Spraying Of Plants Research Articles

A Bifunctional Synthetic Peptide With Antimicrobial and Plant Elicitation Properties That Protect Tomato Plants From Bacterial and Fungal Infections.

The hybrid peptide BP178 (KKLFKKILKYLAGPAGIGKFLHSAKKDEL-OH), derived from BP100 (KKLFKKILKYL) and magainin (1–10), and engineered for plant expression, had a strong bactericidal activity but not fungicidal. Moreover, the preventive spray of tomato plants with BP178 controlled infections by the plant pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, as well as the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The treatment of tomato plants with BP178 induced the expression of several genes according to microarray and RT-qPCR analysis. Upregulated genes coded for several pathogenesis-related proteins, including PR1, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, PR6, PR7, PR9, PR10, and PR14, as well as transcription factors like ethylene transcription factors, WRKY, NAC and MYB, involved in the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene-signaling pathways. BP178 induced a similar gene expression pattern to flg15 according to RT-qPCR analysis, whereas the parent peptide BP100 did not trigger such as a strong plant defense response. It was concluded that BP178 was a bifunctional peptide protecting the plant against pathogen infection through a dual mechanism of action consisting of antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens and plant defense elicitation on plant host.

Obtaining a nanosized silica-humic preparation and its initial approbation

Abstract: The recent decades have witnessed a significant development and implementation of nanotechnology, including in various branches of agriculture. There is an active search for ways to obtain preparations for plant growing with nanoparticles that can be more rapidly involved in the metabolic processes of plants. This article aims to obtain a nanosized silica-humic preparation and its approbation on potato plants. As a source of humic substances, a liquid humic preparation BoGum (developed by the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands) was used, as a source of silicon – sodium metasilicate. Ultrasonic dispersion method was used for achieving the nanoscale of the samples. A silicon source was introduced in an amount of 0.1% (of SiO2) into BoGum, followed by the application of ultrasonic action for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The analysis of the obtained samples using a 90 Plus/MAS particle size analyzer has shown that with increasing dispersion time, the effective particle diameter changed insignificantly. At the same time, a redistribution of particles was noted: when the samples were exposed for 20 minutes, the number of smaller particles increased. After 5 minutes of treatment, the range of particle distribution was 115±13–830±23 nm, after 20 minutes of exposure, the particle diameter fell into two regions: 81±8–120±10 and 280±4–470±18 nm. Ultrasonic action contributed to the retention of the stable state of aggregation of the obtained preparation, larger microbiological activity and larger content of humic acid in comparison with the silica-humic preparation, obtained without the application of an ultrasound. The new nanosized silica-humic preparation has been tested on potato plants. Treatment of tubers before planting, followed by foliar spraying of vegetative plants, has contributed to an increase in potato yield by 18.7%. Changes were noted in the content of mono- and polysilicic acids in the soil, as well as the accumulation of silicon in the tops of potatoes when using silicahumic preparations by 0.96% of absolute dry mass on average.

The Promotive Effect of Cyanobacteria and Chlorella sp. Foliar Biofertilization on Growth and Metabolic Activities of Willow (Salix viminalis L.) Plants as Feedstock Production, Solid Biofuel and Biochar as C Carrier for Fertilizers via Torrefaction Process

