Stable Labor Research Articles

State support for companies employing people with disabilities as a tool for labor market stabilization

The increasing number of people in risk groups within the labor market has led to growing state interventions. Social support policies regulate the labor market and integrate specific groups, such as people with disabilities, into the workforce. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary, these individuals are recognized as disabled and receive disability pensions. As of March 2022, people with disabilities constituted more than 13% of the Czech Republic's population (Czech Statistical Office, 2023). Governments are continuously adopting measures to eliminate discrimination and support a stable labor market, but addressing the needs of people with disabilities remains challenging with significant socioeconomic and political impacts (IZA, 2016). This study examines how corporations employing people with disabilities respond to increasing government interventions through employer incentives. The research aimed to validate the income equation proposed by Sedláková (2024) for enterprises employing workers with disabilities. Validation was conducted across all countries, despite differing social policies. The study worked with a sample of 14 251 to 14 312 data points from the period 2020 to 2022. Results confirm the income equation's applicability, with adjustments needed for specific firms and countries, such as corporate tax contributions and data management practices. The null hypothesis was rejected annually. The Czech social policy was found to be the most effective, with the lowest unemployment rate and lowest income component from employing workers with disabilities, significantly influencing the labor market with lower costs compared to other countries. Specific adjustments, like reimbursing costs for modifying workplaces, are noteworthy. In Slovakia, these costs can be covered by state funds. Despite the Czech Republic having the lowest average incomes for companies employing people with disabilities, its social policy tools are more effective than those of Slovakia and Hungary in encouraging the employment of this group, reflected in the lowest unemployment rates.

The Effects of Replacing Incarceration with Electronic Monitoring on Crime, Mortality, and Labor Market Exclusion

Abstract Objective In recent decades, electronic monitoring (EM) has increasingly come to be used as an alternative to incarceration. However, EM’s long-term effects on offenders remain unclear, especially with regard to non-recidivism-related outcomes and reincarceration risks. This study focuses on the long-term impact of EM on recidivism, mortality, and labor market exclusion. Method The study utilizes administrative data, and focuses on a Swedish EM reform as a natural experiment with a difference-in-difference approach. The reform enabled offenders sentenced to up to six months’ imprisonment to serve their sentences under EM instead of in prison. Results The findings show that introducing the possibility to transform a prison stay to EM at home reduced 10-year reconviction and reincarceration rates. They also show that the reform had long-lasting decreasing effect on the likelihood of not being in education, employment, or training (NEET). The reform had, however, no effect on all-cause mortality or death by suicide. Heterogeneity analyses show that the effects are primarily driven by individuals who had a more stable labor market attachment prior to being sentenced to prison, which suggests that EM helps offenders sustain regular employment and that it decreases the criminogenic impact of labor market detachment. Conclusion In addition to reducing the costs associated with recidivism and labor market exclusion, the reduced incarceration costs associated with transforming prison sentences to EM indicate that EM has the potential to produce net savings from a societal perspective.

Cities’ labor administrative penalties and labor income share of enterprises

The labor administrative penalties of a city are enforced by the city's labor security administrative department for any breaches of labor security laws, regulations, or norms. The severity of labor administrative penalties differs across cities; thus, this study aims to determine how a city's penalties affect the labor income share of enterprises. We conduct a practical investigation to examine the influence of labor administrative penalties imposed by cities on the internal income distribution structure of firms. This study utilizes theoretical analysis and data on labor administrative penalties in Chinese cities, as well as samples of A-share listed businesses in Shanghai and Shenzhen. From the perspective of the internal income distribution structure, we examine the labor income share of firms and discover that labor administrative penalties in cities significantly raise the labor income share of these enterprises. The share of labor income of enterprises registered in the city increases by 0.9707 % for each additional unit of cities' labor administrative penalties (i.e., for a one-time labor administrative penalty per 10,000 people). The conclusion remains valid even after excluding the endogeneity and robustness tests. Regional labor administrative penalties can enhance the internal management of enterprise quality by promoting transparency and deterring non-compliance. This, in turn, mitigates credit risk for enterprises by fostering stable labor relations. Enhancing the quality of internal control and mitigating credit risk can lead to an increase in the labor income share of firms. An analysis of heterogeneity shows that the impact of labor administrative penalties in cities on increasing the percentage of labor income varies. The impact is more pronounced for state-owned firms and enterprises with low levels of investment.

