State Language Research Articles

Декомпозиционная структура китайского иероглифа

The aim of the study is to systematically describe the decomposition structure of Chinese characters. The article contains a structural and categorical analysis of Chinese writing units. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the formulation of such a typological characteristic of Chinese character writing as lists, i.e., the constant need to compile various lists of characters and their components. These are lists of strokes; lists of characters; lists of indexing components; lists of indexing components series including lists of characters they form; lists of commonly used characters; lists of characters for learning Chinese as a foreign language, etc. As a result of analysing Russian and foreign scientific works on the research topic and the current language standards developed by the State Language and Writing Work Committee of the PRC (国家语言文字工作委员会), concepts and terms on the research topic (“stroke”, “character component”, “radical”, “indexing component”, “determinative”, “phonetic”) were clarified and systematised; the classification of character components depending on their location, the correlation between the concepts of the indexing component and the character component in diachrony and the structure of a hieroglyph in the process of its decomposition, i.e., in the process of breaking a hieroglyph into its constituent elements, were clarified.

Empires, Languages, and Scripts in the Perso-Indian World

AbstractSociolinguists study the valorization of specific languages as a ‘language ideology’. Contemporary nation-states frequently identify with and promote specific languages. Such linguistic nationalism is a language ideology, but not the only one. This article examines earlier millennia to uncover the dynamics by which imperial systems managed linguistic diversity and how and why they favored and disfavored particular languages and scripts. I analyze states and empires as coalitions of interest groups. I invoke the scribal masters of imperial chanceries and archives as one such group. I develop a heuristic framework (or “model”) to understand the interactions of language and power that unfolded across West and South Asia. I begin with a great empire, the Persian, that did not employ its founders’ ethnic speech but instead refined an older state language in governance. That choice entrenched an interest group that endured through a thousand years till displaced by Arab conquest after 660 CE. But a simpler ‘New Persian’ revived in the eastern Iranian lands. Turkish and Mongol conquest elites emerging from Inner Asia carried this language and its scribes into their growing domains in the Indian subcontinent. I then explain why the non-Persian Mughals in the 1550s selected Persian as their state language and rejected the constant pressure to use Urdu creole. Mughal rule left behind a tenacious Persian-writing elite that the early British empire employed. Finally, I explain the state processes behind the colonial-era decline of Persianate administration and the emergence of a new linguistic politics in colonial India.

Основные приоритеты государственной политики Республики Казахстан в формировании исторического сознания

The article attempts to determine the main priorities of the state policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the formation of historical consciousness. For this purpose, the analysis of the state programs implemented in this direction is carried out. The need for further work on the formation of historical consciousness is due to the fact that it is an important component of public and source of national self-consciousness, which serves to meet socio-cultural and ideological and personal needs, as well as realising the importance of knowing the history of their country and preserving the historical past for future generations. The process of formation of historical consciousness should become an integral part of the state policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The most important direction is education, including the study of not only history, but also the state language, as they are interrelated. At the same time, the effectiveness of formation of historical consciousness depends on teaching methods, and also requires taking into account the specifics of educational institutions, regions, social and national groups. The author considers the existing problems and formulates proposals for their solution. In particular, it is proposed to introduce a pilot project on the use of virtual excursions in the teaching of history, which will help to achieve a conscious attitude to the importance of knowing the history of their country and preserving the historical past for future generations, as well as a number of measures to improve the quality and effectiveness of teaching history and the Kazakh language.

