Standard Drug For Comparison Research Articles

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Thiadiazole Derivatives Derived from 2-Amino-5-Thio-1,3,4-Thiadiazole

This manuscript introduces a series of novel Schiff base and heterocyc-licring compounds, focusing on derivatives of 1,3-oxazepine and thiazo-lidinone.The derivative (2-Hydroxy-N-(5-mercapto-[1,3,4] thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-phenyl-acetamide was created by reacting ethyl mandelate ester[M1] and 2-amino-5-thio-1,3,4-thiadiazole compound to produce new compound [M2] and after that, compound [M2] was reacted with hydrazine hydrate 99% in dry DMF solvent, yielding the compound (N-(5-Hydrazino-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-acetamide [M3]. In contrast , the Schiff base compound [M4] were synthesized by reacting compound [M3] with aromatic heterocyclic aldehyde (furan-2-carbaldehyde) in the presence of glacial acetic acid as a catalyst, and then Schiff base [M4] was reacted with maleic anhydride in dry benzene as a solvent to produce (1,3-Oxazepine) derivative [M5]. Additionally, the thiazolidinone derivative [M6] was synthesized through the reaction of equimolar amounts of (N-[5-(N'-Furan-2-yl-methylene-hydrazino)-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-acetamide [M4] with thioacetic acid compound in chloroform as a solvent. The structural formula of all derivatives was confirmed by FT-IR and (1HNMR, 13CNMR) spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives [M1-M6] were screened for their evaluated for antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., and the fungus Candida albicans. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the solvent. Also, the ampicillin compound was used as the standard drug for comparison.

In-vivo Pharmacological Evaluation of Anti-Ulcerative Colitis Activity of Ethanolic Bark Extract of Ficus religiosa in Swiss Albino Mice

Ulcerative colitis is an idiopathic chronic disease of the intestine with unknown etiology involving multiple immune, genetic and environmental factors. The present study was carried out based on traditional claims to assess anti-ulcerative colitis activity. The extraction of the bark powdered of Ficus religiosa was carried out using ethanol as a solvent in the soxhlet apparatus. The % yield of the ethanol extract of Ficus religiosa was calculated and it was found to be 21%. The quantitative preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, amino acids, and protein in ethanolic extract of Ficus religiosa. Ulcerative colitis was induced in mice by induction of 2ml of 3% acetic acid through intrarectally. The low dose and high dose (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) of extract was administered orally in mice. Prednisolone (1.14mg/kg) was used as the standard drug for comparison. All acetic acid- induced mice showed typical clinical manifestations of ulcerative colitis. Colon length increased significantly and colon weight decreased significantly of the treatment groups when compared to the standard groups. The MPO activity is significantly higher in Ficus religiosa treated group (200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) in comparison to standard drug Prednisolone (1.14mg/kg) treated group. It was observed that the inflammation in the colonic tissue of Ficus religiosa treatment group was significantly higher than standard group. The two treatment group shows nearly equal effect as that of the standard drug. All parameters suggest that the 400 mg/kg dose is more effective than the lower dose.

Synergistic Nootropic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Ziziphus Jujuba and Tinospora Cordifolia against Stress Induced Rats

Aim: The present investigation deals with the preliminary phytochemical analysis, synergistic nootropic activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Ziziphus jujuba and Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced rats.
 Methods: Nootropic activity was observed in Albino Wistar rats of either sex using behavior paradigms such as elevated plus maze, staircase and morris water maze.
 Results: In elevated plus maze and morris water maze, the rats were treated with extracts at doses (100 and 200 mg/kg-po) for 9 days and were observed on 9th day of treatment. Piracetam (100 mg/kg) was used as standard drug for comparison. In the elevated plus maze, the combination of leaf extracts of Ziziphus jujuba and Tinospora cordifolia at 200mg/kg significantly decreased the transfer latency when compared to 100 mg/kg. In the staircase, the combination of leaf extracts of Ziziphus jujuba and Tinospora cordifolia at 200mg/kg significantly decreased the number of climbings and the number of rearings when compared to 100 mg/kg. In the morris water maze, the combination of leaf extracts of Ziziphus jujuba and Tinospora cordifolia at 200mg/kg significantly decreased the escape latency when compared to 100 mg/kg and control.
 Conclusion: The combination of these two medicinal plants Ziziphus jujuba and Tinospora cordifolia possessed significant synergistic nootropic activity and further research attempts can be made so as to isolate the novel moiety molecules which can be elucidated and can be evaluated for their therapeutic potential.