Global Perspectives on Fiscal Policy and Labor Income-Leisure Choices: Theoretical and Practical Insights

In macroeconomic literature, fiscal policy is considered a powerful tool to achieve sustainable development, full employment, and social well-being in developed and developing societies. For this, public authority uses expansionary and contractionary tax policies to achieve stable growth and employment environment for the stable labor market. This study theoretically and empirically investigates the problem of inference on income-leisure labor preference. Also, it considers the impact of tax and expenditure structure on labor choices regarding working hours under the assumption of neoclassical theory. We use quantile regression analysis to investigate the data set for worldwide, high, and low-income countries from 2000 to 2022, for the macro-level analysis based on the empirical investigation of 123 countries cross-section panel. The outcomes show that when the fiscal authorities impose a regressive form of taxes, it may hurt the labor wages and distribution of income-leisure preferences or the welfare of labor. Similarly, non-labor income hurts labor utility through a large volume of non-development expenditure. However, when the progressive form of taxes is imposed, it may improve the labor utility. At the same time, on the other side, when fiscal authority disburses the development expenditure, it may support the non-labor income through the provision of public goods and services. For practice, the empirical results of quantile regression show that government expenditure has a positive while tax hurts labor supply. Fiscal policy in low-income countries has provided an alternative outcome

Balancing flexibility and stability: The role of outsourced service stations in managing food‐delivery platform work in China

AbstractCurrent mainstream research on on‐demand labor platforms primarily focuses on the discussion of algorithmic technologies while overlooking the issue of how platforms achieve stable operations in a de‐employment context. Addressing this research gap, this study investigates the approaches employed by Chinese food‐delivery platforms to ensure stable labor supply. Utilizing qualitative data, the research reveals that Chinese food‐delivery platforms have established stability in labor supply by implementing the outsourced model, partnering with third‐party staffing agencies to establish service stations, and managing couriers offline. This approach helps to balance platform and courier needs, addressing the tension between work flexibility and income stability. This research provides a case study illuminating the interplay between technology and the labor market in labor relations. Additionally, it highlights the structural forces that workers form within the internal labor market, deepening our understanding of platform management and the complexities of labor relations.

Volunteering dynamics in leisure, tourism and hospitality: developing sustainable practices for well-being and social impact

ABSTRACT This article explores the multifaceted landscape of volunteering in leisure, tourism and hospitality (LTH) organisations, acknowledging its fundamental role in civil society, and serves as the inception point for an in-depth research project. Volunteerism is explored in diverse forms, ranging from serious leisure engagements to episodic commitments, focusing on its transformative nature and impact on human capital. The study emphasises the integral role of volunteering as a strategic element in addressing human capital challenges and maintaining equilibrium between paid and unpaid staff. Ethical considerations, the significance of emotional intelligence and the potential of volunteering as a stepping stone to employment are emphasised. Differences in volunteering trends across LTH sectors are examined, and the need for a healthy environment balancing paid and unpaid staff is accentuated. The article introduces an integrated approach to studying volunteerism, employing qualitative narrative inquiry to understand the nuanced interactions among volunteers, organisations and their environments. The study aims to provide practical advice for LTH organisations, fostering a stable labour market where voluntary work is recognised as vital.