The effect of foliar application of Cyanobacteria and Chlorella sp. monocultures on physiological activity, element composition, development and biomass weight of basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) and the possibility to prepare biofuel from it in the fortification process was studied. Triple foliar plant spraying with non-sonicated monocultures of Cyanobacteria (Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, Microcystis aeruginosa MKR 0105) and Chlorella sp. exhibited a considerably progressive impact on metabolic activity and development of plants. This biofertilization increased cytomembrane impermeability, the amount of chlorophyll in plants, photosynthesis productivity and transpiration, as well as degree of stomatal opening associated with a decreased concentration of intercellular CO2, in comparison to control (treatments with water, Bio-Algeen S90 or with environmental sample). The applied strains markedly increased the element content (N, P, K) in shoots and the productivity of crucial growth enzymes: alkaline or acid phosphorylase, total dehydrogenases, RNase and nitrate reductase. Treatments did not affect energy properties of the burnt plants. These physiological events were associated with the improved growth of willow plants, namely height, length and amount of all shoots and their freshly harvested dry mass, which were increased by over 25% compared to the controls. The effectiveness of these treatments depended on applied monoculture. The plant spraying with Microcystis aeruginosa MKR 0105 was a little more effective than treatment with Chlorella sp. and Anabaena sp. or the environmental sample. The research demonstrate that the studied Cyanobacteria and Chlorella sp. monocultures have prospective and useful potential in production of Salix viminalis L., which is the basic energy plant around the word. In this work, a special batch reactor was used to produce torrefaction material in an inert atmosphere: nitrogen, thermogravimetric analysis and DTA analysis, like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The combustion process of Salix viminalis L. with TG-MS analysis was conducted as well as study on a willow torrefaction process, obtaining 30% mass reduction with energy loss close to 10%. Comparing our research results to other types of biomasses, the isothermal temperature of 245 °C during thermo-chemical conversion of willow for the carbonized solid biofuel production from Salix viminalis L. biomass fertilized with Cyanobacteria and Chlorella sp. is relatively low. At the end, a SEM-EDS analysis of ash from torrefied Salix viminalis L. after carbonization process was conducted.

Revitalizing Fertility of Nutrient-Deficient Virgin Sandy Soil Using Leguminous Biocompost Boosts Phaseolus vulgaris Performance.

During the 2019 and 2020 seasons, nutrient-deficient virgin sandy soil was examined along with the investigation of the response of Phaseolus vulgaris plants to soil application with biocompost in integration with chemical fertilizers applied to soil and plants. Four treatments (100% of the recommended NPK fertilizer dose (control), 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray, 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray + leguminous compost (CL), and 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray + CL containing Bacillus subtilis (biocompost; CLB)) were applied in a randomized complete block design. The 75% NPK applied to soil + 25% foliar spray + CLB was the best treatment, which exceeded other treatments in improving soil fertility and plant performance. It noticeably improved soil physicochemical properties, including available nutrients, activities of various soil enzymes (cellulase, invertase, urease, and catalase), soil cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content, and pH, as well as plant growth and productivity, and plant physiobiochemistry, including nutrients and water contents, and various antioxidant activities. The results of the 2020 season significantly outperformed those of the 2019 season, indicating the positive effects of biofertilizers as a strategy to combine soil supplementation with NPK fertilizers and allocate a portion of NPK fertilizers for foliar spraying of plants in nutrient-deficient sandy soils.

Insecticidal Effect of Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles against Bactericera cockerelli Sulc. (Hemiptera: Triozidae) on Tomato Solanum lycopersicum

The use of nanoparticles (NPs) has generated an alternative pest control. The objective was to evaluate the insecticidal effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and their combination on Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) second-stage nymphs under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in tomato. The laboratory research was carried out with the leaf immersion bioassay method under a complete randomized design, and in the greenhouse by direct plant spraying under a randomized block design; in both designs, a control without NPs was added. Mortality was recorded every 24 h for 4 days. Both NPs in the laboratory and greenhouse showed toxicity to B. cockerelli nymphs. Results in the laboratory showed that NPs significantly caused increased mortality of 88, 99, and 100% 96 h after treatment of ZnO NPs, TiO2 NPs, and their combinations, at 1000, 100, and 250 ppm, respectively. Direct spray of plants in the greenhouse showed low mortality with 27, 32, and 23% after 96 h of ZnO NPs, TiO2 NPs, and their combinations, at 3000, 500, and 250 ppm, respectively. These results on B. cockerelli control seem promising. Nanoparticles as insecticides are a novel strategy, however, further investigation is required in field tests to obtain suitable efficacy for use in a pest management system.

Features of the pigment complex of winter wheat plants depending on the method of fertilisation

