Sports Games Research Articles

Development and Validation of a Subject-Specific Coupled Model for Foot and Sports Shoe Complex: A Pilot Computational Study.

Nowadays, footwear serves an essential role in improving athletic performance and decreasing the risk of unexpected injuries in sports games. Finite element (FE) modeling is a powerful tool to reveal the biomechanical interactions between foot and footwear, and establishing a coupled foot-shoe model is the prerequisite. The purpose of this pilot study was to develop and validate a 3D FE coupled model of the foot and sports shoe complex during balanced standing. All major foot and shoe structures were constructed based on the participant’s medical CT images, and 3D gait analysis was conducted to define the loading and boundary conditions. Sensitivity analysis was applied to determine the optimum material property for shoe sole. Both the plantar and shoe sole areas were further divided into four regions for model validation, and the Bland–Altman method was used for consistency analysis between methods. The simulated peak plantar and sole pressure distribution showed good consistency with experimental pressure data, and the prediction errors were all less than 10% during balanced standing with only two exceptions (medial and lateral forefoot regions). Meanwhile, the Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated a good agreement between the two approaches. The sensitivity analysis suggested that shoe sole with Young’s modulus of 2.739 MPa presented the greatest consistency with the measured data in our scenario. The established model could be used for investing the complex biomechanical interactions between the foot and sports shoe and optimizing footwear design, after it has been fully validated in the subsequent works under different conditions.

Online Multiplayer Tracking by Extracting Temporal Contexts with Transformer

Sports competition is one of the most popular programs for many audiences. Tracking the players in sports game videos from broadcasts is a nontrivial challenge for computer vision researchers. In sports videos, the direction of an athlete’s movement changes quickly and unpredictably. Mutual occlusion between athletes is also more frequent in team competitions. However, the rich temporal contexts among the adjacent frames have been excluded from consideration. To address this dilemma, we propose an online transformer-based learnable framework in an end-to-end fashion. We use a transformer architecture to extract the temporal contexts between the successive frames and add them to the network training, which is robust to occlusion and complex direction changes in multiplayer tracking. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on three sports video datasets by comparing them with recently advanced multiplayer trackers.

AI-Assisted Decision-Making and Risk Evaluation in Uncertain Environment Using Stochastic Inverse Reinforcement Learning: American Football as a Case Study

In this work, we focus on the development of an AI technology to support decision making for people in leadership positions while facing uncertain environments. We demonstrate an efficient approach based on a stochastic inverse reinforcement leaning (IRL) algorithm constructed by hybridizing the conventional Max-entropy IRL and mixture density network (MDN) for the prediction of transition probability. We took the case study of American football, a sports game with stochastic environment, since the number of yards gainable on the next offence in real American football is usually uncertain during strategy planning and decision making. The expert data for IRL are built using the American football 2017 season data in National Football League (NFL). The American football simulation environment was built by training MDN using the annual NFL data to generate the state transition probability for IRL. Under the framework of Max-Entropy IRL, optimal strategy was successfully obtained through a learnt reward function by trial-and-error communication with the MDN environment. To precisely evaluate the validity of the learnt policy, we have conducted a risk-return analysis and revealed that the trained IRL agent showed higher return and lower risk than the expert data, indicating that it is possible for the proposed IRL algorithm to learn superior policy than the one derived directly from the expert teaching data. Decision-making in an uncertain environment is a general issue, ranging from business operation to management. Our work presented here will likely serve as a general framework for optimal business operation and risk management and contribute especially to the portfolio’s optimization in the financial and energy trading market.

Psychophysiological characteristics of cadets of "Law enforcement activity" specialty

The professional activity of the law enforcement officers requires a high level of the development of the psychophysiological characteristics. In particular, the ability to concentrate and divide attention, as well as the ability to master new motor actions and new motor tasks are important. The improvement of the important physical and psychophysiological abilities of the applicants in the institutions that train police officers takes place in the process of the practical classes in the educational discipline "Special physical training". Methods of general physical training (sports games, competitive methods), as well as, methods of simulating service situations (attempt of the offender to get the weapon, group interaction of police, protection from the threat of weapons, protection from blows with hands and feet) are used to achieve this purpose. Studying of the level of the psychophysiological characteristics of the cadets in the process of their training is relevant. We conducted a study of the level of psychophysiological characteristics of cadets at the beginning and at the end of studying the educational discipline "Special Physical Training". The results show that the majority of the future law enforcement officers at the beginning of their studies in institutions of higher education with specific conditions of study have a high level of the development of the psychophysiological characteristics. Means and methods of the training of the cadets effectively contribute to their improvement in the learning process.