Labor Supply Issues and Solutions in Potato Production Process: Case Study of Chongqing Region

This research delves into the prevalent labor shortage issue in potato production within the Chongqing region, analyzing its multifaceted impacts on the agricultural supply chain. Despite being a crucial crop in China, the southwestern terrain's complexity, an aging population, and labor scarcity pose challenges to large-scale potato cultivation mechanization. While some regions have introduced mechanization, the mechanization rate remains low. Labor shortages disrupt product and information flows, from planting to harvesting, resulting in reduced yields, diminished production efficiency, and compromised product quality. Proposed solutions involve optimizing cultivation practices, investing in machinery tailored for mountainous areas, streamlining processes, and establishing a stable labor force. However, challenges like high agricultural machinery costs and labor quality persist. The study concludes by urging further research covering technical innovations and supply chain analysis to provide specific solutions for potato production labor shortages, promoting agricultural modernization and sustainable development. In summary, this study offers valuable insights into labor challenges in potato production, facilitating future research and practical implementation.

Do natural disaster affect rural labor migration? Evidence from the Wenchuan earthquake in China

A stable labor supply is pivotal for the economic development of rural areas. However, the response of the rural workforce in developing countries to the natural disasters has received limited attention. This paper examines the causal relationship between severe earthquake shock and rural labor migration, utilizing a unique micro-panel dataset from Sichuan province in China. Using a difference-in-differences model, we find that the earthquake significantly increases rural labor migration, and this effect is primarily manifested in the medium to long term after the disaster. Rural laborers mainly migrated to work within the county, primarily in the construction and manufacturing sector. Furthermore, the majority of these migrating workers are male. Individuals from households with minimal agricultural ties and limited social networks are more vulnerable to the disaster. To mitigate the loss of rural labor due to natural disasters, we provide several recommendations at the end of the paper. These include enhancing the adaptive and coping capacities of farmers, offering them stable demand within the industrial chain, agricultural operational subsidies, and policy-based insurance, as well as promoting the development of cooperative economic organizations in villages.

Research on Human Resource Management Mode of Foreign-invested Enterprises under Diversified Employment Mode

In order to be invincible in the fierce market competition, enterprises must break the long-term and stable labor relations and adopt more flexible and flexible employment methods. With the diversification of employment methods, various employment methods appear constantly. In the process of modern enterprise system change and management innovation, diversified employment methods have been rapidly developed and widely used. In practice, no matter what point of view, the focus is on how to distinguish traditional employment from atypical employment. Most of the employees of FIE (Foreign-Invested Enterprises) are Chinese employees. In the past, many FIEs focused on the quality of products and the management of production, but did not pay enough attention to HRM(Human Resource Management). Taking diversified employment as the breakthrough point, this paper expounds the influencing factors of FIE HRM on the basis of summarizing the related concepts of diversified employment, and focuses on the construction of FIE HRM mode under diversified employment mode, with a view to providing reference for the development of enterprises.

Control of the Platform Reserve Army: The Roles of the State and Capital in China's Platform Economy

The rise of digital platforms has formed a platform reserve army. The platform reserve army is the stagnant reserve army of contemporary digital capitalism, which brings challenges to labor control. Using data collected from an original survey of over 600 ride-hailing drivers in two Chinese cities, the roles of the state and capital, as well as their interactions in shaping capital's control over the platform reserve army in China, are clarified. Against the backdrop of the state's market-formalization policy, ride-hailing platforms have aligned with third-party rental companies that provide qualified vehicles. The platform-rental company alliance has effectively trapped a significant share of drivers to maintain an adequate and stable labor supply. Given their capacity to manipulate and restructure the reserve army, platforms have capitalized on the state's regulations to strengthen their control over labor.

