Stages Of Culture Research Articles

Enhancement of properties of a cell-laden GelMA hydrogel-based bioink via calcium phosphate phase transition

To improve the properties of the hydrogel-based bioinks, a calcium phosphate phase transition was applied, and the products were examined. We successfully enhanced the mechanical properties of the hydrogels by adding small amounts (< 0.5 wt%) of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) to photo-crosslinkable gelatin methacrylate (GelMA). As a result of the hydrolyzing calcium phosphate phase transition involving α-TCP, which proceeded for 36 h in the cell culture medium, calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite was produced. Approximately 18 times the compressive modulus was achieved for GelMA with 0.5 wt% α-TCP (20.96 kPa) compared with pure GelMA (1.18 kPa). Although cell proliferation decreased during the early stages of cultivation, both osteogenic differentiation and mineralization activities increased dramatically when the calcium phosphate phase transition was performed with 0.25 wt% α-TCP. The addition of α-TCP improved the printability and fidelity of GelMA, as well as the structural stability and compressive modulus (approximately six times higher) after three weeks of culturing. Therefore, we anticipate that the application of calcium phosphate phase transition to hydrogels may have the potential for hard tissue regeneration.

The Optimal Use of Modern Agricultural Methods by Vegetable Crop Farmers in Nineveh Province, Iraq

Current research aims to know the perfect use modern of agricultural methods by vegetables farmers in general in Nineveh governorate, as well as the perfect way to use modern agricultural methods by vegetable farmers in association with research variables, to know the correlation between the perfect use of modern agricultural methods by vegetable farmers and independent variables of research. Research happened in Nineveh Governorate, Rabeaa and Hmedate Distract as place of research with their (400) farmers a simple random sample representing (20%) was taken, so final sample was (80) farmers. Survey questionnaire was made to collect data. Data collecting tool comprised two parts (the first part) including personal information of researchees. The second comprised (25) items regarding vegetable crops and used agricultural methods during stages of cultivation. Results showed that farmers using modern agricultural methods in cultivating vegetables is moderate tends to be low and research variables (age, years of experience in cultivating vegetables plays role developing ideas of vegetable farmers in using modern methods.

Diversity, composition and ecological networks of bacterial communities in response to a full cultivation cycle of the seaweed, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis

Cultivation of the seaweed, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, supports environmental bioremediation and the aquaculture economy in coastal ecosystems, and microorganisms play important roles during the cultivation process. In this study, we aimed to understand the response of bacterial communities through a full cultivation cycle of G. lemaneiformis. We analyzed the bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and defined the environmental factors of 144 water samples from the Nan'ao Island, South China Sea. Community diversity, keystone species and ecological networks of bacterial communities shifted markedly in the cultivation zone largely due to changes in the environmental factors, seaweed biomass and cultivation stages. The bacterial communities at the seaweed zone have lower species richness, more seaweed-associated taxa and simpler but more stable co-occurrence networks compared to the control zone. Persistent microbial groups such as Aquimarina, Formosa, Glaciecola and Marinobacter exhibited a strong association with seaweed during the growth and maturity stages. We describe a conceptual model to summarize the changes in the bacterial community composition, its diversity and the ecological networks in seaweed cultivation zone. Overall, this study provides new perspectives on the dynamic interaction of seaweed cultivation, bacterial communities and environment factors and their potential ecosystem services as observed in the example of the G. lemaneiformis cultivation ecosystem.

Production of probiotic kvass beverages enriched with pine nut shell extract and propionic acid bacteria

The aim of this study was to develop a new functional product: a probiotic kvass beverage (PKB) based on curd whey with the addition of polyphenols from Pinus sibirica shell extract and propionic acid bacteria (PAB). The studies conducted have shown that replacing water with curd whey in the traditional technology for preparing kvass wort contributes to the active growth of yeast and the accumulation of alcohol. Therefore, it has been established that the separate cultivation of yeast and PAB is optimal. The optimal parameters for producing a product with the best consumer properties were determined: the dose of yeast starter, the amount of PAB concentrates, the quantity of pine shell extract, and the duration of the cultivation stages. Fermentation of whey-based fermented kvass wort with a concentrate of PAB and pine shell extract enriches it with propionic, acetic, and free amino acids (FAA) and B vitamins. Also, it improves the consumer properties of beverages and the quality and functional properties of the finished product. Tannins give the product a brown color and a pleasant tart taste. The high antioxidant activity of tannins contributes to preserving the quality of beverages during long-term storage. Pronounced antagonistic and antimutagenic activities of the resulting drink were established due to the combined action of yeast, PAB, and pine shell extract. Based on the research, a technology for producing a PKB was developed.