To maximise the yield of winter wheat, it is necessary to further optimise modern cultivation technologies to adapt them to changing environmental conditions. One of the aspects of plant adaptation to unfavourable abiotic factors is the active functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, which depends on the number of nutrients applied. This paper investigates the effect of fertilisation on the state of the pigment complex of winter wheat plants in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Two varieties of winter wheat were selected for the study: Shestopalivka and Mason. The scheme of the experiment included the application of fertilisers during sowing (К0; К12) and foliar processing with various tank mixtures (urea; urea + magnesium sulphate; urea + magnesium sulphate + potassium monophosphate). The pigment content was determined by grinding fresh leaves of winter wheat with further addition of a solvent in the form of acetone. The pigments were measured using a spectrophotometer. The results of the studies showed that before foliar fertilisation, the content of chlorophyll a and carotenoids was higher in the leaves of plants of the Shestopalivka variety. At the same time, the content of chlorophyll b was higher for Mason plants by 17%, which may be a consequence of the adaptation of plants of this variety to a lack of light. A decrease in the pigment content in the leaves of plants of all experimental variants caused by the active growth of the photosynthesising surface and a decrease in the total dry matter mass was observed on day 3 after the foliar fertilisation. There was no significant difference between varieties in the content of photosynthetic pigments during this period. On the 10th day after foliar spraying, an increase in the content of chlorophyll a and b was observed for both studied varieties, which may be the result of the adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of winter wheat plants to lighting conditions. Foliar fertilisation of winter wheat plants with a tank mixture of urea with magnesium sulphate and potassium monophosphate contributed to a further increase in the content of chlorophyll a by 12-23% and chlorophyll b by 5-37%, depending on the variety compared to the control. The results of the conducted research indicate the high efficiency of the complex application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilisers for foliar spraying of winter wheat plants at the stage of BBCH 31 both on the background of pre-sowing potassium fertilizers and without it

Особливості формування ефективних агроценозів льону олійного за органічного виробництва

Goal. To develop efficient elements of technology for growing oilseed flax of registered and promising varieties to obtain environmentally friendly products in terms of organic production (application of technological factors and means of biologization) for soil and climatic conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe zone. Methods. Field (to monitor the growth and development of plants during the growing season); laboratory-field (study of the influence of the studied factors on the dynamics of biometric indicators of plants); laboratory-chemical (determination of quality indicators of seeds and stems, nutrient content in the soil); measuring and weighing (determination of yield and yield structure); mathematical and statistical (determination of the reliability of the obtained results); calculation and comparison (determination of economic and energy efficiency). Results. The efficiency of biological preparations and microfertilizers in the organic technology of oilseed flax cultivation in soil and climatic conditions of the Carpathian region of Ukraine is evaluated. It was found that the use of complex microfertilizer Nanomix and biological preparations Rokohumin, Haupsyn Forte, Aktarofit K, Trykhoveryn, and Mikoaplai helped to reduce the damage to oilseed flax plants by anthracnose by 3.4–6.6% with the technical efficiency of these drugs in the range of 10.4–20.1%. The highest productivity of oilseed flax, provided it is grown by organic technology (1.18 t/ha), was obtained using Nanomix microfertilizer: seed treatment (2.0 l/t) + spraying of plants (4.0 l/ha). The increase before control was 0.19 t/ha (19.1%). The use of biopesticides and mycorrhizal preparation Mikoaplai also caused a significant increase in the productivity of flax seeds of oil variety Vodogray in the range of 0.03–0.06 t/ha (3.1–6.2%). The highest increase in flax straw yield was obtained with the use of Rokohumin for seed treatment in the dose of 2.0 l/t in combination with the foliar application (4.0 l/ha) (by 0.22 t/ha). The use of Nanomix microfertilizer (2 l/t) for seed treatment caused an increase in the oil content in the seeds by 0.5–0.6%. Conclusions. The highest productivity of oilseed flax, provided it is grown by organic technology (1.18 t/ha), was obtained using Nanomix microfertilizer: seed treatment (2.0 l/t) + spraying of plants (4.0 l/ha). The increase before control was 0.19 t/ha (19.1%).

Impact of Herosten at Different Concentrations on Productivity and Fruit Quality of Williams Banana

The present investigation was conducted on an experimental farm at the El-Kanater Horticultural Research Station in Qayubeia Governorate, Egypt during the 2018 and 2019 experimental seasons. The banana Williams cultivar were plant materials for this research, grown in clay loamy soil and the mates (plantation holes) were 3×4 meters apart under the flood irrigation system. Anyhow, Herosten the commercial name was the source of auxin used in this investigation. This compound contains (1.5 % NAA; 1.5 NAD and 1.5 % NAO), sprinkles were added sprinkles monthly five times during the period from first July to first November at a rate of 0.25, 0.375, 0.50 and 0.625 g per liter. Taking into consideration that sprays treatments were applied covering the whole bunch of each plant, whereas 0.5 liters was found to be sufficient in this concern to study the effect of different concentrations of Herosten sprays on productivity and fruit quality of Williams banana plants. Definitively, it can be shown from the results obtained that, spraying of Williams banana plants grown under similar environmental conditions and horticulture practices adopted in the current experiment with Herosten (auxin) at 0.375 g per liter and/or Herosten (auxin) at 0.50 g per liter is a beneficial method for enhancing production and fruit quality. In comparison, the lowest values of most of the parameters under investigation were typically associated with the control (water spray).