Modern approach to studying the language situation: slavic experience and Ukrainian realities

The article analyzes the use of the phrase language situation (linguistic situation) in diffe rent national scientific traditions and approaches to describing the language situation in Slavic countries. It was found that, despite the similarity of the general definitions of this concept, in specific studies the attention is mainly focused on one of three possible aspects — the relationship between the functioning of various idioms within society, the situation with the use of a certain idiom in a certain territory or in a certain community or on the intra- language proper situation, that is, the internal differentiation of language to meet the va- rious needs of society. The choice of research direction is determined primarily by the con- figuration of the language situation itself, i.e., whether it is endo- or exogenous, whether the state language has an established literary tradition and traditions of stylistic differentia- tion, a powerful dialect base, how widespread it is outside the range of the main distribu- tion of the language, etc. Ukrainian society is characterized as being in the process of transformation from an exogenous (characterized by mass bilingualism) to a predominantly endogenous (predomi- nance of the Ukrainian language) language situation. In this regard, there is a great need for research related to the analysis of language behavior of persons who are on the path of changing language preferences. Against the background of active migration processes pro- voked by the war, the problem of language adaptation of previously Russian-speaking citi- zens in a new language environment for them and the functioning of the Ukrainian lan- guage outside of Ukraine (as a diaspora and foreign language) becomes especially important. Given the limited possibility of making statistically reliable quantitative measurements of the language situation, the importance of studying individual language biographies of persons who have changed or are changing their language behavior is increasing. Keywords: language situation, language behavior, language policy, Slavic countries, language functioning, language corpus planning, majority language, minority language, Ukrainian lan- guage abroad.

Особливості функціювання української мови в Україні на початку ХХІ ст.

The article is based on the starting point that state language is one of the main factors that ensure normal existence and functioning of any country. Therefore, adequate awareness of the various types of threats that impede the full functioning of Ukrainian is of particular relevance. Among such threats, various interferences pose a particular danger. The article contains a comparative analysis of such interferences and some negative consequences that they cause. The specificity of linguistic situation in Ukraine consists in the simultaneous coexistence of Ukrainian, Russian and other different minority languages. The minority languages have a local influence, limited by the area of their distribution. Meanwhile, Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism is widespread throughout Ukraine. The dominant position in this interaction used to belong to Russian. This factor leads to numerous types of deviations in the Ukrainian speech. One of the major types of such deviations is the so-called Ukrainian-Russian surzhyk, which especially spread throughout the eastern and southeastern Ukraine where the increased influence of Russian continued for almost 350 years. Meanwhile, the western part of Ukraine was under the influence of Russian for no more than 50 years. Such a short period could not have negatively affected the state of the Ukrainian language, which remains the first language for the vast majority of the population in this area. In recent years, significant changes in the vocabulary of Ukrainian appeared as a result of total globalization which led to the emergence of numerous borrowings from English. A significant part of the latter are designations of the special terms and new realities that were previously absent in everyday life. Meanwhile, there are a lot of cases when speakers prefer to use the anglicized hybrid forms instead of their adequate Ukrainian equivalents. Such phenomena cannot be assessed positively and require prescriptive measures to be taken by authorized and competent educational and government bodies.

Анализ популярности казахоязычного контента на телевидении

Undoubtedly, the development of the state language has a significant role in the formation of the cultural and national identity of the country. In this regard, television, due to its great popularity and prevalence, has a significant impact on the promotion of the Kazakh language and its popularization among the population. For this reason, the use of television, as a powerful tool for promoting and maintaining the Kazakh language, is one of the key strategies in the state information policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.This article presents an analysis of trends in the Kazakh television space. The study includes an analysis of the rating indicators of the most popular Kazakh and Russian television channels, providing statistical data as evidence of how popular content in the Kazakh language is compared to content in other languages in the context of the genre focus of television programs and regional divisions of the country.Overall, the article makes an important contribution to understanding the impact of television content on the cultural and linguistic environment of Kazakhstan and offers practical recommendations for the development of media strategies that promote the promotion of the Kazakh language.The purpose of this study is to determine the level of popularity of television programs in the Kazakh language in various regions of Kazakhstan, as well as their impact on the promotion of the state language.