Neuroprotective effects of trigonelline in kainic acid-induced epilepsy: Behavioral, biochemical, and functional insights

Trigonelline, an alkaloid found in the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek), has been recognized for its potential in treating various diseases. Notably, trigonelline has demonstrated a neuroprotective impact by reducing intrasynaptosomal calcium levels, inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and regulating cytokines. Kainic acid, an agonist of kainic acid receptors, is utilized for inducing temporal lobe epilepsy and is a common choice for establishing kainic acid-induced status epilepticus, a widely used epileptic model. The neuroprotective effect of trigonelline in the context of kainic acid-induced epilepsy remains unexplored. This study aimed to induce epilepsy by administering kainic acid (10 mg/kg, single subcutaneous dose) and subsequently evaluate the potential anti-epileptic effect of trigonelline (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal administration for 14 days). Ethosuccimide (ETX) (187.5 mg/kg) served as the standard drug for comparison. The anti-epileptic effect of trigonelline over a 14-day administration period was examined. Behavioral assessments, such as the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test, Open Field Test (OFT), and Plus Maze tests, were conducted 2 h after kainic acid administration to investigate spatial and non-spatial acquisition abilities in rats. Additionally, biochemical analysis encompassing intrasynaptosomal calcium levels, LDH activity, serotonin levels, oxidative indicators, and inflammatory cytokines associated with inflammation were evaluated. Trigonelline exhibited significant behavioral improvements by reducing anxiety in open field and plus maze tests, along with an amelioration of memory impairment. Notably, trigonelline substantially lowered intrasynaptosomal calcium levels and LDH activity, indicating its neuroprotective effect by mitigating cytotoxicity and neuronal injury within the hippocampus tissue. Moreover, trigonelline demonstrated a remarkable reduction in inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators. In summary, this study underscores the potential of trigonelline as an anti-epileptic agent in the context of kainic acid-induced epilepsy. The compound exhibited beneficial effects on behavior, neuroprotection, and inflammation, shedding light on its therapeutic promise for epilepsy management.

Metabolomics Analysis and Biochemical Profiling of Arsenic-Induced Metabolic Impairment and Disease Susceptibility.

Our study aimed to conduct a comprehensive biochemical profiling and metabolomics analysis to investigate the effects of arsenic-induced metabolic disorders, with a specific focus on disruptions in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, we sought to assess the therapeutic potential of resveratrol (RSV) as a remedy for arsenic-induced diabetes, using metformin (MF) as a standard drug for comparison. We measured the total arsenic content in mouse serum by employing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after administering a 50-ppm solution of sodium arsenate (50 mg/L) in purified water. Our findings revealed a substantial increase in total arsenic content in the exposed group, with a mean value of 166.80 ± 8.52 ppb (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we investigated the impact of arsenic exposure on various biomarkers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Arsenic exposed mice exhibited significant hyperglycemia (p < 0.001) and elevated levels of homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), hemoglobin A1c (Hb1Ac), Inflammatory biomarkers as well as liver and kidney function biomarkers (p < 0.05). Additionally, the levels of crucial enzymes linked to carbohydrate metabolism, including α-glucosidase, hexokinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PS), and oxidative stress biomarkers, such as levels of glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were significantly reduced in the arsenic-exposed group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, the level of MDA was significantly increased. Molecular analysis of gene expression indicated significant upregulation of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, such as carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-I (CPT-I), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-II (CPT-II), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and others. Additionally, alterations in gene expression related to glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), and glucokinase (GK), associated with carbohydrate metabolism, were observed. Amino acid analysis revealed significant decreases in nine amino acids in arsenic-exposed mice. Metabolomics analysis identified disruptions in lipid metabolomes, amino acids, and arsenic metabolites, highlighting their involvement in essential metabolic pathways. Histopathological observations revealed significant changes in liver architecture, hepatocyte degeneration, and increased Kupffer cells in the livers of arsenic-exposed mice. In conclusion, these findings enhance our comprehension of the impact of environmental toxins on metabolic health and offer potential avenues for remedies against such disruptions.