Factors Determining the Choice of Healthy Diet by Kazakh Athletes of Various Sports

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 40-60% of human health depends on a lifestyle in which 25-30% is devoted to a rational diet. Therefore, by meeting physiological needs in accordance with a rational diet, athletes can adapt more quickly to the applied physical load and achieve better sport results. The aim of the study was to describe and compare the factors that determine the healthy diet of athletes of various sports. The study, which aimed to assess the factors determining healthy diet, involved 157 students of physical educa- tion and sports studies from the University of Almaty. Respondents were divided into 3 groups - sports games (volleyball, football, basketball, tennis) (n=85), endurance sports (long distance running, skiing, road cycling, triathlon (n=22), and combat sports (wrestling, judo, karate, boxing) (n=50). The questionnaire by Steptoe et al. (1995) was employed to establish the opinion of the investigated subjects on the factors that determine healthy and rational dietary choices of student athletes. Our research has shown that among the factors that determine the healthy diet of athletes of various sports, the main ones are health, the character of the chosen sport, and the athlete’s body composition. Factors such as current trends, the popularity of the food consumed, and the influence of family and friends are less important. The athletes we studied noted their efforts to eat and live healthy, most of them were satisfied with their health and their body mass. A greater variety in respondents’ responses was observed when assessing the composition of food supplements, the impact of discount special offers on product selection. The responses received on adherence to the diet indicate that the athletes studied do not always observe the correct diet

The Effects of Video Games on Digital Generations and their Relationship to the Concept of Social Isolation (Arabic)

The study aims to identify the impact of electronic video games on different categories of digital generations (Generations X, Y, Z, and Alpha) and their relationship to social isolation. The study used a survey tool on a sample of 237 individuals. Results showed a significant relationship between different age groups and preferred video games types. The study also found that Generation Alpha prefers war, conflict, and sport games; Generation Z prefers war and conflict games; Generation Y prefers racing games; while Generation X prefers strategic games. In addition, the study found no significant relationship between different age groups and sources of knowledge about electronic video games. For social context preferences, Generations Alpha and Z tend to play with friends, while Generations Y and Alpha prefer to play alone. Finally, the study found significant differences between different age groups and the scale of social isolation in favor of Generations Alpha and Z.

A Systematic Review of Lower Extremity Return to Sport

Category: Sports; Ankle; Other Introduction/Purpose: A uniform criterion has not been established for return to sport (RTS) testing which is complicated by the lack of a standardized definition of the term RTS. Most commonly, RTS is defined as playing in at least one game of the athletes' respective sport, or the first game played after treatment.1 However, the timeline from the injury and/or treatment date to RTS varies amongst each physician or institution. Regarding the ankle, there is an enormous paucity of functional testing research. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to review current literature for joint-specific and global lower extremity testing to determine the most valid functional test that can be utilized to prevent re-injury as athletes RTS. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, PubMed Central, Cochrane Library, OVID, and Embase databases was conducted to identify clinical studies that included evaluation of a return to sport test or functional test (single test or test battery) for the lower extremities. Both operative and non-operative treatments included in this review. Only studies that had patients between the ages of 14 years old and 40 years old were included. Specfici rehab protocik or treatment plan, non-English publications, non- human or cadaver studies, and studies that did not evaluate return to sport test or function test were excluded. Results: Of 8,705 studies, 65 (0.7%) studies published through October of 2021 met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. 52 out of 65 (80%) articles discussed RTS for the knee. Furthermore, 50 out of the 52 (96%) specifically analzyed RTS following ACLR. With this said, we did not abandon ankle and hip RTS cases. Discussed herein, are numerous RTS tests including the most common, isokinetic dynamometry testing which is seen in 38 out of the 52 (73%) of the knee RTS cases. Unfortunately, only 4 out of 65 (6.2%) studies analyzed RTS for the hip and 1 out of the 65 (1.5%) barely touched on the ankle. The remaining studies analyzed healthy participants only. Conclusion: More research is clearly required to identify the most valid functional test batteries for joint-specific RTS lower extremity testing. Even with the enormous amount of literature that exists regarding ACL injuries and testing there is no standardized criterion for RTS clearance. As seen in this review, the research available for the hip and ankle is substantially scarcer in regards functional testing. We hope that the suggested test batteries from this review can serve as a framework for future research and validation for joint-specific RTS functional testing.

