Abstract
The effect of foliar application of Cyanobacteria and Chlorella sp. monocultures on physiological activity, element composition, development and biomass weight of basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) and the possibility to prepare biofuel from it in the fortification process was studied. Triple foliar plant spraying with non-sonicated monocultures of Cyanobacteria (Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, Microcystis aeruginosa MKR 0105) and Chlorella sp. exhibited a considerably progressive impact on metabolic activity and development of plants. This biofertilization increased cytomembrane impermeability, the amount of chlorophyll in plants, photosynthesis productivity and transpiration, as well as degree of stomatal opening associated with a decreased concentration of intercellular CO2, in comparison to control (treatments with water, Bio-Algeen S90 or with environmental sample). The applied strains markedly increased the element content (N, P, K) in shoots and the productivity of crucial growth enzymes: alkaline or acid phosphorylase, total dehydrogenases, RNase and nitrate reductase. Treatments did not affect energy properties of the burnt plants. These physiological events were associated with the improved growth of willow plants, namely height, length and amount of all shoots and their freshly harvested dry mass, which were increased by over 25% compared to the controls. The effectiveness of these treatments depended on applied monoculture. The plant spraying with Microcystis aeruginosa MKR 0105 was a little more effective than treatment with Chlorella sp. and Anabaena sp. or the environmental sample. The research demonstrate that the studied Cyanobacteria and Chlorella sp. monocultures have prospective and useful potential in production of Salix viminalis L., which is the basic energy plant around the word. In this work, a special batch reactor was used to produce torrefaction material in an inert atmosphere: nitrogen, thermogravimetric analysis and DTA analysis, like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The combustion process of Salix viminalis L. with TG-MS analysis was conducted as well as study on a willow torrefaction process, obtaining 30% mass reduction with energy loss close to 10%. Comparing our research results to other types of biomasses, the isothermal temperature of 245 °C during thermo-chemical conversion of willow for the carbonized solid biofuel production from Salix viminalis L. biomass fertilized with Cyanobacteria and Chlorella sp. is relatively low. At the end, a SEM-EDS analysis of ash from torrefied Salix viminalis L. after carbonization process was conducted.
Highlights
The element content is the one of the most important factors in the development and metabolic activity of plants, which is a key issue in organic and integrated farming producing biofuel for energy needs
The research demonstrated that the triple plant spraying with Cyanobacteria, Chlorella sp., Bio-Algeen S90 and with environmental samples resulted in significantly increased physiological properties and yield of willow biomass compared to plants which were treated with water only (Figures 2–4, Table 2)
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Summary
The element content is the one of the most important factors in the development and metabolic activity of plants, which is a key issue in organic and integrated farming producing biofuel for energy needs. Peptides and amino acids found in the filtrate of these microorganisms can enhance plant development and their biomass yield This biofertilization is non-toxic to living organisms and the environment, causes less soil contamination and toxicity, is an alternative to artificial fertilizers and pesticides, and protects plants against diseases [1]. Some strains of Cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric dinitrogen (N=N) and transform it into ammonium, the available form to plants, increasing the energy biomass yield, as stated in wheat, rice, gillyflower and vines [3,12,14,15,16,17,18] In soil it can convert insoluble phosphorus into the forms accessible to plants, thereby increasing their energy biomass yield and assimilability. The presented research is the first study which demonstrates the influence of the chosen strains of Cyanobacteria and Chlorella sp. on the growth, metabolic activity and energy properties of willow and the quality of carbonized willow obtained from it, bearing the fact that this plant is a recommended source of renewable energy around the world
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