Nozzle zone agglomeration in spray dryers: Influence of total solid content on agglomerate properties

During agglomeration in the nozzle zone of spray dryers, dry particles are forced to collide with drying droplets. These collisions ideally form agglomerates with improved flowability and reconstitution properties. However, the interactions of feed parameters on the collision outcomes are unclear. This study examines the influence of a varied total solid content of the feed solution on agglomerate formation in a pilot plant spray dryer. An increase in total solid content (TS) from 30 to 50% TS (w/w) resulted in an increase in porosity of the primary particles, whereby particle size development was reasoned by this effect. Agglomerate porosity increased but agglomerate size increased more due to a changed particle viscosity. By adding a marker powder, it was found that higher total solid contents resulted in less coalescence of the agglomerates. The counter-current air classification in the drying chamber affected the agglomerate properties such as size, density and shape.

INFLUENCE OF SOME POTASSIUM HUMATE APPLICATION METHODS AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON SOYBEAN YIELD AND QUALITY

Two field experiments were conducted on Gadila village, Mansoura city, Dakahlia Governorate during the two successive summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 as sake of studying the impact of some methods of potassium humate (KH) application along with nine mixtures of NP fertilizers on soybean plants . split plot design was used where KH application methods and NP mixtures were put in the main and sub plots, respectively. Addition of KH generally had enhancing impacts on soybean growth , seed and stalk yields as well as improved seed nutritive and biochemical contents. Foliar spraying of KH achieved the maximum values followed by seed coating and control in a descending order. Soil application of (100 % N + 100 % P) mixture attained the best results for all aforementioned characteristics with no significant difference between it and (75 % N + 100 % P) mixture. Foliar spraying of soybean plants with 2% KH solution (10% K2O) in a volume of 200 L fed -1 at 30 and 45 days after sowing and soil application of (75 % N + 100 % P) of the recommended doses, in a dual treatment achieved the superior impacts and recorded the highest values of plant growth criteria, productivity as well as improved seed quality characteristics and saved 25 % of N requirement for soybean plants.

Aqueous Extract of (Eruca sativa Mill) as Growth Stimulant in Enhancing Growth and Yield of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L)


 
 
 A field study was conducted in the fall of 2019 to investigate the potential of Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill) aqueous extract as a growth stimulant in enhancing the growth and yield of Fa- ba Bean (Vicia faba L). The study was conducted using sandy soil at a farm in Abo Esaa town in a plot size of 3X5 m2 with a row spacing of 25cm,which based on a complete randomized design (RCD) with four replications, three treatments were carried out, including no foliar spray with E. sativa extracts (control) and foliar sprayed with 20% and 40% aqueous extracts of E. sativa. Ac- cordingly, Faba Bean (Vicia faba L) plants were foliar sprayed six times with the aqueous extracts of E. sativa at rates of 20 and 40% at vegetative and reproductive stages. The result showed that among these concentrations, the foliar spray of faba bean plants with 40% of E. sativa extracts po- tentially were increased all measured growth and yield traits. The results pointed out that plant height increased by 32%, number of branches by 73%, number of leaves by 95%, number of seeds plant by 89%, leaves, stems, pods and roots dry weight by 92%, 80%, 74%, and 89%, respectively. Thus, the study concluded that E. sativa aqueous extracts could potentially be used efficiently by crop producers as a growth enhancer for faba bean crops because of their productivity, great nutri- tive value, low cost, and environmentally friendly nature.
 