Assessment of Coccinia Indica root extract for antiulcer activity in experimental animals

The objective is to evaluate the anti–ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of root of Coccinia grandis (Linn.), Anti-ulcer activity of the three extract was studied in rats by using pylorus ligated ulcer model and it was subjected to preliminary phytochemical studies for the identification of phytoconstituents and also studied for color, consistency and percentage yield of various extracts. Ranitidine was used as the standard drug for comparison. The animals were sacrificed after 06 hrs after the ligation. Stomach was dissected out and contents were drained into tubes and were centrifuged and volume was noted. The PH of gastric juice was recorded using a PH meter. The contents were subjected for analysis of free and total acidity and Na+, k+ ion concentration. The numbers of ulcers per stomach was noted and severity of ulcers scored. Then the blood samples were collected and subjected to estimation of serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase level. The expected result is to get an anti-ulcer activity of the leaf extracts of Coccinia grandis should owing to the presence of one or more phytoconstituents, which may reduce the acidity of the gastric juice and also prevents the mucosal damage and ulcer formation. The Ethanolic Extract 400mg/kg expected to showed comparable anti ulcer-activity as that of standard Ranitidine.

Evaluation of anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of methanol extract of Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis (Mazaceae) herb

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of the methanol extract of Mazus pumilus (Mazaceae) herb.&#x0D; Methods: Anti-nociceptive activity was determined using hot plate, tail flick and acetic acid-induced writing methods. Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (0.1 mL of 1 %) model was used for the assessment of anti-inflammatory activity. The methanol extract was administered orally at three different doses (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) to three separate groups in all the experiments. Diclofenac sodium (50 mg/kg) was used as standard drug while control group received DMSO (1 %, 10 mL/kg). The hepatocurative effect of methanol extract of M. pumilus (400 mg/kg) was determined in isoniazid (50 mg/kg) and rifampicin (100 mg/kg) induced liver injury. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was used as standard drug for comparison. The control group received distilled water (10 mL/kg). Preliminary phytochemical screening was also carried out.&#x0D; Results: The methanol extract of M. pumilus significantly (p &lt; 0.05) augmented latency time and reduced the number of writhes in the pain models at all doses used for the assessment of antinociceptive actions. The anti-inflammatory activity of different doses of extract was evaluated by measuring the reduction in the size of the paw. A significant (p &lt; 0.05) hepatocurative effect was observed when administered after anti-tuberculosis drugs. Histopathological analysis of the liver tissues also revealed restored hepatocellular architecture.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results demonstrate the anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of the methanol extract of M. pumilus, thus substantiating the ethnomedical claims associated with the herb.

Apigenin modulates hippocampal CREB-BDNF signaling in high fat, high fructose diet-fed rats

Abstract A high-calorie diet is associated with brain insulin resistance and neuronal dysfunction. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a role in neurogenesis, cognitive functions and synaptic plasticity. Insulin resistance significantly alters BDNF levels which makes neurons vulnerable to degeneration. Glucagon-like polypeptide (GLP)-1, an insulin secretagogue is shown to influence BDNF signaling through cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Apigenin (API), a naturally occurring flavone has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Although the neuroprotective effect of API has been shown in some studies, the effect of API on brain insulin resistance and on BDNF-CREB signaling still remains elusive. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of API on behavioral changes, insulin signaling and CREB-BDNF axis in hippocampus of high fat, high fructose diet (HFFD)-fed rats. The underlying mechanisms were elucidated using sitagliptin (STG), an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 as a standard drug for comparison. Our results show that API has significant inhibitory potential against DPP-4 comparable to STG. Administration of API significantly improved GLP-1 levels, cognitive function, insulin signaling and influenced the CREB-BDNF axis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that the binding of CREB protein to the promoter IV of the BDNF gene is increased in API treated animals. Our findings suggest that API could modulate brain insulin signaling during calorie excess by upregulating BDNF signaling through its ability to enhance GLP-1.