Labor Legislation in China: Cyclical Competition between the State and the Market

Abstract China’s first labor law was passed in 1995 in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of laborers. It also was the superstructure created to match the developing labor market and employment reform of the Reform Era by “establishing and safeguarding the labor system suited to the socialist market economy.” In 2007, the prc then passed the second foundational labor law, the Labor Contract Law, which took as its purpose the establishment and development of harmonious and stable labor relations. A major distinction between these two laws is that the 1995 Labor Law emphasized market-oriented flexibility while the 2008 Labor Contract Law, by strengthening the role of labor regulation, emphasizes a state-oriented stability. Since the 2008 lcl, all labor legislation and amendments have those two laws as their origin, creating cycles between reliance on the bottom-up spontaneous power of the market and the top-down regulatory power of the state. So far, there have been 3 cycles of legislation and revision of China’s labor legislation; each five years apart in 2008, 2013, and 2018. This cyclical contest reveals the basic realities of China’s political economy. I use the last twenty years of data on labor disputes to highlight the cyclical nature of China’s labor legislation and the social and political forces that drive these cycles.

Runaway Serfs in 17th-Century Estland and Livland

ABSTRACT Adscripti glebae is a condition where peasants legally belong to a particular landholding. Its purpose was to maintain a stable labour force at the disposal of the landholder. Peasants who did not abide by this immobility requirement were termed runaways. Runaways have been episodically mentioned in medieval and early modern social history, particularly in demographic history, urban history, and histories of serfdom. Yet they have rarely been the central focus of historical studies. This paper examines the runaway on the background of the particular conditions of serfdom in the provinces of Estland and Livland. The paper describes how serfdom was practiced in these provinces, proceeds to peasant agency by considering the numerous diverse reasons for running away and outlines the reasoning behind the efforts of both nobility and government aimed at maintaining the status quo. The court records of a few extradition cases are highlighted to illustrate aspects of the issue of keeping serfs bound to the land.

Tata Sons and the Battle for Control: A Case Study of Family, Trusts, and Shareholders

With activities in more than 80 countries and a presence in seven major industries, the Tata Group is one of India's biggest and most prestigious commercial empires. Unlisted and with a complicated ownership structure, Tata Sons is the holding company of the Tata Group. In this case study, we'll look at the circumstances that led to Cyrus Mistry being fired as chairman of Tata Sons and the establishment of a committee to pick his replacement. This case sheds light on ownership structure and power dynamics in major firms play a major role in the complex and dynamic character of industrial relations. Moreover, the situation involving Cyrus Mistry and Tata Sons demonstrates how negotiating may be useful in labor relations. Mistry and Tata Sons reached a resolution through negotiation. Understanding the complexities of labour relations in big businesses is crucial, as demonstrated by this case. The instance illustrates how negotiation, ownership, and power may all have an impact on how workplace interactions are shaped. Companies that want to maintain successful and stable labour relations must be aware of these variables and ready to manage them. Mistry appealed the decision in court after being let go. A settlement was eventually reached after a three-year judicial struggle between Mistry and Tata Sons.

Labor Protection, Enterprise Innovation, and Sustainable Development

As an important way and means to protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers, the implementation of the “Labor Contract Law” is crucial for building and developing harmonious and stable labor relations and the sustainable development of enterprises. Based on the samples of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed enterprises from 2005 to 2013, this paper adopted the difference-in-difference method to empirically test the impact of labor protection on the sustainable development of enterprises and its mechanism. The research finds that the enhancement of labor protection contributes to the sustainable development of highly labor-intensive enterprises, in which enterprise innovation plays a mediating role in the relationship between the two; the heterogeneity test found that labor protection promotes sustainable development more significantly in state-owned enterprises, enterprises in highly market-oriented regions, and large-scale enterprises. This article expands the research on the economic consequences of labor protection and provides empirical inspiration for the improvement of the “Labor Contract Law” system.

The impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms on return-to-work after taxane-based chemotherapy in breast cancer

PurposeBreast cancer treatment is associated with adverse effects, which may delay return-to-work. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may influence the risk and severity of treatment toxicities, which in turn could delay return-to-work. We examined the association of 26 SNPs with return-to-work in premenopausal women with breast cancer.MethodsUsing Danish registries, we identified premenopausal women diagnosed with non-distant metastatic breast cancer during 2007‒2011, assigned adjuvant combination chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide and docetaxel. We genotyped 26 SNPs in 20 genes (ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCG2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP3A, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, GSTP1, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, ARHGEF10, EPHA4, EPHA5, EPHA6, EPHA8, ERCC1, ERCC2, FGD4 and TRPV1) using TaqMan assays. We computed the cumulative incidence of return-to-work (defined as 4 consecutive weeks of work) up to 10 years after surgery, treating death and retirement as competing events and fitted cause-specific Cox regression models to estimate crude hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of return-to-work. We also examined stable labor market attachment (defined as 12 consecutive weeks of work).ResultsWe included 1,964 women. No associations were found for 25 SNPs. The cumulative incidence of return-to-work varied by CYP3A5 rs776746 genotype. From 6 months to 10 years after surgery, return-to-work increased from 25 to 94% in wildtypes (n = 1600), from 17 to 94% in heterozygotes (n = 249), and from 7 to 82% in homozygotes (n = 15). The HR showed delayed return-to-work in CYP3A5 rs776746 homozygotes throughout follow-up (0.48, 95% CI 0.26, 0.86), compared with wildtypes. Estimates were similar for stable labor market attachment.ConclusionOverall, the SNPs examined in the study did not influence return-to-work or stable labor market attachment after breast cancer in premenopausal women. Our findings did suggest that the outcomes were delayed in homozygote carriers of CYP3A5 rs776746, though the number of homozygotes was low.

The Construction of Specialized Institution for Cross-Border Labor Arbitration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

As the main means of resolving labor disputes, labor dispute arbitration has played an important role in resolving labor disputes in China, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties, and promoting harmonious and stable labor relations. The governments and social organizations of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao are building a social governance pattern of co-construction and co-governance and a multi-dispute handling mechanism of labor disputes. In this context, the existing labor dispute arbitration institutions in China are no longer sufficient to solve the problems of cross-border labor disputes. It is feasible and necessary to build a specialized institution for cross-border labor arbitration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Based on this, the article puts forward feasible suggestions on the positioning, construction mode, personnel composition and supporting mechanism setting of specialized agencies, to make up for the deficiencies of the current labor dispute resolution mechanism, and to promote the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao labor relations and the legalization process in the Greater Bay.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ИСТОЧНИКОВ РЕЗЕРВНОЙ РАБОЧЕЙ СИЛЫ В РОССИИ ИЗ ЧИСЛА ОСУЖДЕННЫХ ЛИЦ

The purpose of the study is to determine the real size of the reserve of potential labor force that can be involved in the country's economy from among convicted; to consider the socio–demographic composition of convicts, periods of punishment in order to analyze motivation to work and to form stable labor relations during the period of serving a sentence and during social adaptation; to identify the existing economic, legislative and organizational restrictions for the widespread use of forced labor, as well as incentives for the involvement of convicted persons in socially useful work. The task is to determine the conditions for more effective use of the potential reserve labor force among convicted persons to partially compensate for the reduction of the labor force in the economy of the Russian Federation under the influence of demographic and migration factors. In the course of the study, systematic and comparative approaches, structural analysis, and methods of statistical information processing were used. The analysis of scientific literature, statistical data of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia (FSIN), the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, State Statistics (Rosstat), and materials of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation was carried out. One of the practical results of the study is the new approaches developed by the authors in the organization of the use of the labor of convicted persons in the framework of forced labor aimed at creating conditions for prolonged employment and a continuous system of social adaptation of convicts after serving sentences. Conclusions are drawn about the presence of barriers in the current system of organization of forced labor to increase the number of convicted persons who can be effectively involved in socially useful labor.

A Socio-Economic Analysis of Polling Booth Catchments at the 2019 Australian Federal Election

Within the Australian political geography literature, a growing body of work has aimed to understand the distinctive socio-economic and demographic patterns that characterize the Australian federal political landscape. Using results from the last two federal elections (2016 and 2019), this paper analyses polling booth catchments in the context of stability and change in voter support. Polling booths are assigned to four possible types-stable Coalition, stable Labor, change to Coalition and change to Labor-depending on outcomes between 2016 and 2019. The polling booths are then given a unique spatially defined catchment which is then compared across a range of socioeconomic and demographic variables. The results suggest significant differences in polling booth catchments across several key indicators. These differences can be used to understand Australia’s political geography’s distinct and changing nature and add an important component to the existing literature.