The trajectory of effective teacher communication: features of professional speech communication

The proposed article highlights the trajectory of effective teacher communication, in particular outlines the features of professional speech communication. The requests and needs of teachers were studied and practice-oriented recommendations and advice were developed regarding the peculiarities of the teacher's professional speech communication. It is emphasized that modern society needs teachers of a new formation, capable of easily entering the cultural and intercultural space, qualitatively assimilating and transmitting the main meanings and values of the spiritual culture of humanity, possessing a high culture of speech. The forms of the communicative process and speech communication are distinguished. It was found out that the consequence of the expansion of the scope of oral speech is a decrease in the culture of written speech and the deterioration of literacy. Modern research on the outlined problem is analyzed. Certain difficulties in building the trajectory of effective communication of a modern teacher are identified, in particular: the need for a universal tool to overcome educational losses and gaps; searching for ways to improve the quality of language education; the need for linguistic and national self-identification of teachers; production and development of linguistic stability of educators; creation of a speech environment that would promote the development of effective communication skills; creation of a pedagogical center for the development and improvement of the culture of business speech; development of methodological tools for the implementation of reading strategies in general secondary education institutions, etc. Examples of different level exercises and tasks that contribute to the improvement of professional speech communication are presented. Practical recommendations on the implementation of the personal trajectory of effective communication in the educational process are provided. Conclusions were made that teachers' motivation to improve the Ukrainian language is increasing. It is noted that teachers use their own example to convince students that the state language is the highest value for the Ukrainian people. It was clarified that the development of teachers' speech culture and the implementation of linguistic didactic strategies of spelling, rhetorical and language-communicative competences of teachers in the system of continuous pedagogical education require further study.

Conceptual and Meaningful Originality of the Literary Translation of the Poem Demon by M. Yu. Lermontov into the Kyrgyz Language in the Version of O. Sultanov

M. Yu. Lermontov’s poem Demon is the most mystical and popular (including translations) work of the poet. It demonstrates the multi-layered themes and images embedded in it. The relevance of the study is marked by the fact that in the course of literary translation, the text has even more additional facets and meanings. In Kyrgyzstan, the Kyrgyz is the state language, and Russian has the status of an official one, therefore, their cooperation can reveal the entire spectrum of the socio-cultural background of the Kyrgyz audience. Its bilingualism makes the translator be even more responsible since almost every Kyrgyz reader, knowing both languages, is able to assess the quality of the translation. However, there is the little-studied interaction between the Russian and Kyrgyz languages in the framework of literary translation, which determines the novelty of this study. The problem of the research is a literary translation in the conditions of contact of unrelated languages — Russian and Kyrgyz. The purpose of the work is to identify the conceptual foundations of the Kyrgyz translation of the poem Demon by comparing it with the original work. The main objectives include the study of the features of the Kyrgyz literary translation of the Demon in the version of the People’s Poet of Kyrgyzstan Omor Sultanov. In Kyrgyz it is called Azreil. The conceptual and semantic accents of poem’s translation are of paramount importance, while the assessment of its equivalence and adequacy, as well as the degree of adaptability, are additional parameters for study.

THE ISSUE OF NATION-BUILDING IN INDEPENDENT KAZAKHSTAN IN THE WORKS OF DOMESTIC SCIENTISTS: A POLITICAL ANALYSIS

in this paper Kazakh researches literature review conducted on the topic of nation building in Kazakhstan. Based on articles, books and monographs published in «Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University», «Journal of Philosophy, Culture and Political Science» of the al-Farabi Kazakh National University, «Kazakhstan-Spectr» of the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and e-library of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The purpose of the article is to identify issues of nation-building that have not been considered by Kazakh scientists. The results of the article will serve as the basis for further and in-depth study of aspects of nation building in Kazakhstan. This article provides an overview of studies of kazakh scientists dedicated to issues of nation-building in the period after the country gained independence. The work highlights the diversity of aspects associated with the formation of national identity, including both the state-forming ethnic group (Kazakhs) and other ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan. The focus of research in the early 90s was the formation of nations around national identity. In the following years scientists paid attention to the strategies of nation building - civil or ethnic, as well as the influence of the Internet, globalization and ideology through the education system. Noted that different researchers have identified different aspects, such as strengthening the Kazakh language and economic development as key elements of nation-building. However, in the reviewed works not all aspects supported by empirical data, and the vastness of the topic makes it difficult to formulate specific conclusions. Some studies rely on regulations and government programs that, which creates difficulties in assessing the nation-building process. In conclusion, it is emphasized that in the 90s a new stage of research into nation-building began in post-Soviet countries, including Kazakhstan. Despite the extensive study of certain aspects, questions remain unresolved about the formation of a nation, the role of the state language, the interest of other ethnic groups in the language, the impact of the education system and the development of the film industry on national identity.

