Standard Vivarium Diet Research Articles

Specialized meat semi-finished products for prevention of liver diseases

Dietetic therapy plays an important role in prevention and treatment of non-communicable, alimentary-dependent diseases including the bile duct diseases and chronic liver injury. The medico-biological requirements for the composition and quality of specialized semi-finished products for prevention and treatment of liver diseases are formulated and formalized in the paper. Using the methods of the computer design, the recipe of the specialized minced meat semi-finished product from horse meat, which is nutrient adequate to specific features of nutrition of patients with liver diseases, was developed and optimized. The experimental recipe of minced semi-finished products consists of horse meat of the second grade, soy protein fiber, soy protein isolate, textured soy flour, milk thistle oil meal, chicken eggs, soybean oil, salt, onion, vitamins B1, B2 and E, magnesium and zinc salts. The biological value of the obtained product is characterized by the high indices of the amino acid balance (Cmin=0.99, σс =0.85, U=6.27) and fatty acid balance of lipids ((RLi) I = 1…3 = 0.9 and (RLi) I = 1…6 -0.77). The content of dietary fibers, vitamins B1 and B2 as well as mineral salts of magnesium and zinc in the semi-finished product corresponds to the medico-biological requirements. The effectiveness of the developed product was confirmed in the experiment of the laboratory mice with simulated liver cirrhosis. The results of the assessment on the laboratory animals show that the developed product positively influences the processes of metabolism in the mouse body. The coefficient of protein assimilation in the group of animals fed with the specialized product was 25% higher than in animals received the standard vivarium diet. The biochemical blood analysis showed that intake of the developed product reduced the content of bilirubin, cholesterol, AST and ALT in the animal body by 34.5%, 8.2%, 11.0% and 12.5%, respectively.

Оксидантный стресс и тканевая гипоксия как факторы, способствующие развитию дисфункции предстательной железы и мочевого пузыря при метаболическом синдроме

Introduction. The development of oxidative stress and nonspecific inflammation is one of the leading factors in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated urination disorders in metabolic syndrome (MS). However, the specific mechanisms of these processes are not entirely clear. The purpose of the study. To study the activity of reactive oxygen species production and the functional state of mitochondria in the prostate and bladder and their role in the dysfunction of these organs using an experimental model of MS induction in rats. Material and methods. In 10 adult mongrel male rats MS was induced by keeping them on a high-calorie diet with an increased content of carbohydrates and fats for 3 months. 10 rats kept on a standard vivarium diet served as controls. The development of MS was confirmed by characteristic changes in the biochemical analysis of blood (hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia). In both series of rats, sections of the native prostate and bladder were examined by laser confocal microscopy and stained with fluorescent probes that characterize the activity of the production of reactive oxygen species (dichlorofluorescein-DCF) and the functional state of the mitochondria (tetramethylrodamine ether – TMRE). The activity of a number of intracellular enzymes (AST, ALT. Alkaline phosphatase, LDH) was investigated in the tissues and urine. Results. In rats with MS, the development of BPH and hypertrophy of the bladder were revealed, confirmed histologically. The study of sections of both organs by confocal microscopy revealed a significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species by their cells and a decrease in the functional activity of mitochondria, which indicated the development of oxidant stress and tissue hypoxia. In the prostate, this was accompanied by a decrease in the secretory activity of the prostate glands, and in the bladder – the release of cytoplasmic enzymes from damaged cells into the urine, indicating cell damage. Conclusion. The causes of the development of a non-specific inflammatory process in the prostate and bladder, leading to dysfunction of these organs in MS, are increased production of reactive oxygen species and the development of tissue hypoxia.

CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE SPLEEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE AND AFTER ITS ABOLITION

Актуальність. Глутамат натрію є однією з найпоширеніших харчових добавок в світі. В статті наведено та проаналізовано дані експериментального дослідження, яке проводено на 52 білих щурах самцях та самках репродуктивного віку.
 Мета дослідження – вивчити морфометричні, гістологічні та електронно-мікроскопічні зміни паренхіми селезінки щурів за умов впливу глутамату натрію та після його відміни.
 Методи. Мікроанатомію компонентів селезінки білих щурів за умов фізіологічної норми дослідили на 10 інтактних тваринах. Експериментальні тварини поділені на 3 групи. Статистичну обробку цифрових даних проводили за допомогою програмного забезпечення «Excel» та «STATISTICA» 6.0 з використанням параметричного методу.
 Результати. Через вісім тижнів дії глутамату натрію виявлено достовірне зменшення відносної площі білої пульпи в паренхімі селезінки білих щурів самців та самок, збільшення кількості вторинних лімфоїдних вузликів, зростання кількості моноцитів, макрофагів, плазматичних клітин та клітин мієлоїдного ряду, зростання частки ретикулярної сполучної тканини в складі селезінкових тяжів червоної пульпи. Еритроцити та тромбоцити заповнюють не лише просвіт пазух селезінки, але й накопичуються в пульпарних тяжах, велика кількість лімфоцитів на різних стадіях апоптозу. Венозні пазухи червоної пульпи повнокровні, їхні просвіти розширені та дещо деформовані. Навколо судин та венозних пазух наявні ознаки набряку. Збільшення кількості плазматичних клітин свідчить про пришвидшення проліферації активованих лімфоцитів, яке є ознакою iмуноіндукуючого ефекту. Через чотири тижні після відміни глутамату натрію гістологічна та електронно-мікроскопічна будова органа майже не відрізняється від попередньої групи тварин. Зростає повнокрів’я судин паренхіми селезінки, щільність клітин зменшується. Збільшується кількість апоптично змінених клітин.
 Підсумок. Через вісім тижнів після відміни глутамату натрію зворотніх змін у структурі паренхіми селезінки не виявлено. Отже, відміна введення глутамату натрію після його тривалого впливу не «покращує» морфометричних показників паренхіми селезінки щурів та не призводить до відновлення структурної організації органа.