 

Effect of Selenium in Reducing Heat Stress in Spring Maize and its Reflects on Grain Yield

"A field experiment was applied in the research station of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya Complex during the spring cycle of the 2020 agricultural season with the aim of studying the effect of selenium in reducing heat stress to which yellow corn is exposed during the pollination and fertilization phase in the spring loop and its reflection on the yield and its components For two synthetic varieties. A randomized complete block design was used with the arrangement of split plates with three replications, such as the first factor in the main panels two synthetic varieties of yellow corn (5018 and Baghdad 3) and the secondary plates five parameters of selenium and included three levels of seed soaking with selenium (0, 2 and 5 mg. L -1). Selenium spray at two concentrations of 10 and 20 mg L-1 in addition to the comparison treatment (without soaking or spraying) The results showed that the two cultivars did not differ significantly in most of the characteristics of the grain yield and some of its components, while the selenium treatments were significantly superior to the grain yield compared to the comparison treatment. The treatment of plant spraying with selenium at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 led to an increase in the fertility rate. By 12.91%, this treatment increased the grain yield by 69.23%. This is as a result of its superiority in the characteristic of the length of ear, the number of active ear, the number of rows in the ear, the number of grains in the row, the number of grains in ear and the number of grains in plant. In general spraying trt. gave best results than soaking so we recommended spraying selenium in order to reduce the effect of high temperatures in spring maize."

Action of innovative forms of copper and zink on photosynthetic activity of rice plants under conditions of delta zone of Kuban

The influence of various concentrations of innovative zinc-copper micronutrient fertilizer on rice plants as micronutrient, which was invented by a group of scientists from Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin (patent RU 2546193 “Method for obtaining complex micronutrient fertilizer”) was considered [6]. Under the conditions of field experiments, the effect of foliage spraying of plants with the considered micronutrient fertilizer on the assimilation surface of leaves and the content of photosynthetic pigments was studied. Foliage spraying of rice plants with an innovative composition provided a more intensive accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, as well as an increase in the assimilation surface. Treatment of plants in the tillering phase with a solution of trace elements containing copper and zinc chelates at a dose of 2.0 l/ha creates favorable conditions for the growth and development of rice plants.

The effect of biofungicides used to protect cucumber from major diseases in unheated spring greenhouses on the yield of marketable products

Currently, in protected ground, preparations are widely used that promote the prolonged action of their components, and provide an integrated technology for growing vegetable plants. However, due to economic problems, the use of biologicals in vegetable production has declined. In this regard, in 2019-2020, in the conditions of unheated greenhouses in the Oktyabrsky District of the Rostov Region, an experiment was laid with the aim of studying the use of drugs with fungicidal methods in the fight against diseases common on the Ataman hybrid cucumber culture. It has been established that powdery mildew is most widespread on greenhouse cucumbers. The drugs Gamair, Strekar and the mixture Gamair + Alirin restrain the average score of the spread of diseases most strongly. Thus, a mixture of Gamair and Alirin is almost 1.6-1.7 times more effective at restraining the distribution point in comparison with Strekar and 4.0-4.5 times more effective than the chemical Topaz. Among the studied methods of using medicinal preparations, a greater effect is observed when watering plants at the root, with the exception of the fight against powdery mildew, where spraying of vegetative plants is more effective. Therefore, it is possible to reveal the positive effect of preparations of biological nature, Gamair, Strekar, or a mixture of Gamair and Alirin, used mainly for watering under the root with an interval of 10 days. Reducing the development of major diseases has a positive effect on the size of the crop. The use of a mixture of drugs allows you to increase the early harvest by 0.6-0.65 and the total by 1.35-1.40 kg / m2.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYTOLECTINS AND LECTIN COMPOSITIONS APPLICATION FOR SPRAYING PLANTS DURING VEGETATION