Promoting Language and Literature in Colleges and Universities for the Development of International Chinese Language Education Professionals

In order to better promote the language and writing system in colleges and universities, the State Language Commission has established national language and writing system promotion bases in many colleges and universities, and now the bases have become the basic positions to make full use of the characteristic advantages, and to demonstrate and guide the work of the national common language and writing system. This paper mainly discusses the current situation of language and writing work in colleges and universities, the effective way of language and writing work in colleges and universities to promote the professional development of international Chinese education, and the impact of language and writing work in colleges and universities on the development of international Chinese education, with the aim that colleges and universities can better cultivate more and more excellent international Chinese education talents.

ФОРМУВАННЯ СУЧАСНОГО ПРАВОВОГО ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНОГО АПАРАТУ В ІВРИТІ: СПОСОБИ ТА ВПЛИВ ІНШИХ ПРАВОВИХ СИСТЕМ

The article is dedicated to the peculiarities of the legal terminology formation, which took place in the process of the restoration of the Hebrew language and its becoming the official state language of the modern Israel. The legal system of Israel has been created during XX century, after near two-thousand-year period of its existence without own state, being limited to the small community’s common and religious law in different languages only. Thus, creation of the own state has demanded not only to adapt the legal institutes, but to develop new actual terminology in the new official state language. But the terminology complex of the Hebrew was based on the ancient language sources, so creation or adapting of the classic Hebrew words for the definition of the modern legal terms became a great scientific challenge. In the article we conclude, that new lexemes were not created in the process of the Israel legal terminology formation, but the old texts words were chosen, usually with some rethinking and reinterpretation of its meanings. This approach provides the possibility to avoid direct borrowing of the terms, which is a typical process in the reception of law in other states. Despite the fact that, in addition to the English Common Law, the formation of Israel’s legal system was influenced by the Ottoman and Romano-Germanic law, concepts from the English legal system were taken as the basis for the selection of many basic terms. The terms creation was not limited to formal denomination only. Often the process becomes more substantive, noticing the etymology, the content of the legal institute and the mechanisms of the practical law-enforcements. After this deep scientific work of the linguists and lawyers Hebrew terminology of the Israel legal system fully expresses the content and the scope of the concepts of the relevant legal institutes.

Формування українського національного інформаційного простору в умовах війни

Statement of the problem and its relevance. After the Russian aggression, an increasing number of citizens began to realize the importance of the Ukrainian language and culture for the preservation of their territory and the integrity of the state. This raises the question of the need at the state level to create all the necessary conditions for strengthening the communicative and demographic potential of the Ukrainian language, improving the linguistic culture of the population, increasing the share of Ukrainian- language cultural and informational products, and enhancing the status of the Ukrainian language as a language of interethnic communication and understanding. The aim of the research and its main objectives are to investigate the state and issues related to the formation of the Ukrainian national information space in the context of war, substantiate the need for improving the state language policy towards the promotion of the Ukrainian language, and strengthening the Ukrainian language in the communicative and information space of Ukraine. Analysis of recent research and publications. The development of the information society in Ukraine and the issues of state information policy in Ukraine have been studied by I. Binko, V. Karpenko, O. Kondratenko, O. Lytvynenko, S. Matviyenko, and Yu. Shmalenko. The delineation of previously unresolved parts of the overall problem. Unresolved important issues include the formation of the Ukrainian national information space, where the Ukrainian state language would dominate, and the quality of Ukrainian- language content. This has become particularly relevant during the war, as the functioning of the Ukrainian national information space impacts national consolidation and the formation of Ukrainian national identity. Teaching the main research material with an explanation of the obtained results. The national information space is an important factor in ensuring the informational component of national security and the formation of national identity. It should be based on objective information, quality national informational products in the state language, and cultural diversity. A crucial aspect in the process of shaping and operating the Ukrainian information space in accordance with new socio-political realities is ensuring citizens' rights to receive objective information in the state language and the creation of high-quality Ukrainian- language content. The legal basis for these processes is provided by the laws of Ukraine "On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language" and "On Media." Conclusions and Prospects for Further Research. In the process of shaping the Ukrainian language and information space and defending national interests in the information sphere, it is advisable to ensure: legislative recognition of the status of the national information space, protection at the legislative level of the Ukrainian information space from foreign influences; state support (tax, financial, organizational) in the creation and popularization of quality Ukrainian-language cultural and informational products; filling the media space of Ukraine (television, radio), internet resources with Ukrainian- language cultural products; monitoring compliance with legislation regarding the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language. The subject of further scientific research will be the question of public initiatives to promote the formation and protection of the Ukrainian national information space.