How a Sensational Event Influences Sponsorship Effects: Applying Neuromarketing

PURPOSE Neuromarketing measures and analyzes the unconscious response of consumer brain waves to marketing stimuli in real time. This study examined how a sensational scene (accident) in a sport game influences the sponsorship effects through electroencephalography (EEG) analysis. METHODS The current study uses an experimental method. First, as an experimental stimulus, a video of F1 racing edited in a total of 9 min and 39 s was used, and an accident scene was inserted in the middle of the video. A total of 46 people participated in the experiment, and all participants watched the F1 video, including the accident scene. Participants' brain waves were observed in two prefrontal and two occipital lobes. The relationship between scene sensation and sponsorship effect was analyzed based on alpha waves and the sponsor brand recall measured by questionnaires. RESULTS First, the accident scene of the race caused the power of alpha wave to be abruptly reduced (i.e., alpha blocking). Second, the difference between the alpha power level of the group that recalled the sponsor brand and that of the group that did not recall was statistically insignificant; hence, the hypothesis was rejected. Third, the right-brain dominance (negative emotion) in the accident scene of the race was statistically insignificant; therefore, the hypothesis was rejected. Finally, the group that recalled the sponsor brand showed a left-brain dominance (positive emotion), which was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the marketing communication and neuromarketing theories on the sponsorship effects created by stimulation, attention, and memory in a sport sponsorship setting, observing alpha blocking phenomena in a sensational scene (accidents). In addition, it was revealed that the group that watched the same accident scene relatively positively and exited remembered the sponsor brand better than the group that did not watch it. The result implied that sport fan’s personal trait (e.g., sensation seeking) to sensation in sponsorship activities affects the sponsorship effect. The results also emphasized the importance of selecting target customers of sports fans in sponsorship to maximize sponsorship effects.

Ефективність використання дівчатами баскетболу 3х3 під час фізичного виховання в закладі вищої освіти

Optimization of movement activity in higher education institutions is an actual issue of the present day, which is closely connected with organization and content of physical culture. The purpose of the research is to study the interest of girls to the basketball of 3x3 and to scientifically justify its effectiveness. Material and methods of research. The corresponding set of methods of research, which were included in the following groups were used to solve the tasks: general scientific (analysis, comparison, generalization); sociological (written poll), mathematical statistics 160 students of higher education were involved, namely: National Ivan Ohiienko University of the Faculty of Pedagogy (n-20 girls), the Faculty of Foreign Philology (n-20), the Faculty of Natural and Economic Studies (n-20 girls), the Faculty of History (n-20 girls); Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University with the Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Biology (n-25 girls), the Faculty of Economics (n-25), the Faculty of Geography (n-30 girls). The questionnaire was developed to obtain information concerning the problem under investigation. The survey was conducted at the first session before the beginning of the study of practical material in the first semester, with the implementation of the provisions of the Helsinki Declaration on Medical Research with the participation of a person. Results. They found that girls like to play in team sports 86 %. The greatest advantage they give to the sport game: Volleyball – 77.2 %, basketball – 15 %, football – 11 %, basketball 3x3 – 5.5 %, do not play in any team sport – 8.3 %. They determined that 54 % of respondents wanted to learn to play basketball 3x3. Conclusions. The main condition of optimization of physical activity in institutions of higher education is taking into account interest, as well as introduction of new interesting types of movement activity. Traditional sports remain the biggest popular game among girls, but they show interest in basketball 3x3 and the main reason for their interest is “the opportunity to spend free time” – 66 %, “the interest to the new sport” – 61 %, “it is an active game that improves health” – 55.5 %, “you can easily find a team to play” – 11 %. Taking into account the analysis of the answers we have confirmed once again that basketball 3x3 as a means of physical education can be used in higher education institutions only in a fragmented way, in particular during the study of the main subject of the classes, namely “basketball”, however, as an additional class in the form of sports sections of basketball 3x3 can be held on the voluntary choice of a student