Enhancing microbial fuel cell performance for sustainable treatment of palm oil mill wastewater using carbon cloth anode coated with activated carbon

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a viable source of clean and renewable energy from wastewater and gaining attention on a global scale. Thus, this research work focuses on the energy production from high-strength palm oil mill wastewater using MFCs. A state-of-the-art technique for improving the performance of MFCs by covering a carbon fibre anode with various sized powdered activated carbon (PAC) particles was investigated. In addition, the MFCs were tested at various hydraulic retention times (HRT) to assess the performance displayed by modified MFCs. Results showed that a relatively smaller amount of PAC with a diameter of 13 μm coated at the anode during the cultivation stage at a shorter hydraulic retention time (4 days) would produce 504.1 ± 8.7 mW m−3 of power, 39.9 ± 2.9% of chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency, and 299 ± 63 mL of biogas. While, MFC running at a longer hydraulic retention time (12 days) was able to produce more power and had better effluent quality than those operating at a shorter hydraulic retention period.

Sugarcane Row Gaps Assessment over Successive Burned and Unburned Annual Harvests

Mechanized harvesting operations promote a series of benefits to sugarcane production but are also a cultivation step responsible for developing a series of problems for the soil and the plants due to plant mechanical damage, resulting in a decline in production over successive cycles due to row gaps emergence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of burned and unburned harvesting systems on the occurrence of sugarcane row gaps over annual harvests. For this study, a burned and an unburned area were selected. The row gap number and length (sum of gaps, m) were measured after the sugarcane planting and plant-cane cultivation stages and after the first, second, and third sugarcane ratoon harvests. The results revealed that there was no difference in the number and length of row gaps between the burned and unburned harvesting systems. However, the row gap number and length considerably increased after the second harvest in both treatments (burned and unburned). The row gap number and length were close to 5 and 1–5 m at the planting and plant-cane cultivation stages and increased to around 60 and 70 m as the harvest progressed, respectively, in burned and unburned harvesting. Our results suggest that row gaps in sugarcane fields are independent of the burned or unburned sugarcane harvesting system but increase as the number of harvests increases.

Effect of Cultivation Stages of Hericium erinaceus on the Contents of Major Components and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

Effect of Cultivation Stages of Hericium erinaceus on the Contents of Major Components and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Alpukat terhadap Pemberian Pupuk Kandang Sapi dan NPK

Avocado is one of the most popular horticultural commodities because it has a delicious taste and high nutrition. In order to increase avocado production in Indonesia, nutrition management at each stage of cultivation is an aspect that needs attention. Appropriate fertilizer application needs to be started in the seedling phase to support plant growth to produce productive mature plants. Effective nutrition management can be done by integrating the application of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers. Therefore, a study was conducted on the growth response of avocado seedlings to the application of cow manure and NPK. This study aimed to determine the effect of cow manure and NPK and its interaction on the growth of avocado seedlings. The research was conducted from August to October 2022 in Dukuh Mencek Village, Sukorambi, Jember, East Java. This study used a factorial randomized block design consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was the dose of cow manure which consisted of 4 levels, namely 0, 90, 181 and 272 g/plant. The second factor was the concentration of NPK which consisted of 3 levels, namely 7, 14 and 21 g/l. Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times so there were 36 experimental units. Observation variables included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and number of shoots. Observational data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The application of cow manure and NPK had no significant effect on all observation variables

Impact of agricultural activity on PM2.5 and its compositions in elementary schools near corn and rice farms

