Sphere Of Use Research Articles

Facile and fast synthesis of porous TiO2 spheres for use in lithium ion batteries

Porous anatase TiO2 spheres have been synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction of spherical particle precursors followed by annealing in air. The synthesized TiO2 spheres are formed by interconnected nanocrystals with size of 8.7nm in average and have grain diameters of 250–400nm. After annealing at 500°C, the TiO2 samples maintain spherical shape and develop highly mesoporous characteristics with a specific surface area of 151m2g−1. The TiO2 samples annealed at 750°C consist of larger aggregated particles with diameters of 500–900nm and still retain mesoporous anatase structure, but with a reduced specific surface area of 25.6m2g−1. Electrochemical studies reveal that the porous TiO2 spheres annealed at 500°C own very high and stable lithium ion (Li+) storage capacities of 207, 184, 166, and 119mAhg−1 at 0.5, 1, 2, and 5C (850mAg−1) rates, respectively, owing to their highly porous nanostructures and fine spherical morphology. In contrast, the TiO2 spheres annealed at 700°C exhibit modest electrochemical performance due to their reduced pore structures and larger crystallite size. The prepared porous TiO2 spherical particles show great promise for use as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs).

DIRECTIVE INTERJECTIONS IN ENGLISH PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION

The use of directive speech acts represented by interjections in professional communication in the Army, the Navy, in sports, cinema and television and some other fields of human joint activities is analysed. The examples of transposition of such units into another sphere of use are considered. Conventionally determined meaning of such interjections is emphasised. The material is amply illustrated with relevant examples

Ways of increase of efficiency of control over the use and protection of lands on the modern stage

Implemented a selective analysis of changes in the Land code of Ukraine and some legislative and other normative acts of Ukraine which regulate relations in the sphere of use and protection of land. The measures of administrative responsibility for infringement of the land legislation, according to the Code of Ukraine on administrative offences.

PRACTICAL USE MODEL FROM TIME LAG USE IN STATION PLAZAS

The aim of this paper is to clarify the model of spatial practical use of station plazas from the example of time lag use of station plazas in local cities. Initially the spatial compositions of station plazas are classified into 3 patterns from their scale and flow planning and location. Secondly the methods of time lag use are classified into 3 patterns from sphere of use. Finally 3 models of spatial practical use are clarified through the spatial patterns and use patterns. The actual situation of spatial practical use of station plazas is shown.

Anatase TiO 2 hollow spheres with small dimension fabricated via a simple preparation method for dye-sensitized solar cells with an ionic liquid electrolyte

The anatase TiO 2 hollow spheres with a diameter of approximately 250 nm were synthesized by a chemical template method. Compared to conventional P25 nanocrystalline particles, the TiO 2 hollow structured materials not only have a low density, high specific surface areas, and hierarchically porous structures but also exhibit high light-scattering efficiency and fast motion of the charge carriers. A photoelectrode consisting of TiO 2 hollow spheres for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is prepared, and the nanostructure and the performance of DSSCs with an ionic liquid electrolyte are investigated. Improved performance of the DSSCs (Jsc = 8.0 mA cm −2, Voc = 0.732 V, FF = 65%, and η = 3.79%) is obtained compared with the P25 TiO 2 nanocrystalline DSSCs (Jsc = 7.25 mA cm −2, Voc = 0.702 V, FF = 59%, η = 2.96%, and measured at 100 mW cm −2, AM 1.5 G). The improved performance is primarily due to the enhanced light scattering by the TiO 2 hollow spheres and the highly porous structure of the hollow sphere electrode, allowing the highly viscous non-volatile electrolytes to thoroughly penetrate the electrode. The results show that the structure of the TiO 2 hollow sphere photoelectrode can greatly improve the performance of the DSSCs with non-volatile electrolytes.