The effectiveness of the soybean plants spraying with the soybean seed lectin solution during vegetation (against the background of seed inoculation with nodule bacteria and without seed inoculation), as well as the effectiveness of the winter wheat plants spraying with lectin-bacterial composition in green-house and field experiments was investigated respectively. It was found that spraying of soybeans in the phase of two trifoliate leaves development with a specific lectin against the background of pre-sowing seed inoculation with rhizobia caused a significantly positive effect on the functional activity of the symbiotic apparatus. The nitrogen-fixing activity of the rhizosphere microbiota remained unchanged, which may indicate the vector of lectin action when sprayed through the plant. At the same time, the activation of plants vegetative growth was noted, which was maximally manifested by the height of their above ground part. The activity of exogenous sprayed lectin was less pronounced on the background of seed inoculation with rhizobia compared to non-inoculated plants. Plants spraying with soybean lectin against the background of seed inoculation provided an increase in harvest compared to non-inoculated control by 12.8 g/plant, but by the factor of lectin action this increase was only 1.15 g/plant and was insignificant. Non-inoculated soybean plants when sprayed with lectin formed a harvest that was significantly higher (by 3.86 g/plant) than that of plants in the absence of lectin. At this, the increase by the factor of lectin action was 22%. The spraying of winter wheat plants in the phase of mass spring germinations with the Azolec preparation (without pre-sowing seed inoculation) contributed to a significant increase in harvest by 1.6 c/ha. Therefore, the application of soybean and wheat plants spraying, respectively, with soybean seed lectin and lectin-bacterial Azolec preparation (wheat lectin),without involving pre-sowing seed inoculation, provided a greater degree of plants productive potential realization compared to control (without pre-sowing seed inoculation and plants spraying during vegetation).

Effect of Kamchatka shelf marine hydrobiont based organic fertilizers on potato cultivation

The effect of organic fertilizers Bio-Mare grades Bio-Fish and Bio-Algo from sea hydrobionts on different backgrounds of mineral nutrition was studied, effective terms and methods of their application were determined, providing increased yields, reduced morbidity and mineral nutrition in potato cultivation. Researchers have shown expediency of use of preparation Bio-Fish and Bio-Algo in the integrated system of potato protection from Rhizoctonia solani J. G. Kuhn. Double treatment of plants or a combination of pre-planting treatment of tubers and spraying of plants with the preparation of Bio-Fish contributed to the reduction of rhizoctoniosis development before potato harvesting by 13.2 % and the disease prevalence by 40.0%. The maximum reduction of rhizoctoniosis development by 13.9 % and the disease prevalence by 44.8 % in these variants was also obtained with Bio-Algo. Due to the use of Bio-Algo on the background of (NPK)90 and (NPK)60, the content of vitamin C in potato tubers increased by 4.66 %. The maximum yield of potatoes (26.6 t/ha) was obtained by treatment of tubers in combination with spraying of plants with Bio-Algo on the background of (NPK)90i.e. equal to the yield of potatoes on the background of (NPK)120 in economic control, which makes it possible to reduce the dose of mineral nutrition of potato by 30 per cent.

ВИДОВИЙ СКЛАД ШКІДЛИВИХ ОРГАНІЗМІВ В ПОСІВАХ РІПАКУ ОЗИМОГО ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ОБРОБІТКУ ҐРУНТУ ТА СИСТЕМИ ЗАХИСТУ

Based on the results of research conducted in Western Polissia, it was found that tillage is important for controlling the number of pests in winter rape crops, especially the number of weeds. It was found in the experiment variants without herbicide spraying of rape plants that the most weeds were on the background of surface tillage – 407.9 pcs/m2, which is 1.8 times more than under the moldboard plowing (228.1 pcs./m2). Thus, the technical efficiency of herbicides against the background of moldboard plowing was 93.7 %. It is established that tillage has a lesser effect on the development and spread of diseases and pests, as the best results showed chemical protection. When spraying winter rape plants in the flower bud stage, the technical effectiveness of Borei insecticide (0.14 l/ha) against Pentatomids (Eurydema oleracea L., Eurydema ventralis Kol.), Mirids (Lygus pratensis L.) and Flea Beetles (Phyllotreta vitata F., Phyllotreta nemorum L.) consisted 100 %, Pollen Beetles (Meligethes aeneus F.) – 95.1–95.9 %, Cabbage Seed Weevils (Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis Payk.) – 92.5–94.6 %. The technical efficiency of Mospilan insectici-de (0.15 kg/ha) at the spraying of plants in the flowering stage against Pollen Beetles was equal to 91.7– 95.7 %, Cabbage Seed Weevils – 92.4– 94.6 %. According to the research results, it was found that the largest technical efficiency of Colossal Pro fungicide (0.5 l/ha) against Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae) was revealed 14 days after fungicide spraying of winter rape plants and was 84–88 %. Due to tillage, it was possible to obtain an yield increase of winter rapes in the range of 0.09–0.22 t/ha. However, due to the implementation of an integrated system of crop protection on different backgrounds of tillage, seed yield increased by 0.64–0.85 t/ha. Depending on tillage and plant protection, the winter rape yield ranged from 2.20 to 3.27 t/ha. Key words: tillage, species composition, weeds, diseases, pests, herbicides, fungicides, insec-ticides.