Research of antiexudative and diuretic activity of effervescent tablets with a spissum extract from Betula leaves

In recent years, herbal remedies gain the increasing popularity in the pharmacotherapy of many diseases. The number of people suffering from chronic pathology of the kidneys has steadily increased today. Phytopreparations would be useful for the pharmacological correction of chronic kidney disease. They can reduce the inflammatory process in the kidneys and, thus, maintain a physiological balance for the implementation and normalization of organism functions.
 This work aimed to study the anti-exudative activity of effervescent tablets with spissum extract from Betula leaves on a model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and their diuretic activity against in water test in rats.
 Tablets with spissum extract from Betula leaves were developed at the Department of Technologies of Pharmaceutical Preparations of the National University of Pharmacy. «Canephron® N» (Bionorica, Germany) and «Ortophen-Zdorovje» were chosen as the reference drugs. The study was carried out on 42 sexually mature rats weighing 180–200 g, which were kept on a standard vivarium diet at the Research Institute of Applied Pharmacy of the National University of Pharmacy. Inflammation was caused by the introduction of a 1% carrageenan solution into the hind limb of rats. The study of diuretic activity was carried out using the water test.
 The rat foot volume significantly decreased during 2, 3, and 4 hours of the experiment under the influence of the studied tablets compared with the control pathology. The reference drug «Canephron ® N» showed a less pronounced anti-inflammatory effect and was inferior in its activity to effervescent tablets with spissum extract from Betula leaves with the same tendency of anti-inflammatory action.
 As shown by the results of studies, 2 hours after the introduction of effervescent tablets with spissum extract from Betula leaves, diuresis was significantly different from the intact control. Diuresis was significantly higher after 4 hours in the group of animals receiving the studied drug. Similar data were shown by the drug «Canephron® N» by the end of the experiment.
 For the first time, a study of the antiexudative and diuretic activity of effervescent tablets contained an extract from Betula leaves was carried out. It has been experimentally shown that the antiexudative activity of the developed drug was 28.9%, exceeded the similar activity of the phytopreparation «Kanefron® N» – 22.3%, and was inferior to the reference drug «Ortofen-Zdorovje» – 44.8%. It was found that the investigated drug exhibits the most pronounced anti-exudative properties during the first 2 hours of the experiment.
 It was determined that after 4 hours the diuretic activity of effervescent tablets with a spissum extract from Betula leaves was 127% and 124% for the drug «Kanefron® N», respectively.

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Experimental studies are among the important and promising approaches in the studying of the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema (PE). They make it possible to trace and understand the sequence of metabolic disorders wich occur in this condition. The aim of the trial was to study the nature of biochemical changes in blood plasma during the course of experimental PE. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 36 sexually mature, outbred, white rats of both sexes, weighing 180-200 g, which were kept on a standard vivarium diet. Experimental papain PE in white rats was induced by a single intratracheal administration of 0.5 ml of papain solution (Merck KGaA, Germany) at a dose of 100 mg / kg body weight under light ether anesthesia. The rats were withdrawn from the experiment by decapitation under light ether anesthesia 10, 20, 30, 50 and 60 days after the onset of the disease. Biochemical studies of blood plasma - the content of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), protein, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, glucose were carried out using automatic biochemical analyzer Selectra Pro-M (Netherlands). Results. It was found that 10 days after the onset of the disease, the levels of ALT and AST significantly decreased by 37%. The trend towards a decrease in ALT persisted after 20, 30 and 60 days; AST � after 20, 30, 50 and 60 days. It was found that the blood plasma protein significantly decreased 10 and 20 days after the onset of the disease by 33% and 38%, respectively. At the same time, the urea also decreased after 10 days by 36% and by 32% after 20 days. A similar trend of changes was found when studying the level of creatinine in blood plasma. After 10 and 20 days, creatinine decreased by 36% and 37%, respectively. As for total bilirubin, its blood plasma contentration increased by 68% after 10 days, and by 38% after 20 days. There were no changes in plasma glucose levels 10, 20, 30, 50 and 60 days after the onset of the disease. Conclusions. Experimental PE is characterized by the most pronounced changes in blood plasma biochemical parameters 10 and 20 days after the onset of the disease, which is manifested by a decrease of aminotransferases � ALT and AST, a decrease in total protein, urea, creatinine, and an increase of total bilirubin. Key words: experimental pulmonary emphysema, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, protein, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, glucose. U