Agricultural activity is an important source of particulate matter <2.5 μm in size (PM2.5) in rural areas. In Taiwan, many elementary schools are surrounded by farms, and studies investigating the impact of agricultural activity on air quality in schools are required. We collected PM2.5 samples from the classrooms of elementary schools near corn and rice farms during the crop cultivation stages and analyzed their concentrations and compositions to investigate whether agricultural activity affects the schools' air quality. We found that the average ratio of PM2.5/PM10 (<10 μm in particle size) was <0.6 in the school near the corn farm, and that the indoor PM2.5/PM10 ratio was significantly associated (r = 0.93, p < 0.05) with the outdoor ratio. Moreover, the potassium (K) concentration in the school near the corn farm (189.2 ± 119 ng/m3) was higher than that near the rice farm (140.9 ± 116.0 ng/m3). There were higher concentrations of K and crustal elements, and a greater crustal elements/heavy metals ratio, in the school near the corn farm during the sowing and soil covering stages than during other cultivation stages. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) results indicate that agricultural activity was a predominant contributor of PM2.5 in the schools near corn and rice farms, however, PM2.5 from industrial and traffic emissions also affected schools' air quality. In summary, agricultural activity influenced the air quality of schools, especially near the corn farm. Governments should develop air quality management policies to reduce the risk of children suffering exposure to high particle concentrations in these schools and further suggest that the impact of industrial and traffic emissions on air quality also requires attention.

From egg to slaughter: monitoring the welfare of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, throughout their entire life cycle in aquaculture.

The primary aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) throughout their entire life cycle within aquaculture, spanning from reproduction to slaughter. The methodology was structured to identify welfare indicators closely aligned with the principles of animal freedoms defined by the Farm Animal Council, encompassing environmental, health, nutritional, behavioral, and psychological freedom. Notably, psychological freedom was inherently considered within the behavioral and physical analyses of the animals. To accomplish this, an integrative systematic literature review was conducted to define precise indicators and their corresponding reference values for each stage of tilapia cultivation. These reference values were subsequently categorized using a scoring system that assessed the deviation of each indicator from established ideal (score 1), tolerable (score 2), and critical (score 3) ranges for the welfare of the target species. Subsequently, a laboratory experiment was executed to validate the pre-selected health indicators, specifically tailored for the early life stages of tilapia. This test facilitated an assessment of the applicability of these indicators under operational conditions. Building on the insights gained from this experimentation, partial welfare indices (PWIs) were computed for each assessed freedom, culminating in the derivation of a general welfare index (GWI). Mathematical equations were employed to calculate these indices, offering a quantitative and standardized measure of welfare. This approach equips tilapia farmers and processors with the tools necessary for the continuous monitoring and enhancement of their production systems and stimulate the adoption of more sustainable and ethical practices within the tilapia farming.

Settling velocity of algal-bacterial granular sludge studied in the sequence batch reactor

Granule settling velocity is critical to biosolids-liquid separation. The settling velocity of algal-bacterial granules versus the diameter of granules was examined as a function of granule diameter in the sequence batch reactor in eleven days of cultivation. Despite granules having an apparently compact and rounded shape and considerable scatter of the data, the results never showed granules are homogeneously dense packed structures in the range of 10 μm to 1.0 mm in diameter. The settling velocity increases with granule size. The estimated fractal dimension was always less than two. The result was interpreted as forming heterogeneous compact layered structures in the shell from the early stage of cultivation rather than rearrangement from a bulk floc into a dense structure. Additional analysis for the cultivation of 150 days confirmed the considerable growth of size and fluffy hair. However, the settleability of small fragments remained relatively the same as heterogeneous compact structures.