Antipyretic effect of a polyherbal ayurvedic formulation: A randomized controlled clinical study

The ancient ayurvedic text Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya of Vāgbhaṭa (7th Century A.D.) prescribes a specific formulation of four plants having antipyretic properties with minimal side-effects. This polyherbal ayurvedic formulation contains whole plant of Solanum surratense, rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, stem of Tinospora cordifolia and fruits with bracts of Piper longum, exhibited significant antipyretic-analgesic properties during rodent experiments without any toxicity may be due to flavonoidic phenolic compounds in it. Present randomized controlled clinical study in sixty eight patients was conducted with this polyherbal ayurvedic formulation using aspirin as standard drug for comparison. The primary outcome measured was reduction in body temperature, while the secondary outcomes measured were assessment of associated symptoms of fever and routine haematological parameters. A representative sample of patients was also studied for reduction in the level of prostaglandin (PGE2). The clinical study showed that fever was rapidly and substantially reduced after oral administration of the test drug and this antipyretic effect was significant (p&lt;0.01) when compared to placebo and more sustained in comparison to aspirin. Many associated symptoms of fever also exhibited significant reductions with this test drug. Prostaglandin levels also registered a substantial decrease during treatment with this polyherbal ayurvedic formulation.

Antioxidant Properties and Dose-Dependent Effects of Monkey Fruits (Artocarpus lakoocha) against Paracetamol-Induced Hepato-Renal Toxicity in Rats

In this study, the antioxidant potentials and protective effect of ethanolic extract of monkey fruits (Artocarpus lakoocha) (AL) was investigated against paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats. AL which contains high concentration of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins and protein, exhibited high radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Administration of paracetamol (500 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days caused severe oxidative stress in liver and kidney, as observed by the significantly higher level of Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) and the associated biochemical markers compared to control rats. Pre-treatment with AL at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg prior to paracetamol administration for 30 days significantly improved hepatic and renal parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was administered as a standard drug for comparison over a similar treatment period. Moreover, AL exhibited the highest protective effect when administered at the highest dose, by lowering serum levels of alanine transaminase (28.25%), aspartate transaminase (29.0%), alkaline phosphatase (27.87%), lactate dehydrogenase (7.51%), γ-glutamyltransferase (31.0%), total bilirubin (69.38%), cholesterol (14.80%), triglycerides (27.52%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (76.12%), creatinine (36.84%), urea (41.08%) and uric acid (34.88%), In addition, significantly increased total protein (50.0%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (55.79%) with administration of AL was seen when compared with paracetamol-controlled group. Decreased LPO levels in the liver (45.55%) and kidneys (32.0%) confirmed the hepatorenal protective effects of AL, as further confirmed by the histopathological findings. Overall, AL fruit is an excellent source of natural antioxidants and possess hepatorenal protective activity against paracetamol-induced liver and kidney injuries.

Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Activity of Lawsonia inermis Linn. in Rats

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential antiurolithiatic effects of Lawsonia Inermis Linn. in rat models. Animals were divided into seven groups and urolithiasis was induced by ethylene glycol (0.75% v/v) in drinking water to all groups (Groups II-VII) except normal control (Group I) for 28 days. Methanolic extracts of Lawsonia inermis (MELI) bark (300 &amp; 500 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered once daily, from 15th day to 28th day as curative regimen and from 1st day to 28th day as preventive regimen. Cystone (750 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard drug for comparison. After 28 days, various biochemical parameters like urine volume, pH were measured. Calcium, phosphate and oxalate were measured in urine and kidney homogenate. Serum creatinine, uric acid and urea nitrogen were estimated. Histopathology of kidney was investigated. Treatment with the MELI extract significantly (p&lt;0.05) restored all elevated parameters including calcium, phosphate and oxalate in urine and kidney homogenate; creatinine, uric acid and urea nitrogen in serum when compared to model control group. The histopathological study of the kidney also supported the above results. It was concluded that methanolic extract of bark of Lawsonia inermis Linn. has significant antiurolithiatic effect in experimental rats. &#x0D;

Anti-inflammatory effect of apigenin and hydroalcoholic extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.