MORPHOMETRIC AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC CHANGES OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF LYMPH NODES DURING CORRECTION OF THE ACTION OF SODIUM GLUTAMATE WITH ORLISTAT

The aim: To study morphometric and electron microscopic changes in the parenchyma of rat lymph nodes under the action of sodium glutamate and its correction by orlistat. Materials and methods: The article presents and analyzes the data of an experimental study conducted on 66 white male rats and females of reproductive age. Experimental animals are divided into 4 groups. Results: After six weeks of exposure to monosodium glutamate, there was a significant decrease in the relative area of the cortical substance in the lymph nodes of white male and female rats by 11.95% and 9.31% and, respectively, an increase in the relative area of the medullary substance by 18.76% and 14.7% in compared with an intact group of animals. After six weeks of sodium glutamate and the next six weeks of the standard diet of vivarium and orlistat, the relative area of the cortical substance in the lymph node parenchyma was 2.55% and 0.38% more than the parameters of the intact group of animals, respectively. Accordingly, the relative area of the medullary substance decreased and was 4.01% and 0.59% less compared to the intact group of animals. Conclusions: Electron microscopic examination showed that monosodium glutamate causes changes in the parenchyma of the lymph nodes as in a high-calorie diet. The introduction of orlistat (xenical) leads to a partial restoration of the structural organization, and hence the function of this organ.

Study of morphological changes in the kidney during modeling of ischemic-reperfusion injuries of the limb and massive blood loss

The article presents the features of morphological disorders of liver tissue on the background of limb ischemia-reperfusion and massive blood loss. The aim of the work was to establish the presence of structural changes and the severity of morphological disorders of internal organs, remote from the primary place of ischemia-reperfusion during modeling the pathological process. The experiment was performed on 33 adult nonlinear white rats weighing 200-250 g, which were on the standard vivarium diet. Experimental animals were simulated with ischemic-reperfusion syndrome of the lower extremity and massive blood loss. Collection of materials was performed 1 h after intervention or release from the tourniquet and on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days. All interventions were performed under thiopental-sodium anesthesia (40 mg/kg body weight). Mostly structural violations were expressed as disturbance of blood supply of little and middle caliber blood vessels and also in initial dystrophic changes. During comparison of groups, depending on the severity, it was shown that both the isolated use of a tourniquet and massive blood loss had long-term, systemic consequences, however, more expressed in EG-2; single vascular glomeruli were shrunked, endothelial cells of arterioles were slightly damaged. On the 7th and 14th days changes in the structure of EG-1 were mostly absent, although in EG-2 the epitheliocytes of the outer layer of the capsule remained flattened, retained full blood vessels of the venous bed in the interstitium, and the vast majority of epitheliocytes of the excretory tubules were at different stages of hydropic dystrophy with partly desquamation of the epithelium in the gaps of the tubules. Also, the basal membranes of the tubules were not completely visualized, which indicates deep damage in the structures caused by acute ischemia as a result of bleeding. Thus, as combat trauma (blood loss) is in itself a life-threatening factor, the use of a tourniquet due to the development of ischemic-reperfusion process can complicate the course of the primary affection. Knowledge of the periodization of traumatic disease on the background of this pathology is important for the development of sanogenic effects in order to minimize this pathogenic factor.

Флуоресцирующая и рострегулирующая активность производных 2-фенилэтенилфосфоновой кислоты

The paper provides data on an improved method for the synthesis of 2-phenylethenylphosphonic acid dichloride by interacting of carbamide derivatives with 2-phenylethenyltrichlorophosphonium hexachloro-phosphate, which is an intermediate adduct of the reaction of styrene and phosphorus pentachloride. Readily available urea, biuret, and acetylurea have been used as transformers of the adduct. It has been shown that carbamide derivatives are not only donors of the oxygen atom, but they also bind hydrogen chloride released at the stage of complexation into the corresponding hydrochlorides. This allows obtaining the target 2-phenyl-ethenyldichlorophosphonate without admixture of the hydrochlorination by-product. The phenomenon of induced fluorescence of 2-phenylethenylphosphonic acid and its esters in the solid phase and in solution was revealed. The growth-regulating activity of 2-phenylethenylphosphonic acid and O,O-di(p-nitrophenyl)-2-phenylethenyl-phosphonate on the seed germination energy, laboratory and field germinations of grain and vegetable crops was established. It is shown that pre-sowing treatment of the Prokhorovka spring wheat seeds with a 0.0005% aqueous solution of O,O-di(p-nitrophenyl)-2-phenylethenylphosphonate leads to an increase in wheat yield by 21%, which expands the range of products for this purpose. A study of the acute toxicity of 2-phenylethenylphosphonic acid according to LeBlanc on male rats kept on a standard vivarium diet showed that it has a two-phase effect. In the first phase, there are symptoms of damage to the motor part of the peripheral nervous system in the form of local seizures and the central nervous system in the form of the general suppression of motor activity and moderate relaxation of skeletal muscles, and in the second phase, the acid manifests itself in a general toxic effect. Determination of the LD50 of 2-phenylethenylphosphonic acid showed that it belongs to the third class of toxicity – low-hazard substances.