Language Situation in Ukraine in the Context of the Russian-Ukrainian War

The purpose of the article is to analyze the language situation in Ukraine before the beginning of the full-scale russian-ukrainian war and during the russian aggression on the territory of ukraine. To achieve this goal, the historical and comparative method and the method of analysis were used. The study shows the linguistic situation in Ukraine, reveals the special conditions for the development of national consciousness and identification and the need for the functioning of the state language. Different views on the problem are presented, as well as the results of a survey of ukrainian citizens, and a positive trend in a significant increase in the number of citizens who consider ukrainian to be their native language and necessary for communication in the Ukrainian state is revealed. it is found that the full-scale war has intensified the process of national self-determination, stimulated the readiness of ukrainians to resist external aggression and protect Ukraine's independence.

Theoretical foundations of the meta-subject results formation in primary school students: Based on the Bashkir language learning

The article discusses the theoretical aspects of meta-subject results formation in primary school students in accordance with the updated Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education. We analyze the meta-subject educational results and approaches, for students in various subject areas, based on the development of universal learning activities including the subject area “Native language and literary reading in the native language”. In this study, the interpretation of the term “meta-subject” is given, according to which the development of universal educational actions among students takes place in various subject areas, in particular within the subject area “Native language and literary reading in the native language”. The article highlights that the study of state languages contributes to the formation of a multilingual and multicultural personality, which enhances the development of a more harmonious society where respect and recognition of other peoples become key values. We present the analysis of a number of laws and documents regulating the study of the state Bashkir language in schools of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The article focuses on the planned results proposed in the Approximate Curriculum for the academic subject “The State (Bashkir) language of the Republic of Bashkortostan” at the level of general primary education.

Implementation of the updated Federal State Educational Standards: The native (Tatar) language teaching

The article discusses issues related to the organization of the educational process in the native (Tatar) language in the context of the introduction of the updated Federal State Educational Standards of General Education. A review of methodological literature and federal curriculum plans on academic subjects “Native (Tatar) Language”, “State (Tatar) Language of the Republic of Tatarstan” allowed us to come to the conclusion that in order to achieve personal, meta-subject and subject learning results, modern native language teachers should have certain general pedagogical and methodological skills, be competent in their subject area, as well as in the field of modern pedagogical technologies. In general, the main activity of the Tatar language teacher is to organize collective speech communication and update knowledge based on the creation of a positive psychological climate in the classroom; to assist students in achieving learning outcomes; to use interactive techniques and activity-based types of work; to positively evaluate students’ activities; to stimulate interest in learning their native language; to improve the quality of scheduled and extracurricular work on the subject. It is also important to note that currently the study of the native languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation is one of the priorities in the system of general education, which emphasizes the relevance and significance of this study.