Colitis is an inflammatory disease of the intestine with unknown etiology involving multiple immune, genetic, and environmental factors. We were interested to examine the effect of total extract from Dracocephalum kotschyi (D. kotschyi) Boiss. on the experimental colitis. D. kotschyi hydroalcoholic extract (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) or apigenin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) were administered orally 2 h prior to induction of colitis which was induced by intrarectal administration of acetic acid (4%) in rats. Prednisolone (4 m/kg) was used as the standard drug for comparison. Biochemical evaluation of inflamed colon was performed by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. After 5 days treatment, mucosal ulceration was evaluated. Intrarectal instillation of acetic acid caused significant inflammatory reactions as indicated by macroscopic and microscopic changes. The activity of MPO increased in vehicle treated groups while recovered to normal level by pretreatment of animals with D. kotschyi extract, apigenin, or prednisolone. D. kotschyi and apigenin-treated groups showed significantly lower score values of macroscopic and microscopic characters when compared with the vehicle-treated negative control group. The beneficial effect of apigenin was comparable with that of prednisolone. This research has shown the anti-inflammatory potential of D. kotschyi extract and apigenin in experimentally induced colitis.

Studies on anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in experimental animal models.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, constant use of NSAID may lead to some side effects like gastrointestinal ulcers, bleeding and renal disorders. This study evaluates analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in female Wistar rats. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard drug for comparison. L. rhamnosus, drugs and vehicle were administered orally. Acetic acid-induced writhing test and carrageenan-induced paw edema model were used for evaluation. Paw edema and number of writhes were measured subsequently. Pro-inflammatory (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-17) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines were estimated in serum after 24 h. Results showed that L. rhamnosus significantly decreased the paw thickness at t=24 h by 28.66 % while drug decreased by 19.33 %. Also, L. rhamnosus treatment and standard drug showed a protection of 66.66 % and 41.66 %, respectively. L. rhamnosus and diclofenac sodium treatment significantly down-regulated pro-inflammatory and up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines at p<0.0001. Overall, protection provided by L. rhamnosus was more pronounced in comparison to diclofenac sodium. The present study clearly suggests that L. rhamnosus suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema after second phase and decreased the acetic acid-induced writhings. It ameliorated the inflammatory pathways by down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, additional clinical investigations are needed to prove the efficacy of L. rhamnosus in treatment/management of inflammatory joint diseases.

Experimental Evaluation of Antidepressant activity of Aqueous and Methanolic Leaf and Shoot Extracts of Ageratum conyzoides Linn in Mice

Objective : To investigate Antidepressant activity of aqueous and methanolic leaf and shoot extracts of Ageratum conyzoides plant in mice. Methods : The Antidepressant activity of aqueous and methanolic leaf and shoot extracts of Ageratum conyzoides plant were tested by Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) in albino mice and the results were compared for the both extracts. Imipramine was used as the standard drug for comparison. Results : Phytochemical screening showed presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, cardiac glycosides. AEAC (Aqueous Extract of Ageratum conyzoides ) and MEAC (Methanolic Extract of Ageratum conyzoides ) did not produce any lethal effect even upto 2000mg/kg, p.o during Acute Oral Toxicity study. In FST (Forced swim test) and TST (Tail Suspension test), AEAC (Aqueous Extract of Ageratum conyzoides ) showed diminution of duration of immobility time in 200mg/kg but not in 100mg/kg. Conclusion : From the above investigations, concluding that, shortening of immobility time in the FST and TST indicating, AEAC showed more antidepressant activity acting either by the enhancement of central 5-HT or catecholamine neurotransmission compared to MEAC (Methanolic Extract of Ageratum conyzoides ) in mice.