Electron microscopic changes of lymph nodes during correction of sodium glutamate action by melatonin

The effect of monosodium glutamate on lymphoid organs remains insufficiently studied. Also, no less relevant is the issue of correction of changes caused by the action of monosodium glutamate. The aim of the study was to study the electron microscopic changes in the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of rats under the action of monosodium glutamate for six weeks and during correction with melatonin. The experimental study was performed on 66 white male and female rats of reproductive age. The structure of mesenteric lymph nodes of white rats under the conditions of physiological norm at the electron microscopic level was studied in 10 intact animals. Experimental animals were divided into 4 groups, each with 10 animals. The control was 16 white rats, which instead of a high-calorie diet (HCD) received a standard diet of vivarium. HCD was achieved by adding to the diet of monosodium glutamate at a dose of 0.07 g/kg body weight of rats. The dose of melatonin was 10 mg/kg body weight of rats, administered orally daily at the same time in the afternoon. The electron microscopic structure of the mesenteric lymph nodes of male and female rats of reproductive age of the intact and control groups corresponds to the species norm. The study showed that monosodium glutamate causes changes in the parenchyma of the lymph nodes as in alimentary obesity. After six weeks of HCD, the number of apoptically altered lymphocytes increases. That part of lymphocytes, which has no signs of karyorrhexis or karyolysis, has a karyolemma with deep intussusception, the cytoplasm is enlightened, the tubules of the granular endoplasmic reticulum in cells with signs of edema, dilated, mitochondrial ridges swollen, damaged. There are profound destructive changes in the cellular composition of the organ and violations at the level of all parts of the vascular bed. After six weeks of melatonin correction, the number of macrophages and plasma cells decreased, in some lymphocytes the nucleolus is not clearly expressed, the karyolemma is uneven, the cytoplasm is enlightened, the number of osmophilic (fatty) inclusions decreases both in the intercellular space and in the cytoplasm of the cell. Therefore, the introduction of melatonin led to a significant restoration of the structural organization, and hence the function of this organ.

EFFECT OF MATERNAL HIGH-FAT DIET ON SERUM BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR AND BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS IN MALE OFFSPRING OF WISTAR RATS

Maternal diet affects the development and health of future offspring. Recent studies indicate that excess fat in the female’s diet can influence the structure and function of the brain of her pups. An important role in the maturation of the central nervous system (CNS) and the maintenance of its functioning assigned to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Changes in BDNF concentration in the brain are associated with the occurrence of various neurobehavioral and mental disorders. In this work, we studied the behavioral reactions and the level of serum BDNF in male Wistar rats whose mothers before, during pregnancy and during lactation consumed food with excess fat (20 % of the total daily calorie content) and in the offspring of females who consumed standard diet of vivarium. As a result, an impairment of spatial learning and memory was revealed, as well as increased anxiety in the Morris Water Maze, Elevated plus Maze and Open Field in pups whose mothers were on a high-fat diet. These disorders were combined with a reduced level of BDNF in the peripheral blood. The data obtained indicate that high maternal fat consumption before pregnancy, during prenatal and early postnatal period, contributes to the formation of neurobehavioral disorders in offspring, which is probably associated with reduced BDNF levels in peripheral blood, and consequently in the brain. Характер питания матери оказывает влияние на развитие и состояние здоровья ее будущего потомства. Результаты недавних исследований указывают на то, что избыточное количество жиров в рационе самки способно оказывать воздействие на структуру и функционирование мозга ее детенышей. Важная роль в созревании центральной нервной системы и поддержании ее функционирования отводится мозговому нейротрофическому фактору ( BDNF ). Изменение его содержания в мозге связывают с возникновением различных нейроповеденческих нарушений и психических расстройств. В данной работе были исследованы особенности поведенческих реакций и содержание БДНФ в сыворотке крови самцов крыс линии Вистар, чьи матери до, во время беременности и в период лактации потребляли пищу с избыточным содержанием жира (20% от общей суточной калорийности) и у потомства самок, потреблявших стандартный рацион вивария. В результате было выявлено нарушение пространственного обучения и памяти, а также повышение уровня тревожности в тестах «Водный лабиринт Морриса», «Приподнятый крестообразный лабиринт» и «Открытое поле» у детенышей, чьи матери находились на высокожировой диете. Эти нарушения сочетались у них со сниженным уровнем БДНФ в периферической крови. Полученные данные указывают на то, что потребление самкой высокожировой диеты до беременности, в пренатальный и ранний постнатальный период способствует формированию у ее потомства нейроповеденческих нарушений, что вероятно связано со снижением БДНФ в периферической крови, а следовательно и уровня его экспрессии в головном мозге. 800x600 Normal 0 false false false RU X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Обычная таблица; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times New Roman,serif;}