The Ukrainian Language in the Temporarily Occupied Territories (2014–October 2022)

The protection of the Russian language and Russian “compatriots” has been a major issue of Russian political discourse for years. According to Russian official announcements, it was even a major reason for Russian war activities in Ukraine. In 2014, the Russian Federation introduced its language policy in Crimea and began to control the language policy of Donetsk and Luhansk “People’s Republics.” Both Russian and Ukrainian, as well as other languages, have been affected by these measures. Since 24 February 2022, Russian language policy has entered new temporarily occupied territories. Although Ukrainian has occasionally been declared a “state language” in Crimea, in DNR and LNR and then either been deprived of this status (LNR, DNR) or not (Crimea) it has never actually played this role. On the contrary, it has gradually been removed from the public sphere. Announcements regarding the language policy in recently occupied territories have been contradictory for months. Generally, Russian political discourse regarding the Ukrainian language is still based on traditional double-bind strategies. Official “appreciation for the Ukrainian language” is notoriously accompanied with narratives about the “artificiality” of the Ukrainian language, its “uselessness,” and even its virtually inherent “Nazi ideology.” At present, new textbooks of “the classical Ukrainian language” are allegedly being prepared in the Russian Federation. Historians of the Ukrainian language are curious how this unheard-of language might be designed.

МОВНА ПОЛІТИКА УКРАЇНИ: АНАЛІЗ СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ В РЕЦЕПЦІЇ ПОГЛЯДІВ ІВАНА ОГІЄНКА

The article outlines the state of language policy development in Ukraine through the prism of Ivan Ohiienko’s views (on the example of the works «Faith and Culture», «Saving Ukraine», «Culture and Science», «The Science of Native Language Responsibilities: Native Language Catechism for Teachers, Pen Workers, clergy, law-yers, students and the general public» «Saving Ukraine», «Our Literary Language»). In particular, it was emphasized that the legal status of the Ukrainian language as a state language, its high development, codifi cation and stylistic diff erentiation, com-petitiveness in the European language space. The concept of language policy is out-lined, which, being a component of the general system of national policy, refl ects its specifi c principles and supports the dominant ideology. The interpretation of language policy is presented as a conscious and purposeful infl uence, which aims to promote the eff ective functioning of the language in various areas of its application; a set of ideological principles and practical measures to solve language problems in society and the state; a set of political and administrative measures aimed at giving language development the desired direction; part of the national policy of a certain state, as it concerns the change or preservation of the existing functional distribution of lan-guages in a multilingual society. It is emphasized that the works of Ivan Ohiienko, substantiating the problematic issues of the language, are of great importance for the education of a nationally conscious generation, encourage creative thought, under-standing of the science of Ukrainian studies. Examples are given from the works of Ivan Ohiienko, in which he highlighted the problem of the struggle for the purity of the native language, as well as condemned linguistic Russifi cation in post-Soviet Ukraine, for example, his distinct anti-Moscow position in the message-appeal to the Committee for the Protection of Ukrainian Culture and the People, as well as the need to educate a highly cultured, patriotic determined personality. The vision of Ivan Ohiienko regarding the essence of the native language is indicated. The Metropolitan predicted a situation when the native language would serve the Ukrainian people in various spheres of public life

Contrastive approach in teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language