Impact of Pesticides on Diversity and Abundance of Predatory Arthropods in Rice Ecosystem

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important cereal crops with a diverse set of pests and natural enemies. Rice fields often support a high diversity of arthropods which contribute significantly to productivity. This diversity is frequently threatened due to indiscriminate applications of pesticides. Our aim was to emphasize on the predator diversity in agrochemical exposed rice field as well as on the impact of surrounding vegetation on beneficial insect diversity. Natural enemies’ data were recorded from randomly selected 10 quadrates by visual observation from each treatment. A total of 5,590 individuals of predators were observed during the study period which included 27 species belonging to 16 families from five orders of arthropods during the kharif season of rice. Statistically, there were no significant differences between the population of general natural enemies such as Odonata, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Araneae in plots with insecticide and control during the different growth stages of rice cultivation. Diversity indices were almost similar in fields where pesticide was sprayed and not sprayed. Our study concluded that natural enemies are conserved by ensuring crop heterogeneity, growing insect-friendly plants (with high levels of nectar and pollen) as border crops, and judicious application of granule insecticide like cartap hydrochloride in a rice agro-ecosystem.

Comparative assessment of Chinese mitten crab aquaculture in China: Spatiotemporal changes and trade-offs

The increasing human demand for high-quality animal protein has provided impetus for the development of aquaculture. Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is a catadromous species rapidly being cultured in China but scientific literature documenting its life cycle environmental and economic consequences remains scarce. This study aims to address this gap by examining the spatio-temporal evolution of crab aquaculture in China since the 2000s and evaluating the environmental and economic characteristics along its life-cycle stages: megalopa, juvenile crab, and adult crab cultivation. The geostatistical analysis shows a more dispersed pattern of crab aquaculture nationally as crab grows, with coastal provinces that have brackish water for megalopa cultivation but wider spatial coverage for juvenile and adult crab cultivation. Our findings reveal that the production of 1 ton of live-weight crab results in 7.65 ton of CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gas emissions, surpassing previous estimates for finfish fish production by approximately 50%. Most environmental pressures occur during the adult crab cultivation stage, with significant contributions from upstream processes such as electricity and feed production. By comparing between different production systems, our study shows that crab aquaculture in lake systems performs better than pond systems in terms of most global environmental impact categories and economic considerations. This work contributes to the existing literature by elucidating the spatio-temporal changes of crab aquaculture boom in China and constructing a representative life cycle data pool that broadens the benchmark knowledge on its environmental and economic characteristics. We highlight the trade-offs between environmental and economic performance as well as the balance between global and local environmental impacts to promote sustainable growth in the aquaculture industry.

ИММУНОФЕНОТИП МЕЗЕНХИМАЛЬНЫХ СТВОЛОВЫХ КЛЕТОК ЖИРОВОЙ ТКАНИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С СЕРДЕЧНО СОСУДИСТЫМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ

Introduction. Due to a set of unique properties, for example, the ability to differentiate into different types of connective tissue cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attracting more and more attention from researchers. In 2001, stem cells were found in the stromal-vascular fraction of adipose tissue, which, unlike bone marrow MSCs, show a higher tissue density, grow faster, and are available in large numbers when collected from a small amount of adipose tissue. Currently, a large number of studies are devoted to the study of the morphology and immunophenotype of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue stem cells (ASSCs) due to the possibility of easy cell production. Experimental work aimed at studying MSCs of cardiac localization is currently insufficient. Objective: to evaluate the immunophenotype of adipose tissue stromal cells isolated from epicardial and perivascular fat depots in patients with coronary heart disease and acquired heart defects. Materials and methods. The study included 5 patients with ischemic heart disease and 5 with acquired heart disease. The average age is 64.5±2.5 years. All patients had indications for open heart intervention - direct myocardial revascularization by coronary bypass grafting (CABG) or heart valve surgery. SCZhT from subcutaneous, epicardial and perivascular VT biopsies (3-5 years) obtained from patients during surgery (CABG or correction of heart defects) and isolated according to the method of Zeng G. [Zeng G. et al., 2013] . When cells grew to 80–90% confluence, they were digested with 0.25% trypsin and subjected to continuous cell growth and proliferation for subsequent experimental analyses. Flow cytometry analysis was performed on passage 2 cells. Results: The obtained results showed that the MSC culture of the 2nd passage was characterized by increased expression of CD73, CD90, CD105 antigens. Approximately 90% of passage 2 cells derived from epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) from a patient with coronary heart disease (CHD) expressed classical MSC markers (CD73, CD90, CD105). In EAT cell culture in a patient with acquired heart disease (ACD), we observed a lower level of co-expression of the main markers of stem cells, in contrast to a patient with CHD (CD90 and CD105 about 61% of cells, and CD90 and CD73 - 58.72%) . The percentage of the studied stem markers on cells isolated from PVAT in a patient with heart disease did not differ significantly from the level of expression of these markers in a patient with coronary artery disease. The level of CD34 expression varied depending on the localization of VT and the disease: thus, in patients with coronary artery disease, the level of CD34 did not exceed 3.5% in both epicardial and perivascular VT. At the same time, a higher percentage of CD34 (32.32%) was found in the epicardial adipose tissue of a patient with PPS. It should be noted that in addition to the main population, both in the EAT culture and in the PVAT, there were 2 minor ones: 1 - CD 90- CD 105+ CD 34-/+ CD 73+ - presumably endothelial population, 2 - CD 90+ CD 105- CD 34- CD 73- - the smallest population. Conclusion: In the early stages of cultivation, cells of the stromal-vascular fraction isolated from epicardial and perivascular adipose tissue express surface markers characteristic of adipose tissue stem cells.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СПОСОБНОСТИ ГИБРИДОВ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ РАЗНОХРОМОСОМНЫХ СКРЕЩИВАНИЙ МИКРОРАЗМНОЖЕНИЮ IN VITRO