The influence of ischemia limb reperfusion on mineralization condition under connected abdomino-skeletal injury and massive treatment

The influence of limb reperfusion in the model of concomitant injury and massive blood loss on the processes of mineralization was studied. The experiment was conducted with 130 adult male Wistar rats weighing 190–220 g, which were on a standard diet of vivarium. All animals were divided into four groups i.e. control and three experimental ones; the control group contained intact animals (10 animals); the first experimental group consisted of animals, which modeled a hip fracture, massive external bleeding and ischemia-reperfusion of the lower extremities (40 animals); the second group were made up of animals that were modeled for skeletal trauma, massive external blood loss, and closed trauma to the abdominal organs (40 animals); the third group consisted of animals that modeled closed abdominal trauma, skeletal trauma, massive external blood loss, and lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion (40 animals). The animals of the experimental groups were removed from the experiment under conditions of thiopental sodium anesthesia by total blood flow from the heart 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after trauma modeling. The bone of the lower extremities was removed for the study. In the bone homogenate, the level of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase was determined and a mineralization index was calculated based on these data. It has been established that limb reperfusion in the model of combined abdominal-skeletal trauma has a potentiating effect on changes of alkaline and acid phosphatase indices, which is manifested by a significant increase in their activity during the 21 days after the traumatic period. Changes in the index of mineralization index among experimental animals indicate a negative impact of ischemia reperfusion on reparative processes in bone tissue, which outlines directions for further research.

INFLUENCE ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES LARGE JOINTS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES UNDER COMBINED ABDOMINO-SKELETAL INJURY

To study the effect of limb reperfusion in a model of combined abdominal-skeletal trauma and massive blood loss on histological changes of the knee joints. The experiment used 40 adult white male Wistar rats weighing 190-220 g, which were on a standard diet of vivarium. The experimental animals who modeled closed abdominal trauma, skeletal trauma, massive external blood loss, and ischemia-reperfusion of the lower extremities. The studies were performed 21 days after trauma modeling. All trauma experiments were performed under thiopental sodium (40 mg·kg-1 mass). The closed femoral bone fracture was modeled by applying a single metered blow to a specially designed thigh device. Closed trauma to the abdominal organs was modeled by applying two metered blows to the abdominal cavity with a specially designed device. Massive external blood loss was modeled by blood flow from 20 to 22 % of circulating blood volume from the femoral vessels on the opposite side of the femur fracture. Lower limb ischemia­reperfusion was simulated by imposing hemostatic plaits on the proximal portions of the lower legs of the test animals for two hours. In the preparations of the tissues of the hip and knee joint tissue reactive changes characteristic of inflammatory processes was found: pronounced changes in the hyaline cartilage of the metepiphyseal plate of the joints, edema of the connective tissue, disruption of the ordered arrangement of the insert plates of the compact part of the bone, significant vascular disorders in the form of arteries, edema of the adventitious sheath of vessels was noted. Thus, it was determined that combined trauma combined with ischemia reperfusion of the lower extremities in the later periods after the traumatic period can cause reactive changes in the large joints of the lower extremities.

Structural changes of lymph nodes under high calorie diet and melatonin correction

The article presents and analyzes data from an experimental study conducted on white rats in females and males of reproductive age. The purpose of the study to study the morphometric and histological changes in the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of rats under the high-calorie diet (HCD) and with the correction of melatonin. The study was performed on 80 white rats of reproductive age. Microanatomy of the structural components of lymph nodes of white rats under physiological norms was examined in 10 intact animals. Experimental animals are divided into 5 groups. Statistical processing of digital data was performed using “Excel” software and “STATISTICA 6.0” using the parametric method. Eight weeks after HCD, there was a significant decrease in the relative area of the cortical substance in the parenchyma of lymph nodes of white rats of males and females by 10.3 % and 8.3 %, respectively, and an increase in the relative area of the medullary substance by 16.1 % and 13.2 %, respectively, greater than the intact animal group parameter. Corticomedullary index (CMI) decreased by 22.9 % and 19.0 %. After six weeks of HCD and the next six weeks of standard vivarium diet and melatonin administration, the relative area of cortical substance in the parenchyma of lymph nodes of white rats in males and females was 2.0 % and 2.9 %, respectively, greater than the parameters of the intact group of animals. Accordingly, the relative area of the medullary substance is 3.1 % and 4.6 % less than the parameters of the intact group of animals. CMI in both male and male rats was 5.1 % and 7.6 %, respectively, greater than the intact animal group parameter. Under the conditions of melatonin correction, it was found that on the histological preparations of lymph nodes the vein and artery were full-blooded. Empty hemocapillaries with thickened wall are observed. In the paracortical region, the number of high endothelial capillary venules decreases. Thus, long-term administration of melatonin improves the morphometric parameters of the parenchyma of the lymph nodes of rats, restores the morphological structure of the organ.