노조법상 사용자 개념 판단 방식에 대한 비판적인 고찰 - 중노위 판정 검토를 중심으로 -

In March 24, 2022, the National Labor Relations Commission (the “NLRC”) has rendered a decision (the “Decision”), which extended the scope of employer status under the Labor Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act of Korea (the “Labor Union Act”) in relation to the labor union of the subcontractor (the “Subcontractor Union”).BR In a case where the Subcontractor Union had claimed that the Contractor’s refusal to respond to the collective bargaining requested by the Subcontractor Union would constitute ‘unfair labor practice’ under the Labor Union Act, the NLRC took a progressive stance by explicitly adopting “de facto governing theory” instead of “implicit employment relationship theory,” and recognizing the Contractor’s obligation to respond to the Subcontractor Union’s request for collective bargaining.BR However, the Decision has failed to understand the basic structure of the Labor Union Act and such decision will only incur unresolvable practical difficulties, and increase unnecessary legal disputes and turmoil between the Contractor and Subcontractor Union. The main logical defects of the Decision is as follows.BR 1) The Decision appears to have deliberately distorted former court judgments and decisions rendered by the Regional LRC. In this regard, I tried to list up and assess all relevant cases for the past 10 years in order to induce a conclusion that “implicit employment relationship theory” has been and is a prevailing theory, except for a very few cases under special circumstances.BR 2) The ultimate purpose of collective bargaining is to execute a collective bargaining agreement (the “CBA”) and the CBA in principle governs the terms and conditions of employment. Hence “de facto governing theory” which severs the CBA from the employment relationship is simply illogical and irrational. At least under the current Labor Union Act, there is no convincing legal grounds to extend the scope of employer-employee relation beyond the traditional contractual employment relationship.BR 3) Under the “de facto governing theory,” it would be impossible to resolve issues surrounding unification of bargaining channel between the Subcontractor Union and the union of the Contractor. Further, punishing the Contractor for unfair labor practice for not responding to the request of collective bargaining would likely to be in violation of “nulla poena sine lege principle” under the Korean Constitution.BR Due to the recent development of multi-facet relationship between service provider and service receiver under the Fourth Evolution Era, it may be right time to discuss reforming the Korean labor laws. However, it would be prudent to abide by the current legal regime under the Labor Union Act until the Korean Assembly formally adopts such reform given that the legal stability is a key to a more stable labor relationship in Korea.

굴양식업의 구조변화에 따른 재편 방향

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of structural changes in oyster farming, and to explore the current issues and direction of restructuring. The oyster farming industry has grown rapidly since the 1970s, but production has plummeted since the late 1980s and stagnated until the 1990s. Since then, production has recovered, but since 2010, production has been increasing and decreasing year by year. At present, the immediate problem in the oyster farming industry is that the volatility of oyster production has stagnated or become serious. Second, it is becoming difficult to secure a stable labor force. Third, oyster consumption is shrinking due to changes in social structure and food consumption trends. Fourth, oyster safety is constantly occurring. Fifth, oyster farming is highly dependent on exports, but export countries and export items are limited. In order to improve the competitiveness of the oyster farming industry, the first step is to eliminate the overcrowding of oyster farming facilities, secure artificial seedlings, improve aquaculture methods, and switch to other aquaculture varieties. Second, we will discover new demand targets through high-quality product development and product promotion. Third, in order to ensure the hygiene and safety of oysters, we will establish a hygiene and safety management system from the harvesting stage to the distribution and consumption stage. Fourth, we should explore new markets through overseas market research and consumption trends related to oysters, development of advanced processing and health functional products.