Changes in the morphological and functional indicators of students in response to dosed physical activity

Purpose: to determine the features of changes in the morphological and functional indicators of students in response to a dosed physical load. Material & Methods: practically healthy students of 18±0.7 years of I-II courses of study (n=40) who did not regularly go in for sports in the past and present took part in the study. They were divided into test groups according to the following principle: group 1 (n=20) included students involved in playing sports (sports games and their elements); group 2 (n=20) included students involved in acyclic/cyclic types of physical culture and sports activities (types of athletics). Research methods: theoretical methods of pedagogical research; testing; hardware methods; mathematical and statistical. Results: the features of adaptation of the functional systems of the body of students to regular physical culture and sports classes by different types of motor activity of a predominant orientation were determined: gaming (sports games and their elements, mini-sports games); cyclic (types of athletics). It was revealed that as a result of regular classes according to training programs, both in terms of types of physical culture and sports, predominantly cyclic / acyclic (types of athletics), and game types (sports games and their elements), there is an improvement in the level of working capacity and endurance of students already in a two-month period. The reactions of the students' organism in response to the dosed physical activity of the Martin-Kushelevsky test at the end of the study allow us to assert an increase in the level of functioning and reserves of the cardiovascular system of the subjects as characteristics of the adaptation of the morphological and functional structures of the body to programmed regular physical exercises. However, when comparing the indicators of the studied groups, no significant differences were found. Consequently, the influence of predominantly different types of training loads is similar. This helps to deepen the understanding of the influence of academic physical education classes on the body of students. Consequently, the main determinant of increasing the level of adaptation to physical activity among students is the regularity of classes, while observing the pedagogical and specific sports principles of their construction. At the same time, the main goal of such classes should be to increase the level of general endurance as a characteristic of the level of physical health. Conclusions: morphological and functional changes in the body of students in the amount provided for by the program of physical education of higher education do not depend on the predominant nature of motor activity. As a result of the two-month training program, an improvement in the functional state of the students' body was revealed. However, this does not apply to the integral indicators of the functioning of the cardiovascular system. To improve the morphological and functional indicators of students, it is necessary to increase the time of regular physical education classes, regardless of the nature of motor activity.

Workshop Peluang Usaha Di Bidang Olahraga Bagi Guru PJOK Kota Kupang

Nowadays, the interest in sports, especially in game sports, is increasing among young people. It has become a habit, and they even feel uncomfortable when they don't play sports, such as futsal and basketball. In line with their increasing passion, the trend regarding sports accessories is also increasing day by day. Thus, more and more people want to show their "fashion" in sports. In addition to fashion, the development of sports in the field of advice and infrastructure is also increasing and over time there have been changes in both quality and form that suit the needs and abilities of athletes, so sports actors must provide the latest tools so that they can support ongoing training, for example takraw balls which are used to use rattan along with Over time, they changed to use plastic materials. The implementation of a business opportunity workshop in the field of sports on August 13, 2022 which was attended by 80 participants. Resource persons provide knowledge and experience on how to see business opportunities in the field of sports, participants also carry out and make designs and business proposals which are considered as business opportunities in the field of sports in the environment around which participants live. The challenge for sports graduates is the difficulty of finding work, through this workshop it is hoped that this will provide additional insight so that sports graduates do not only focus on teaching but can start businesses in the sports sector.