Hepatoprotective activity of Somanathi Tamra Bhasma in paracetamol induced liver toxicity in albino- rats

To Investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Somanathi Tamra Bhasma against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. The hepatoprotective activity of Somanathi Tamra Bhasma was tested against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The degree of protection was determined by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes like serum glutamate oxaloacetate transminase (SGOT), Serum glutamate pyruvate transminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphate (ALP) etc., and histopasthological studies. Silymarin was used as standard drug for comparison. Administrationof Somanathi Tamra Bhasma (67.5 mg/1kg. Bd. Wt.) markedly prevented paracetamol induced elevation of levels of SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphate etc,. The results are comparable to that ofsilymarin. A comparative histopathological study of liver exhibited almost normal architecture as compared to control group. Treatment with Somanathi Tamra Bhasma significantly reduced the paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. A comparative histological study of liver from different groups further confirmed the hepatoprotective activity of Somanathi Tamra Bhasma.

Confertin and scopoletin from leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities

Hypochaeris radicata is being prescribed by the local healers and Thoda tribals of Nilgiris, the Western Ghats, India for the treatment of inflammation and various other ailments. This study was designed to explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of crude extracts, and the two isolated compounds, confertin and scopoletin from methanolic leaf and root extracts respectively in order to confirm the folkloric claim. Their effects were studied using carrageenan induced acute inflammation in rats. Indomethacin was used as the standard drug for comparison. Cytokine assay to measure the levels of proinflammatory mediators, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum was made. Histopathological and in vivo antioxidant studies were carried out using standard procedures. Therapeutic potential of the isolated compounds was further studied using PASS software. In acute inflammation, the isolated compounds showed more potent activity by inhibiting the paw oedema than the respective crude extracts. Furthermore, the compounds, confertin and scopoletin (10mg/kg b.w.) suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and enhanced more prominent antioxidant activity, which was supported by histopathological observations. The obtained results, therefore, suggest that the compounds, confertin and scopoletin are prominent constituents of this species and they may be used as a remedy for inflammatory disorders.

Antioxidant activity of paracalyx scariosa (roxb.) Ali against ethanol induced oxidative stress in BRL 3a cell lines

Background and Objectives: Paracalyx scariosa (Roxb.) Ali. is a woody twiners belongs to the family Fabaceae. The review has been reported the presence of flavonoids like quercetin, rutin and kaempferol etc and the aerial parts are having free radical scavenging, hepatoprotective activity. There are scientific proofs available regarding the antioxidant effect of these flavonoids. However, no scientific record is available for the antioxidant activity of Paracalyx scariosa (Roxb.) Ali. Hence the present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of Paracalyx scariosa (Roxb.) Ali against ethanol induced oxidative stress. Methodology: Antioxidant effect of aerial parts extracts (methanol, benzene and acetone) and fractions (ethyl acetate, aqueous) of methanol was tested against ethanol induced oxidative stress in BRL 3A cell lines. The antioxidant effect was determined by measuring the biochemical parameters SOD, CAT and GSH. Silymarin was used as the standard drug for comparison. Results: The extracts and fractions significantly reduced the ethanol induced oxidative stress by restoring the oxidative balance and elevating the reduced GSH levels. The results were analyzed by oneway ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test Conclusion: The present study suggests that the extracts (methanol, benzene and acetone) and fractions (ethyl acetate, aqueous) of Paracalyx scariosa (Roxb.) Ali. Possess significant antioxidant activity which was found to be dose dependent in BRL 3A cell lines.