Induced plant immunity as a factor of an integrated winter wheat disease protection system

The study deals with the system of integrated protection of winter wheat against phytopathogenic organisms. This includes the use of quaternary ammonium compounds combined with nanosilver in two stages: 1) pre-sowing treatment of seeds with the tank mixture of fungicide (difenoconazole + cyproconazole) and didecyldimethylammonium bromide enriched by nanosilver (0.15 %); 2) spraying of plants with immunity inducer at the end of the tillering – the beginning of booting. The leading role both in terms of protection and yield capacity belongs to early spring spraying with didecyldimethylammonium bromide enriched by nanosilver (0.3 %). This technique allowed obtaining the biological yield of winter wheat equal to 9.52 t/ha.

Incorporating adoption of agricultural bio-innovation in a famers’ participatory parental seed production

TRIBAS is a biopesticide formulation developed from bacterial consortia of B. subtilis isolates. The formulation can control maize diseases, particularly those caused by pathogenic fungi. This research was conducted to validate the effectiveness of TRIBAS to support growth and yield of several maize inbred grown for parental seed production of several high yielding hybrids. A local seed growers’ participatory evaluation was set up in three districts in South Sulawesi (Maros, Soppeng, and Bone) using 5 maize inbred, i.e., MR-15, N-79, NEI-9008, AMB-20, and MAL-03. Each was grown following standard seed growing procedures with an additional treatment, with and without TRIBAS application. The results showed that the application of TRIBAS through seed treatment and plant spraying was able to inhibit the incidence of three main fungal diseases in maize, i.e, P. philippinensis, R. solani and B. maydis. The application did not result in significant seed productivity increase; however, it provides economic added value of up to IDR 5,724,000/Ha, considering that the seeds being propagated are parental seeds whose prices are relatively high (Rp 90,000/Kg). Continuous application of TRIBAS is expected to increase bacteria population in the soil, which, gradually would result in the increase of crop productivity.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ БІОЛОГІЗОВАНИХ АГРОПРИЙОМІВ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ ГОРОХУ В СТАЦІОНАРНІЙ СІВОЗМІНІ

Our research aimed to determine the effect of Mikofriend and Mikohelp biologics and Humifriend biofertilizer on the yield and quality grain of Metsenat pea variety depending on the background of nutrition in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The expediency of seed treatment with biologics both separately and in combination with spraying of vegetative plants in the budding stage by Humifriend in doses of 0.4 and 0.5 l/ha under favourable growing conditions was established. It was found that regardless of the background of nutrition, treatment of seeds with combination of biologics and Maxim XL disinfectant (1.0 l/t) was ineffective, especially with insufficient level of soil moisture. On average for three years (2018–2020) against the background without fertilizers, a significant increase in the yield of pea grain (0.27–0.30 t/ha) was obtained in the variants with combination of seed treatment with Mikohelp and application of Humifriend in doses of 0.4 and 0.5 l/ha. The main application of N30P30K30 fertilizers in variants with biologics treatment of seed caused an increase in pea yield by 0.57–0.65 t/ha. At the same time, the increase in grain yield due to the use of the Humifriend (0.4 and 0.5 l/ha) was 0.22–0.28 and 0.16–0.22 t/ha, respectively. The increase in pea yield in the studied variants led to a decrease in grain protein content, this indicator on a fertilized background was 0.33–0.71 %. Over years of research, pre-sowing seed treatment with biologics and application of Humifriend in doses of 0.4 and 0.5 l/ha on a background without fertilizers led to an increase in protein harvest by 0.450–0.475 t/ha, which is by 5.8–13.4 % more than the control (without spraying). Against the background of the main application of N30P30K30, these indicators were significantly higher. The maximum protein harvest was obtained in the variants with seed treatment by Mikofriend and application of Humifriend in doses of 0.4 and 0.5 l/ha – 0.631 and 0.637 t/ha, respectively, which is 8.0–8.9 % more compared to control. The increase in gross protein harvest per area unit depended more on the level of pea yield than on the protein content of the grain. Key words: peas, nutrition background, seed treatment, crop spraying, biologics, biofertilizer, yield, grain quality, protein harvest.