Intellectualization as an aid to teaching the game of soccer among students of sports universities

Background: The paper is of an implementation (application) nature and addresses problems related to the concept of effective soccer training. Given that the actions in a sports game are based on conscious activities that require creative attitudes from players, the study proposes intellectual teaching, with an emphasis on the role of expertise. The purpose of the research was to determine an experimental method of teaching the game of soccer based on programmed support (teaching intellectualization). Materials and Methods: The pedagogical experiment method was used to evaluate the effectiveness (learning and teaching) of special motor skills. Experimental teaching was conducted over a period of 4 months in 2018-2019 among third-year physical education students of Polish sports universities (AWF Kraków and AWFiS Gdańsk). Thirty-two students who participated in soccer program classes were examined. Results: The experimental teaching (intellectualization), conducted among students of sports universities showed great advantages in more effective teaching. In the experimental groups, intellectual support led to better results (significant differences at p<0.05). Conclusions: The methodological procedure based on intellectual support of the player’s motor actions accelerates the teaching of soccer technique. Knowledge of action represents a significant disposition to efficient motor activity. It was also demonstrated that mental training used as reinforcement (in optimal proportions) can compensate for practical training.

INFLUENCE OF COGNITIVE AND SITUATIONAL MOTOR SKILLS IN SPORTS GAMES ON PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

When it comes to sports (volleyball, handball, basketball, football ...) the main value is reflected in their attractiveness, wide application, and availability. At the same time, these are sports of higher achievements (top sport), sports entertainment is an important mean of active rest (recreation) and, of course, one of the most powerful means of physical education. The popularity of sports games is especially pronounced among school children and youth. In addition to compulsory physical education classes, they are widely represented in free sports activities. As it is known among other anthropological dimensions, cognitive abilities have a significant impact in achieving top results in sports. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between a set of predictor variables of cognitive abilities and a set of criterion variables of situational motor abilities in sports games, especially in volleyball in primary school boys. By analyzing the corresponding canonical functions in the space of cognitive abilities, the function is defined by all variables, as well as by another set of data, the function is defined by all situational motor variables. As all cognitive abilities are in direct proportionality with the results of situational motor skills tests, it can be concluded that subjects with higher spatialisation ability and higher IQ will have good results in specific motor, especially in volleyball. These results are logical considering the structure of performing exercises from sports games especially volleyball, which require good coordination of movements, which is directly related to cognitive abilities.

Analysis of the impact of electronic sports on anxiety and biochemical factors of players

An obvious characteristic of computer games is stress, competition, and physiological alterations in the body. It is regarded as an important subject including those factors in e-sports, getting progressively popular in the digital era. The psychological and physiological impacts of e-sports, conducted in a competitive ambiance, on the body and mind over the course of competitions are not yet known. The aim of the paper is determining the impacts of players performing in e-sports games on some biochemical and hormonal factors shaped in the body during the game. In the group of research, there are twenty electronic sports volunteer players playing in e-sports games. Samples are gathered from the players in the study thirty minutes before and after electronic sports games. Given the results, it is concluded that e-sports players' ACTH, cortisol, and testosterone levels rose substantially.

Broadcaster Choice and Audience Demand for Live Sport Games: Panel Analyses of the Korea Baseball Organization

This study investigated the determinants of television viewership and its relation to broadcasters’ choices of matches for live telecasts. Also, factors driving the broadcasters’ choices were examined. A panel data set from the 2018 Korea Baseball Organization league pennant race was analyzed. Broadcasters’ choice order of matches and the actual television ratings of each match were regressed on a series of antecedent factors related to the game characteristics and audience preferences. It was found that the broadcasters’ choice order of matches positively affected the television ratings, suggesting that the broadcasters’ decisions were well reflected in the actual viewership. It also appeared that broadcasters’ choices were based on popularity and team performance/quality, whereas viewers showed preference for current games’ on-field performance. There was no evidence of audience preference for games with higher outcome uncertainty, whereas the broadcasters tended to choose games with more certain, rather than uncertain, outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings were discussed.