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PARACALYX SCARIOSA (ROXB.) ALI AGAINST ETHANOL INDUCED HEPATIC TOXICITY IN BRL 3A CELL LINES

Paracalyx scariosa (Roxb.) Ali. is a woody twiners belongs to the family Fabaceae. The use of plant has been mentioned in folk medicine to treat liver disorders. The review has been reported the presence of flavonoids like quercetin, rutin and kaempferol etc. There are scientific proofs available regarding the hepatoprotective effect of these flavonoids. However, no scientific record is available for the hepatoprotective activity of Paracalyx scariosa (Roxb.) Ali. Hence the present study was designed to evaluate the protective activity of Paracalyx scariosa (Roxb.) Ali against ethanol induced toxicity. Protective effect of extracts (methanol, benzene and acetone) and fractions (ethyl acetate, aqueous) of methanol was tested against ethanol induced toxicity in BRL 3A cell lines. The degree of hepatoprotection was determined by measuring cell viability, cytotoxicity marker LDH and hepatic marker enzymes AST, ALT and ALP. Silymarin was used as the standard drug for comparison. The extracts and fractions significantly reduced the ethanol induced cytotoxicity and elevated the reduced levels of LDH, AST, ALT, and ALP after treatment. The results were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. The present study suggests that the extracts (methanol, benzene and acetone) and fractions (ethyl acetate, aqueous) of Paracalyx scariosa (Roxb.) Ali. possess significant hepatoprotective activity which was found to be dose dependent in BRL 3A cell lines.

Comparison of two isothermal amplification methods: Thermophilic helicase dependent amplification (tHDA) and loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of Plasmodium falciparum

Background: Inflammation is the cells and body tissues response against an injury. Injury can be caused due to any reasons like infections, chemicals and thermal and mechanical. Though, inflammation is body’s own defense mechanism but sometimes these complex events and mediators involved in the inflammatory response can stimulate or intensify many reactions which lead to damage to body’s tissues. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s) are mostly used for the treatment of inflammation and other related diseases.However, constant use of NSAID may lead to gastro-intestinal ulcers, bleedingand renal disorders. Immunomodulatory and anti-arthritic activity of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus are well known. Therefore present investigations were carried out to evaluate analgesic and antiinflammatory activity L. rahmnosus in female wistar rats. Methods &Materials: Diclofenac sodiumwas used as standard drug for comparison. L. rahmnosus, drugs andvehiclewere administered orally with feeding cannula. Analgesic activity was evaluated byacetic acid-inducedwrithing testwhile anti-inflammatory activity was tested by using carrageenan induced paw edema model. Results: Results showed that L. rahmnosus significantly decreased the paw thickness at t = 24hours in female wistar rats at P <0.05. Also, it protected the females rats from writhing induced by acetic acid. Protection provided by L. rahmnosus was more pronounced in comparison to standard drug diclofenac sodium. Conclusion: Present study clearly suggests that L. rahmnosus suppress the first phase of carrageenan induced paw edema and decreased the acetic acid induced writhings in wistar rats. Thus it can be used as a natural NSAID.

Evaluation of Lactobacillus rahmnosus for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties

Background: Inflammation is the cells and body tissues response against an injury. Injury can be caused due to any reasons like infections, chemicals and thermal and mechanical. Though, inflammation is body’s own defense mechanism but sometimes these complex events and mediators involved in the inflammatory response can stimulate or intensify many reactions which lead to damage to body’s tissues. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s) are mostly used for the treatment of inflammation and other related diseases.However, constant use of NSAID may lead to gastro-intestinal ulcers, bleedingand renal disorders. Immunomodulatory and anti-arthritic activity of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus are well known. Therefore present investigations were carried out to evaluate analgesic and antiinflammatory activity L. rahmnosus in female wistar rats. Methods &Materials: Diclofenac sodiumwas used as standard drug for comparison. L. rahmnosus, drugs andvehiclewere administered orally with feeding cannula. Analgesic activity was evaluated byacetic acid-inducedwrithing testwhile anti-inflammatory activity was tested by using carrageenan induced paw edema model. Results: Results showed that L. rahmnosus significantly decreased the paw thickness at t = 24hours in female wistar rats at P <0.05. Also, it protected the females rats from writhing induced by acetic acid. Protection provided by L. rahmnosus was more pronounced in comparison to standard drug diclofenac sodium. Conclusion: Present study clearly suggests that L. rahmnosus suppress the first phase of carrageenan induced paw edema and decreased the acetic acid induced writhings in wistar rats. Thus it can be used as a natural NSAID.