Dynamics of the functional activity changes in rats testicles under conditions of dosage spermatic cord stenosis

Infertility in marriage is an important medical, biological, social and demographic problem. Inguinal hernioplasty is objectively considered as a factor of male infertility in 9.8% of cases. Under these pathological conditions, the structural elements of the spermatic cord are compressed those appears the circulatory disturbances in testicle. Disorders of reproductive function often occur precisely because of hemodynamic disorders, which are considered one of the leading pathogenetic factors in the development of male infertility. Purpose — to establish peculiarities of testicles vessels and tissues remodeling under dosed spermatic cord stenosis conditions and during the reperfusion period. The experiments have been carried out on 78 non-linear white male rats, weighting 180–200 grams which were fed due to a standard diet of vivarium. All the animals were divided into four groups: one control group and three experimental ones. The control group included six intact animals. All the other comprised the experimental group which was divided into three series six animals per each depending on the terms of observation. The animals with the model of dosed stenosis of funiculus comprised first experimental group; the animals with the model of dosed stenosis and one-moment decompression, starting from the third day of the experiment comprised the second group; to the third group we referred the animals with the model of dosed stenosis of the funiculus which have undergone decompression with the correction of reperfusion changes due to the method proposed by us, starting from the third day. During the experiment it was established that after one-time decompression of the spermatic cord that was under the experimental stenosis conditions, apereas destructive changes in testicles parenchyma and decreases the functional activity of the organ. Despite that the compression factor has been removed and the blood flow in arteries and veins has been fully restored, there was no improvement in the hemodynamics of the testicle. The use of the dosage decompression method of the spermatic cord helps to improve the hemodynamic conditions of the organ during the reperfusion period. In this case, the detected changes of the testicle’s parenchyma and its intra-organ vessels were less pronounced than during stenosis of the spermatic cord and its one-time decompression. The functional activity of the testicles with use of the reperfusion changes correction, was slightly violated, the spermatogenesis index has been increased and the mature forms of spermatozoa were present in the seminiferous tubules. Thus, the usage of the proposed method of the spermatic cord decompression allows us to obtain positive dynamics in testicles blood vessels remodeling in reperfusion period.

Вплив гліфосат-резистентної генетично модифікованої сої та гербіциду «Roundup» на рівень деяких метаболітів азотистого обміну у сечі щурів

The creation and use of transgenic plants in livestock and food industries are a source of great concern and debate in society. Effects of transgenic plants on humans and animals have not yet been sufficiently studied, which necessitates the study of the influence of genetically modified plants on metabolic processes in animals. Research on the effects of genetically modified plants on several generations of rats is important for assessing the safety of their use. Today, among all genetically modified plants, soybeans are most commonly used with the new sign "Roundup Ready", which are resistant to the "Roundup" herbicide that is widely used throughout the world. That is why the study of both the individual and combined effects of both of these factors on the organism of animals is very relevant today. The aim of the experimental research was to study the effect of glyphosate resistant genetically modified soybeans untreated and treated with the "Roundup" herbicide and the effect of the herbicide itself on the level of some metabolites of nitrogen metabolism in the urine of three generations of rats. The object of the study was the rats of the Wistar line weighing 190-220 g, at the age of 4 months. Five groups of animals were formed, each with 16 rats (8 females and 8 males). Group I - intact animals (kept on a standard vivarium diet); Group ІІ - animals, in which 20-26% of the standard dietary nutrition diet was replaced by traditional soybeans; Group III - rats, in which 20-26% in the standard diet is replaced by genetically modified soybean, not treated with a "Roundup" herbicide; ІV group - rats, ration of which contained 20-26% of genetically modified soybean, treated with herbicide "Roundup"; V group - rats, who consumed herbicide with drinking water in a dose (0.003 μg/kg of animal weight). After 42 days, the rats were mating and receiving the next generation; another generation of rats was similarly obtained. Data from experimental studies showed a decrease in the level of nitrogen metabolites (creatinine and urea) and increased uric acid and protein levels in urine of all three generations of rats in groups IV and V. For the traditional and transgenic soybeans used by unprocessed herbicides, the level of metabolites of nitrogen metabolism increases slightly. The revealed changes indicate a violation of the liver and kidneys, and the disturbance of the protein metabolism, which may lead to various pathological conditions in the body of animals.