Investigation of Digital Game Addiction and Attitudes Towards Sports in Adolescent Individuals

Aim: This study aimed to examine digital game addiction and attitudes towards sports in adolescents. Method: The screening model was used in our research. After giving preliminary information about the questionnaire to the participants, a total of 191 volunteers, 113 (59.5%) females and 77 (40.5%) males participated in the study voluntarily. In the research, the 'Digital Game Addiction Scale (DGAS-7) and the 'Sports Attitude Scale ' (5-point Likert Type) consisting of 22 items were used as data collection tools. The research data were analyzed with the SPSS 22.0 package program and the margin of error was taken as p<0.05. Results: When the results were examined, it was seen that 59.5% of the participants were women, 40.5% were men, and 45.8% participated in the exercise activity. At the same time, it was understood that the total scores of psychosocial development, mental development and attitude towards sports, which were sub-dimensions of the sports attitude scale, of the participants who exercise had higher scores than the participants who did not exercise. In this context, it can be said that the attitudes of the participants who exercise were more meaningful. Conclusion: As a result, young adult individuals who were connected to games may have difficulties in fulfilling their daily responsibilities and may cause mental and cognitive disorders as a result of establishing a connection between real life and the virtual world, which can negatively affect their academic achievement levels. Moreover, individuals should be encouraged to participate in sports, because it was thought to have a positive effect on the mental and physical development of young adults. Keywords: Adolescent, Sports and Digital Game This Research Was Present at as Oral Presentation the 8th International Congress on Science, Culture and Sports

The dynamics of the planned number of sport events in game sports in the Ivano-Frankivsk region during 2020−2022

The changes in the socio-economic system of Ukraine requires a scientific discussion of the established management mechanisms for the development of game sports in the regions. The study of the problem field according to the chosen subject of research made it possible to single out relatively independent directions of research. The first is related to the development of physical culture and sport in the regions, the second – to the development of individual sports or a group of game sports in general. The purpose: to find out the changes in the structure of the planned events in game sports in the Ivano-Frankivsk region during 2020−2022. Methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of data from scientific and methodical literature, analysis of documentary materials, methods of mathematical statistics. The content of the orders of the Sport Department of the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional State Administration on the "Unified calendar plan for sport competitions and training meetings of the region for Olympic sports" for 2020−2022 was studied. The results. Ping-Pong (23.1% − 2020 and 21.1% − 2021) and football (20.8% − 2020 and 21.1% of the total number of events from game sports, respectively, in 2021) among the total number of events from game sports have the largest shares by separate years. In 2022, there is one leader in the number of planned events among game sports − Ping-Pong (23.9% of the total number of events from game sports). During 2020−2022, tennis and rugby, which occupy the third and fourth places in the ranking, retain the leading positions in terms of shares of events among game sports. Conclusions. We received new data in view of the new socio-economic conditions of activity of physical culture and sports subjects, which indicate the dynamics of absolute and relative indicators of activities for the development of game sports at the regional level, in particular in the Ivano- Frankivsk region.

Organization of teaching of the discipline "physical culture and sports" in the conditions of distance education

Forecasts regarding the specifics of the academic year 2022-2023 are different, because no one can predict military events and the behavior of the enemy even for the next few hours. In the conditions of the forced transfer of the educational process to a distance form of education, the question arose of resolving the contradictions between the traditional form (practical aspect) of physical education of students at the university and the need to organize this pedagogical process based on the use of distance educational technologies. Currently, we can say that at least a certain part of Ukrainian higher primary institutions will have a distance form of education, since a large percentage of institutions do not have properly organized and reliable shelter, some are destroyed, some are in the war zone, so a certain number, unfortunately, already in the occupied territories. The specifics of the distance learning organization of the subject "Physical Culture" in the conditions of forced distance learning or partially distance learning were discussed, the details of conducting practical classes in the Google meet system were characterized, and the features of the final control of the discipline were determined. For practical classes at the Bukovyna State Medical University, the basic types of motor activity are determined taking into account the material and technical base: fitness, sports games, general physical training. The elements of the developed model of implementation of educational programs of disciplines of the "Physical culture and sport" cycle were considered, taking into account the use of electronic learning and distance educational technologies.

Sensory Integration Training and Social Sports Games Integrated Intervention for the Occupational Therapy of Children with Autism.