The article continues a series of studies dedicated to teaching the Ukrainian language to foreign students who either know or have experience in studying Russian. This group comprises foreigners from post-Soviet countries, as well as foreign master’s and postgraduate students who previously studied in Ukrainian higher education institutions in Russian. In compliance with the Law on Education, they are now studying Ukrainian or learning it as the state language of their current country of study. The mastery of a new foreign language, as is commonly known, is built upon existing speaking experience, which determines the methodological necessity of comparing the systems of the known language with the language being studied. Such a comparative analysis allows the identification of common features in both languages and facilitates the application of previously acquired knowledge and skills in learning a new foreign language. Interference, understood as the interaction of different language systems, directly impacts the acquisition of a new language system. The foundation for studying and regulating interference processes lies in the contrastive approach. Contrastive linguistics aims to identify differences and similarities between modern languages, aiding in determining the directions of interference and explaining the cause of typical errors. In our previous articles, we explored interference effects when Russian-speaking foreigners studied the Ukrainian language, focusing on phonetics, grammar, and syntax. These studies involved a comparative analysis of the functional-communicative organization of sentences, exemplified by the examination of ways to express subject-predicate relations in Ukrainian and Russian. Functional-communicative grammar emphasizes the pivotal role of syntax as a system that organizes all other language levels. It views a sentence from a communicative organizational perspective as an utterance formed according to a specifically defined structural scheme, with the structural core being the predicate. The predicate designates specific positions for the participants in the situation described by the proposition (subject names or actants) and their quantity. The proposed article investigates various types of extenders for the predicative centre of sentences, considers primary methods of expressing object, meaning, and circumstantial relations in both simple and complex sentences, and highlights key differences in expressing these relations between Ukrainian and Russian. These differences merit the attention of Russian-speaking learners to prevent interference errors. The methodical recommendations provided herein may prove beneficial to teachers and methodologists in developing training programs, crafting textbooks, and designing teaching materials for Ukrainian language instruction tailored to specific groups of foreign learners. They also serve as valuable resources for novice teachers in preparing for practical classes.

Analysis of lingual situation and foreign language teaching methods (quality) in China and Kyrgyzstan

Relevance The development of a quality language policy fully depends on the level of development of the language situation in the state. For this reason, during the introduction of the current reforms for the improvement of Kyrgyzstan, particular attention should be devoted to the state languages and their prevalence in society.Purpose. The research aims to study the linguistic situation in Kyrgyzstan and China and to investigate the concepts of foreign language teaching in these countries.Methodology. Analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, generalization, and abstraction were used in the study.Results. As a result, the characteristics of education, as well as the provision of the language situation in China and Kyrgyzstan, were revealed. Historical, political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects were characterised based on the source for the development of the state language policy. The study also differentiated the societies of China and Kyrgyzstan based on the nationality of the people living in these states. Such results allowed identifying the most common languages and dialects in these territorial entities, as well as determining the level of balance between them. In addition, the study explored approaches and starting points for Chinese and Kyrgyz language teachers. Based on this, the main pedagogical tools, both formal and informal, aimed at developing students� linguistic skills were characterized.Conclusions. Following the study, methodological recommendations for the formation and provision of effective interaction of educational actors were developed. The results are appropriate to be used in the process of developing curricula and materials for those involved in foreign language teaching.

Several Sociolinguistic Particularities of French-English Bi-Lingualism in Canada

Introduction. The relevance of the study is explained by the necessity to preserve Frenchspeaking culture and language on the territory of Canada in the conditions of globalization, the spread of American mass culture and the significant impact of English as a global language. The purpose of the work is to describe and analyze the sociolinguistic particularities of the existence of the French language in the English-speaking competitive environment in Canada.Methodology and sources. During the study, the following sociolinguistic methods were used: descriptive method, comparison method, continuous sampling method, sociolinguistic analysis method, quantitative data processing method, questionnaire survey. The research is based on the material of Сanadian media, legislative acts regulating the state's language policy, data obtained through surveys of Canadian citizens, and 5,234 inscriptions in five Canadian cities which were selected to examine the country's linguistic landscape.Results and discussion. Under Canadian laws, French and English have equal status in parliamentary readings, in public services and in everyday life, as well as in education, radio and television. However, English is the dominant language and has great prestige throughout Canada. All of the evidence collected shows the decisive superiority of English as the primary means of communication in media, advertising and politics. Existing legislation to protect and promote the use of both official languages is not fully enforced, as evidenced by numerous complaints from Canadians to the Commissioner of Official Languages.Conclusion. In Canada, a multi-component exoglossic linguistic situation has developed with two official languages – English and French, which is characterized by the existence of natural bilingualism. Linguistic minorities, such as Anglophones in Quebec and Francophones outside Quebec, may experience linguistic discrimination, creating tensions between residents of the same country. French is significantly influenced by the majority English and immigrant languages that dominate the linguistic landscape of Canadian cities.