Structural changes of the spleen in experimental obesity

The paper presents and analyzes data from an experimental study conducted on white rats in females and males of reproductive age. Obesity is one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. The purpose of the research is to establish the morphometric and histological changes of the rat spleen parenchyma in experimental obesity and after the abolition of the high-calorie diet (HCD). We conducted a study on 70 white rats of reproductive age (2.5-6.5 months) weighing 120-280 g. High-calorie diet was achieved due to the fact that food was added sodium glutamate at a dose of 67 mg/kg of body weight of the rat. Controls were 10 white rats that received a standard vivarium diet instead of a high-calorie diet. Statistical processing of digital data was performed using Excel software and STATISTICA 6.0 using the parametric methods. Eight weeks after HCD, there was a significant decrease in the relative area of white pulp in the spleen parenchyma of white rats in males and females by 16.2% and 17.4%, respectively, and an increase in the relative area of red pulp by 5.6% and 6.2%, respectively. There is an immuno-inducing effect with enhanced proliferation of activated lymphocytes and their subsequent differentiation into plasma cells. Eight weeks after the abolition of HCD, the relative area of white pulp in the spleen parenchyma of white rats in males and females was 16.8% and 16.9% less than the parameters of the intact group of animals. Accordingly, the relative area of the red pulp by 5.8% and 6.1% exceeds the parameters of the intact group of animals. The area of the lymph nodes and the size of their reproductive centers decrease. The number of monocytes, macrophages and plasmocytes increases in the organ parenchyma. Hemosiderin residues occur both in the cytoplasm of macrophages and in intercellular spaces. Arteries with thickened wall, full-blooded, veins enlarged and full-blooded. The venous sinuses of the red pulp are dilated to contain hemosiderin residues. Thus, the depletion of lymphoid tissue with progression of mainly white pulp atrophy has been established. In the conditions of the eight-week abrogation of the HCD, no reverse changes in the structure of the parenchyma of the spleen were detected.

In vivo study of plant protein products from soybeans and non-alkaloid lupine Dega variety

Research on finding additional sources of vegetable protein as an alternative to soy has shown a great prospect of using lupine. The study of biological effects of flour of nonalkaloid lupine Dega variety will assess the future prospects for its use in food industry. The aim - a comparative study of protein products - soybean flour and non-alkaloid lupine flour (Dega-1 variety), added to laboratory rats' diet. Material and methods. Experiment was carried out on three groups of Wistar rats (n=30, 210±5 g) for 28 days: 1st group - rats that consumed the standard vivarium diet (control); 2nd group and 3rd group - animals, that consumed standard diet with addition of lupine flour (protein content - 42.1%) and soy flour (protein content - 50.2%), replacing 26 and 23% protein in standard diet, respectively. Results. As a result of the experiment, fluctuations in body weight of rats in 2nd group and 3rd group were observed from the 11th day; the weight gain of rats in 1st group was 7.74%, 2nd group and 3rd group - 3.32 and 2.04%. Noted changes could be explained by food adaptation of organism to the main nutrients of protein products. The blood test showed minor changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters within physiological reference values. Consumption of lupine flour led to a slight increase of leukocytes (by 14.2%) and lymphocytes (by 24.5%), an increase in the activity of certain enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase by 18.4%, alanine aminotransferase by 26.2% and lactate dehydrogenase by 21.6%, p≥0.05), while alkaline phosphatase activity decreased (14.4%, p<0.05) in comparison with control. Incorporation of soy flour into the diet of rats showed a statistically significant increase in the concentration of monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and immature cells (by 57.1% in comparison with 1st group and 83.3% in comparison with 2nd group), while relative content of granulocytes reduced (by 15.1% relative to the control). Conclusion. The inclusion of plant proteins into the rat's diet did not cause significant deviations in physiological (motor activity), biochemical, hematological parameters in experimental animals. However, the identified features in animals of the experimental groups, possibly related to biologically active substances and anti-alimentary factors in soybean and lupine, indicate the need to improve technological approaches to lupine protein products production in order to improve functional characteristics and completely remove substances that deteriorate nutrients absorption. A possible solution is lupine proteins' proteolysis, the use of various methods of fractionation, isolation and purification in combination with pretreatment to obtain protein concentrates or isolates with improved nutritional, technological and functional properties.

Features of the structural and functional parameters of the liver in experimental steatohepatitis and its correction in obese rats