The regenerative potential of primary meristems is most fully realized in clonal micropropagation. This is especially important for propagation of valuable hybrid genotypes. The development of the main stages of in vitro propagation is the first and obligatory condition for the industrial application of any biotechnologies related to whole plant regeneration. For the study and multiplication of apple hybrids obtained as a result of multichromosomal crosses, it is necessary to develop a highly efficient technology of microclonal propagation with optimization of conditions at all stages of cultivation.

Analysis of energy used on shallot farming in Food Estate, Hutajulu, North Sumatra

Food Estates is a government program proposed to meet the growing population’s food needs. Data from the field show the use of diesel fuel, electricity and chemicals in applying pesticides, fertilizers and fungicides that negatively impact the environment and require strategies to improve energy efficiency. This study analyzed the energy used for shallot farming of 0.2 ha. Shallot cultivation involves the following stages: 1) ploughing with a tractor along with a trailer. 2) planting and maintenance, 3) harvesting, and 4) transportation. Each stage of shallot cultivation uses input from natural resources or energy. The result shows that the highest energy was for manure application (23,116.41 MJ/ha), while the lowest was electricity energy.

EHFT: An Ensembled Hyperopt Fine-Tuned Neural Network for Disease Detection in Tomato Plants

The identification of unhealthy plants in the crops at the early stage of cultivation helps for good farming. Unhealthy parts can be recognized using shape, color and texture, which are processed using feature extraction techniques. The feature extraction system stores the images in the matrix pixel format, which requires 3 channels for processing the images. Traditional neural networks utilize backpropagation techniques to adjust the random weights, which requires many resources while extracting a more significant number of features from a huge amount of data. These mechanisms also require more trainable parameters during the transformation of data from one layer to another. The proposed model implements the pre-trained model "RESNET152" (Residual Network), which is efficient for feature extraction and designs the last layer of the network as a "Tuned X-Gradient Boosting" ensemble algorithm for performing the binary classification of tomato leaves. RESNET can reduce computational resources because it implements residual blocks which fasten the learning rate by skipping a few connections in the network. The fine-tuned ensemble model helps the model identify the best parameters quickly. The learnable parameters are the essential elements of any ML model because they can easily identify the patterns associated with the different features. In the proposed model for feature extraction, pattern matching is the crucial step. Therefore, it is very necessary to tune the XGBOOST algorithm. Compared to the traditional approaches, the proposed model enhanced the accuracy performance in training and testing with 98.58% and 95.56%, correspondingly

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on early growth, root colonization, and chlorophyll content of North Maluku nutmeg cultivars