This paper presents a research design for an integrated intervention using sensory integration training fused with social sports games for the treatment of children with autism. This study used a multiple baseline cross-subject design in a single-subject experiment, with structured play as the independent variable and expressive language skills of children with autism spectrum disorders as the dependent variable, with three phases of intervention: baseline, intervention period, and maintenance period. The expressive language ability was examined in terms of both oral expression and gestural expression, where the intervention effect of the oral expression was analyzed in terms of four components: the total number of words, the total number of sentences, average sentence length, and vocabulary complexity of oral expression, and the intervention effect of the gestural expression was analyzed in terms of changes in the frequency of children's gestural expression behaviors. For the categories classified by sensory integration ability, there are corresponding specific training programs that combine various physical exercises and play equipment to train the various abnormal functions of children with autism. Stereotyped behavior is a repetitive, self-imposed, and purposeless physical action, usually in the form of continuous and repetitive movements, sounds, and so on. 4 times a week, 25 minutes each time, the activity of recognizing pictures and familiar objects is carried out first, and then the children choose the structured game model and the initiative to build and take turns with the researchers to build. Stereotypic behaviors cause a great deal of distress in the lives of children with autism, and it is necessary to explore how to implement positive and effective interventions. Subjects' play abilities developed after receiving effective critical response training. The subjects' practice and symbolic play showed good immediate and maintenance intervention effectiveness; their associative and functional play showed no significant intervention effectiveness. The enhancement of the sensory integration skills of children with autism through sensory integration training resulted in a relative reduction of stereotypic behavior about the stimulus-seeking function, which had a positive effect on the intervention of stereotypic behavior.

Influence of beta-rhythm neurofeedback on the functional state of the cardiovascular system of athletes

BACKGROUND: The study of the effects of urgent and long-term adaptation of the cardiovascular system of athletes under the influence of beta-rhythm neurofeedback expands its corrective and restorative potential for use in the practice of sports medicine and rehabilitation.
 AIMS: Study of the restorative and rehabilitation potential of the influence of beta-rhythm neurofeedback on the functional state of the cardiovascular system of athletes.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The course of neurofeedback on the beta rhythm of the brain consisted of 10 sessions, including a graphical and game version of the representation of the controlled parameter (beta rhythm) on the computer monitor screen, the success of controlling the beta rhythm with the specified conditions of voluntary muscle relaxation during the session was supported by visual and auditory biological feedback. Registration of indicators of the cardiovascular system was carried out before and after the 1st, 5th and 10th sessions of the course, the dynamics during the course and individual sessions is represented by the growth rate (%) of the indicators.
 RESULTS: A course of neurofeedback on the beta-rhythm of the brain of 10 sessions were young athletes (n=1020) aged 1821, representatives of cyclic, acyclic and game sports in the preparatory period of the training cycle.
 The effects of urgent adaptation in athletes at the 1st session of the neurofeedback course according to the beta-rhythm of the brain are reflected by positive changes in the strengthening of the vagal influence of the parasympathetic nervous system on the functional state of the cardiovascular system, expressed in a decrease in heart rate, systemic pressure, performance and pumping functions of the heart, in the transition of the type of regulation of blood circulation from the unfavorable hyperkinetic type to the physiological ― eukinetic ― type. At the same time, the load on the peripheral vascular bed increased, especially on its precapillary section.
 The effects of long-term adaptation at the 10th session of the neurofeedback course according to the beta-rhythm of the brain are represented by systemic rearrangements with an increased influence of the parasympathetic nervous system in the functioning of the cardiovascular system of athletes, reflected in the maximum decrease in heart rate throughout the course, in an equivalent decrease in systemic pressure, stabilization of performance and pumping function of the heart, achievement and preservation of the eukinetic type of regulation of blood circulation, achievement of a stable stable state of the central and peripheral vascular bed with a slight response to environmental factors.
 CONCLUSION: A course of neurofeedback on the beta-rhythm of the brain of 10 sessions helps to reduce stress in the functioning of the cardiovascular system of athletes by enhancing the vagal influences of the parasympathetic nervous system, has a positive effect on heart rate, systemic pressure, performance and pumping function of the heart; promotes the transition from an unfavorable hyperkinetic to a physiological eukinetic type of circulatory regulation; has a positive effect on adaptive changes in indicators of general and peripheral vascular resistance. The revealed effects of the course of neurofeedback on the beta-rhythm of the brain are of a pronounced corrective and restorative nature during the intense functioning of the cardiovascular system of athletes and can be used in sports rehabilitation and rehabilitation practice.