance showed that 92% of the polymorphism occurs within populations. The high polymorphism rate within these populations shows that these insects have the potential to develop resistance to insecticides. The control and management of D. saccharalis should be conducted cautiously and integrated using chemical and biological control.

Air Quality Monitoring and Its Implication on the Environmental Licensing Process in Brazil

In the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, public policies regarding the air quality aimed at the welfare of the population are strongly dependent on monitoring conducted by the Sao Paulo State Environmental Company (CETESB), which can be influenced by faulty monitors and equipment support and cuts in power supply, among others. A research conducted from 1998 to 2008 indicated that a significant portion of the air quality automatic stations in the state of Sao Paulo did not meet the criterion of representativeness of measurements of PM10, NO2, O3, CO and SO2 concentrations which resulted in the classification of some municipalities as the nonattainment area, a situation evidenced for PM10 and O3 parameters. The network unavailability for each parameter was estimated and compared with the monitoring networks operated in Canada and the UK. This paper discusses the implications of the lack of representativeness of measurements in the environmental licensing process of pollution sources from 2008, when by the effect of state law, municipalities have been qualified according to their air quality nonattainment level.

Prevalence of dental anomalies in children analyzed by orthopantomography

Objective: To determine the prevalence of dentalanomalies in patients aged from 4-12 years-oldthrough radiographic examination. Materialand Methods: 523 panoramic radiographs andfile records were selected and analyzed by 3calibrated examiners. The material was selectedfrom the Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry filesof Child Clinics of the Science and TechnologyInstitute of Sao Jose dos Campos of the Sao PauloState University, including only those with highquality and contrast. Data were submitted tostatistical analysis. Results: The tabulated datawere statistically analyzed by Mann Whitneytest and Fisher’s exact test. There was a higherincidence of abnormalities in females (56.72%).It was found 7 cases (1.34%) of supernumeraryteeth, 47 cases (8.99%) of anodontia, 45 cases(8.60%) of impacted teeth, 28 cases (5.35%) ofdilacerated teeth, and 7 cases (1.34%) of ankyloseddeciduous teeth. Conclusion: According to thesample studied, dental anomalies were presentin 25.62% of the children. Considering thenumber of supernumerary, ankylosed, impactedand dilacerated teeth, there were no statisticaldifferences between genders. There was statisticaldifference between genders regarding to thenumber of anodontia, with higher predominancein females.KeywordsDental anomalies; Children; Deciduous teeth; Panoramic radiograph.

Huanglongbing and the future of citrus in São Paulo state, Brazil

Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid and insectvector of huanglongbing (HLB) disease of citrus, has been reported in Sao Paulo State (SPS) in 1942. HLB and the associated bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and Ca. L. americanus) were detected in 2004 and, immediately, Fundecitrus recommended HLB management by the classic three-pronged system (TPS): (i) insecticide control of the psyllid population, (ii) reduction of liberibacter inoculum by removal of symptomatic trees and (iii) use of healthy trees for resets. In 2012, eight years later, large farms in which a rigorous TPS has been practiced have an HLB incidence of less than 1% symptomatic trees a year and they account for a total area of ca. 200,000 ha. This surface can probably be doubled in the years to come. The successful HLB management by the TPS must be continued in SPS not only during the next 5 to 10 years, if not 10 to 15 years, required to develop HLB-resistant, genetically modified citrus (GMC) trees, but also afterwards, when GMC trees will hopefully be available. The low-HLB farms, with a high percentage of healthy trees, represent the “hard-core-orchards” on which the future of the SPS citrus industry will be constructed. They offer appropriate conditions for hosting not only the GMC trees (option 1), but also for the uninterrupted production of regular, non-GMC trees in spite of HLB (option 2)

Fatores ambientais como coadjuvantes na comunicação e no cuidar do idoso hospitalizado

Estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa desenvolvido com 117 graduandos e profissionais da área da saúde, no interior paulista, com o objetivo de identificar os fatores ambientais que interferem na comunicação do profissional da saúde com o idoso. As respostas puderam ser ordenadas e analisadas em sete agrupamentos: fatores sonoros e vibratórios, decorativos e espaciais, luminosos, cores e texturas, térmicos e ventilatórios, higiênicos e de segurança profissional e sinalizadores visuais. Considera-se que a utilização dos fatores ambientais durante o processo de cuidar seja uma possibilidade efetiva do cuidado, uma vez que interfere no bem estar do idoso, na sua recuperação e no relacionamento entre o binômio profissional-idoso.

Práticas e perspectivas da terapia ocupacional na inclusão escolar

O objetivo do estudo foi identifi car e caracterizar as ações desenvolvidas pela TerapiaOcupacional no processo de inclusão escolar de crianças com necessidades educacionais especiaisno estado de São Paulo. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de levantamento que contou com a participaçãode 127 terapeutas ocupacionais. Os dados coletados por meio de questionário foram submetidosa análises quantitativas e qualitativas e os principais resultados indicaram que os terapeutas ocupacionaisenvolvidos com a inclusão escolar: a) se relacionam com este processo principalmentea partir do atendimento em ambiente clínico; b) atuam na escola regular; c) têm a participação dafamília e de outros profi ssionais em sua atuação; d) identifi cam a falta de preparação dos professorese da escola como os maiores obstáculos para o seu trabalho e e) identifi cam a importância ea necessidade de ampliação da inserção da Terapia Ocupacional nas escolas regulares. O estudoidentifi cou características representativas da atuação dos terapeutas ocupacionais do estado de SãoPaulo no processo de inclusão escolar e levantou indicadores para estudos futuros.

An Online Accessible Learning Environment for a Selection and Training Process of Teachers in the Public Basic Education System in Brazil

The present article tells the experience of the development of an accessible virtual learning environment for a training course focused on teachers entering the public school system in São Paulo, Brazil. Based on innovative methodology, resources and strategies, an online platform was built and all content including videos, images, and animations were adapted, enabling the main goal to be achieved: the equalization of opportunities for teachers with disabilities, in order to allow them to accomplish virtual training. This pioneering initiative was the result of a partnership between the Education Department of the State of Sao Pau lo, Padre Anchieta Foundation and Social Organization Mais Diferenças.

A recontextualização e o nível de exigência conceitual do conhecimento escolar

O estudo empírico descrito neste artigo focalizou as transformações que ocorrem no discurso pedagógico em relação ao nível conceitual do conhecimento e visou ampliar a compreensão do processo de constituição do conhecimento escolar. Foi conduzido em uma escola da rede pública estadual, no município de Valinhos, Estado de São Paulo, e as fontes de pesquisa foram os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de Ciências Naturais, um livro didático e as aulas de uma professora da 8ª série do ensino fundamental. Adotaram-se os procedimentos de análise documental e observação de aulas, e a principal referência teórico-metodológica foi a teoria de Basil Bernstein. A metodologia mista de investigação adotada nesta pesquisa mostrou-se interessante por permitir que uma abordagem quantitativa demarcasse um espaço de reflexão sobre os aspectos qualitativos envolvidos na análise do processo de recontextualização. Os resultados flagraram o processo de recontextualização e revelaram que, ao longo desse processo, ocorreu um empobrecimento do nível de exigência conceitual. Isso se deu - dentro dos limites desta investigação - por meio de perdas no que se refere à intradisciplinaridade, à complexidade das competências científicas e à complexidade dos conteúdos científicos mobilizados no processo de ensino/aprendizagem. Identificados os pontos nos quais ficou mais evidente a tendência às perdas no nível de exigência conceitual do conhecimento escolar, ressaltam-se elementos que podem trazer alguma contribuição para os processos de produção e implantação de políticas educacionais, bem como de produção de materiais didáticos e de formação dos professores.