The improvement of the pharmacological strategy of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is based on the study of the effect of pharmaceutical preparations on the structure and function of the liver. The pathogenesis of steatohepatitis is complex and multifactorial, mainly involving genetic, metabolic and environmental factors. The purpose of the study was to characterize the structural and functional parameters of the liver when using the biologically active compound Angiolin for the correction of experimental steatohepatitis. An experimental study was performed on 110 sexually mature white male rats weighing 180-220 grams, which were kept on a standard diet of vivarium. All animals were divided into two groups: control (30 intact animals) and experimental (80 animals). A model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was created for all animals of the experimental group. They were kept on a hypercaloric diet with a high fat and high cholesterol content for 8 weeks. After that, part of the animals (10 rats) was withdrawn from the experiment by intrapleural administration of sodium thiopental (50 mg/kg) and the necessary biochemical and morphological studies were performed. Part of the animals (30 rats) was continued to be kept on a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and the biologically active compound Angiolin was administered (20 rats), and Rings-Locke solutions were administered to 10 rats. After the creation of the model, the other animals of the experimental group (40 rats) were transferred to a full-fledged standard semi-synthetic starch-casein diet, and the biologically active compound Angiolin was administered for 20 rats and Ringer-Locke solution for another 20 rats for 4 weeks. Macroscopic evaluation and description of the liver of animals was carried out after withdrawal under thiopental anesthesia. Statistical analysis of the results was carried out using the program “STATISTICA 8” using parametric and non-parametric methods for assessing the results. It was found that the use of the biologically active compound Angiolin once a day for 30 days can reduce cytolysis syndrome (reduce biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase), reduce cholestasis syndrome (decrease in alkaline phosphatase level), and normalize liver function, improves the morphological state of hepatocytes, which indicates the normalization of the structural and functional state of the liver.

Organometric parameters of the remaining kidney after removal of the contralateral in immature rats

The processes of compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney to the period of puberty are insufficiently studied. Changes in renal parameters after contralateral removal are of scientific interest. The purpose of the study was to establish and compare changes in organometric parameters of the kidney that remained after nephrectomy in non-sexually adult male rats and in sexually mature male rats. Experimental study was performed on 84 non-adult white male rats weighing 53-71 grams, which were kept on a standard vivarium diet. All animals were divided into two groups (42 in each): the first - control, the second - the experimental group. In the control group, the abdominal cavity was opened under ketamine anesthesia, after wich the abdominal wall was sutured in layers. All animals of the experimental group performed surgical intervention - nephrectomy of the left kidney. Animals were withdrawn from the trial by intra-pleural administration of thiopental-sodium 50 mg/kg after 7, 14, 21, 30, 90 days after nephrectomy. Macroscopic evaluation and description of the kidneys of animals was performed after their removal. The statistical analysis of the obtained results was carried out using the “STATISTICA 5.5” program, using parametric and non-parametric methods for evaluating the obtained results. It was found that in the immature rats, the weight of animals in the experimental group (after nephrectomy) was statistically significantly lower in all terms of the observation compared to the control group, and the weight of the kidney of animals in the experimental group, on the contrary, was statistically significantly higher in all terms of observation. The length, width, thickness, volume of kidneys of animals of the experimental group, as well as the magnitude of increment of these parameters with each term of observation are determined. The greatest increase in organometric parameters of the kidney was observed after 30 days of the postoperative period (p&lt;0.05). Subsequently, on the 60th and 90th day, the magnitude of the increase in organometric parameters of the kidney significantly decreased. The index of hypertrophy of the kidney remained unpaired by nephrectomy, which varied from 52.24% to 63.21%. The highest rates of hypertrophy were observed between the 21st and 30th days.

HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE LIVER OF RATS CONSUMING GENETICALLY MODIFIED SOYBEAN, PROCESSED WITH HERBICIDE "ROUNDUP"

Introduction. In last years the genetically modified plants have been widely used in agriculture, as well as in the food industry. The use of “Roundup” herbicide in the world increases every year, so there is a great warning as to its impact on the health of humans and animals. Purpose. The aim of the paper is to evaluate histopathological changes in the liver of two generations of rats under the influence of “Roundup” herbicide and transgenic glyphosate-resistant soya treated with this herbicide. Results. The subject of the study were the male rats of the Vistar line at the age of 4 months weighing 180-200 g. Experimental animals were grouped into 5 groups of 14 rats in each (7 females and 7 males). Group I - intact animals (kept on a standard vivarium diet); Group II - animals, which had up to 20-26% of the standard diet replaced with traditional soya; Group III - rats up with to 20-26% of the standard diet replaced with genetically modified soybeans not treated with herbicide “Roundup”; Group ІV - rats, whose ration contained up to 20-26% of genetically modified soybean, treated with herbicide “Roundup”; Group V - rats that received used “Roundup” herbicide with drinkable water at a concentration (0.003 μg / kg of animal weight). After 42 days of keeping to a respective diet rates were mated and after 22-25 days the next generation was obtained (F 1 ). After giving birth to offspring, all females continued to receive the same diet and the herbicide with water as (F 1 ) generation. At the age of 12 months, the rats were decapitated and sampling of liver fragments for histological test was performed. In the liver of the first generation rats, fed with genetically modified soya processed with the herbicide, discomplexation of lamellar structure, as well as cloudy degeneration of hepatocytes. The same condition was observed in rats that consumed the herbicide with drinkable water. Degenerative changes of hepatocytes aggravated in the second generation. Conclusions. Histological analysis of the liver of rats of all experimental groups of two generations showed that the most dystrophic changes are observed in the liver of rats which ate genetically modified soya treated with the herbicide and of rats which consumed the herbicide with drinking water. In the next generation, an increase in dystrophic changes in hepatocytes is observed. Microscopic changes indicate the energy load and intensification of detoxification processes by these cells.