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the agronomic traits of nutmeg transplanting by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation. The low-fertility soil of Sofifi North Maluku was subjected to a slow early growth stage of nutmeg cultivars. A completely randomized design was used in the experiment. The first factor was three different AMF doses: 0, 4, and 8 g seedlings−1. The second factor consisted of three cultivars: “Ternate 1,” “Tobelo 1,” and “Makian.” Root colonization and agronomic traits were measured 28 weeks after inoculation and transplantation. Results showed that AMF inoculation increased the AM colonization by 2.5–39.0%, significantly increased the leaf area (LA) (p &lt; 0.01) in all cultivars, and interacted with cultivars to increase chlorophyll a (Chl a) (p &lt; 0.05), chlorophyll b (Chl b) (p &lt; 0.01), and total Chl (p &lt; 0.01). Cultivars “Makian” showed the highest Chl (188.4%) at 8 g seedling−1 doses of AMF that were significantly (p &lt; 0.01) different from the cultivar “Tobelo 1” at the same dose. The largest mycorrhizal response was found in the cultivar “Ternate 1” (biomass increase of 30–37.0%). The cultivar “Ternate 1” produced the largest LA (36.7–106.9%) and shoot dry weight (27.8–45.8%) that were significantly (p &lt; 0.01) different from the other cultivars. The percentage of AM colonization was strongly determined (R 2 = 0.88) by Chl a, Chl b, and K content in leaves. This technology is a breakthrough to increase LA and plant biomass in the early growth stage of nutmeg cultivation.

Academic Exploration and Advanced Thinking: An Ethnography in the Academic Growth of Sports Doctoral Students

Background Doctoral students are quasi research-oriented scholars who should have a clear understanding of the entire process of scientific research and possess high-level academic achievements during their graduate studies. However, in reality, doctoral students still face many academic confusions, the academic community rarely pays attention to their academic thinking development process from a thematic perspective, and there is a lack of research on the impact of academic exploration on thinking development. Methods Only by exploring the academic thinking training of sports doctoral students from the thematic perspective of anthropological case ethnography can we reveal the essence of academic inquiry of doctoral students and the impact of academic inquiry on the advancement of thinking. Results Research suggests that the academic exploration of sports doctoral students is a complex process of thinking advancement. From the initial stage of cultivation to independent academic exploration, there will be multiple stages such as confusion, starting, transformation, and deepening of thinking; the cultivation of academic thinking exhibits different characteristics with different stages of academic exploration. Conclusion In the initial stage of cultivation, academic writing is the focus, and academic exploration is equated with academic research; Gradually transitioning from academic writing to metacognition of academic thinking in the middle and later stages of training, focusing on the essence of academic research, crossing the limited thinking mode of academic writing, and nurturing professional issues; Throughout the entire training period, academic exploration and advanced academic thinking are not absolutely increasing, but gradually returning to the starting point of academic exploration and the ontological level of academic research, and ultimately forming the thinking ability to independently conduct academic research.

The Effects of L-Lysine-α-oxidase Enzyme and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai Culture Liquid on the Formation of Biofilms by Uropathogenic Multiresistant E. coli

In this study, the data of the antagonistic action of the enzyme L-lysine-α-oxidase in relation to clinical isolates of multiresistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients aged 2 to 17 years of various genders with an established diagnosis of infectious urethritis and/or cystitis are presented. According to the results obtained, the top priority drugs for the treatment of infectious urethritis and/or cystitis are FO (Fosfomycin, 200 µg/disc), IMP (Imipenem, 10 mg/disc), and CIP (Ciprofloxacin, 30 µg/disc). It was found that out of 70 clinical isolates, only 36 of them formed biofilms using the plate method, which is equal to 51.4% of the total number of isolates studied. Despite polyresistance, clinical isolates of E. coli have moderate sensitivity to both the homogeneous enzyme and the culture fluid of the producer. The introduction of an enzyme or culture liquid at an early stage of strain cultivation significantly inhibits the formation of biofilms (91–100%). When introduced at later stages of the experiment—24 h and 48 h—inhibition is less pronounced—20–36% and 5–22%, respectively.