Electrospray Preparation of Hierarchically-structured Mesoporous TiO2 Spheres for Use in Highly Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

We report a simple method to prepare hierarchically structured TiO(2) spheres (HS-TiO(2)), using an electrostatic spray technique, that are utilized for photoelectrodes of highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This method has an advantage to remove the synthesis steps in conventional sol-gel method to form nano-sized spheres of TiO(2) nanoclusters. The fine dispersion of commercially available nanocrystalline TiO(2) particles (P25, Degussa) in EtOH without surfactants and additives is electro-sprayed directly onto a fluorine-dopoed tin-oxide (FTO) substrate for DSSC photoelectrodes. The DSSCs of HS-TiO(2) photoelectrodes show high energy conversion efficiency over 10% under illumination of light at 100 mW cm(-2), AM1.5 global. It is concluded from frequency-dependent measurements that the faster electron diffusion coefficient and longer lifetime of HS-TiO(2) than those in nonstructured TiO(2) contribute to the enhanced efficiency in DSSCs.

Solar sail near the Sun: Point-like and extended models of radiation source

Some modifications of solar sail radiation pressure forces on a plate and on a sphere for use in the numerical simulation of ‘local-optimal’ (or ‘instantaneously optimal’) trajectories of a spacecraft with a solar sail are suggested. The force model development is chronologically reviewed, including its connection with solar sail surface reflective and thermal properties. The sail surface is considered as partly absorbing, partly reflective (specular and diffuse), partly transparent. Thermal balance is specified because the spacecraft moves from circular Earth orbit to near-Sun regions and thermal limitations on the sail film are taken into account. A spherical sail-balloon can be used in near-Sun regions for scientific research beginning with the solar-synchronous orbit and moving outward from the Sun. The Sun is considered not only as a point-like source of radiation but also as an extended source of radiation which is assumed to be consequently as a point-like source of radiation, a uniformly bright flat solar disc and uniformly bright solar sphere.

Radio telecommunication systems of the terahertz range

Advantages of use of a radio channel in a terahertz range, sphere of use of such technologies, problems and possible methods of their elimination are considered in this article. The existing frequency resource physically isn't capable to transfer multigygabit data torrents via a radio channel. Application of multilevel modulations for increase in speed bears the limited character whereas application of higher frequencies allows using wider strip for transfering multigygabit streams. Such approach has many advantages, such as confidentiality of data transmission, a narrow beam. Examples of existing systems and their lacks by use of technologies CMOS, as well as materials SiGe, GaAs and InP are considered in the article

Методи вирішення задач нечіткої оптимізації у системах підтримки прийняття рішення

The problem of use of methods of the decision for problems of indistinct optimisation in systems of support of decision-making is considered. There was a generated problem and well-founded necessity of use of indistinct logic in DSS. The considered possible spheres of use of systems on the basis of indistinct logic, their advantage in use in comparison with determined DSS.

ВикористаннЯ Eлектронного шаблонУ длЯ розробкИ нормативниХ документіВ сИстемИ управліннЯ якістЮ науково-дослідниХ устаноВ В автоматизованомУ режимІ

Proposed is the approach to automated working out of normative documents for quality management system in the research organisations of Technique level for the sphere of use “ Organization and order” using an electronic template (ЕT).

PRACTICAL USE MODEL FROM SPATIAL COMPOSITION AND MULTIPURPOSE OF PARKING LOTS IN THE CENTRAL AREA OF MITO

The aim of this paper is to clarify the model of spatial practical use of parking lots from the example of multipurpose of parking lots in the central area of local cities. Initially the spatial composition of parking lots are classified into 3 patterns from their scale and shape and surrounding environments, and from these patterns the characteristic of 10 streets are shown. Secondly the methods of multipurpose are classified into 3 types from period and sphere of use. Finally 4 models of spatial practical use are clarified through the spatial patterns and use types. These models are shown in the streets, and by comparing each models with street, the actual situation of spatial practical use of parking lots is shown.

Denominales -er: Ein Suffix lebt (wieder) auf

Abstract The denominal use of the agent suffix -er is often overshadowed by the highly productive deverbal use of the suffix and its portrayals in the research literature have tended to be incomplete or contradictory, often concluding that denominal derivation is a minor or even unproductive role of -er. Contemporary usage data show denominal -er to have several productive niches, including attachment to native complex idiomatic bases (e.g. Goldwäscher, Rollenspieler) and, most notably, attachment to English bases (e.g. Boarder, Spammer). As such, while less widely used than its deverbal counterpart, denominal -er is shown to be increasing its sphere of use and importance in a manner not yet reported in the literature.

The Marking of Gender Agreement Using Derivational Affixes in German and Dutch

The German derivational suffix-inprimarily marks female sex on nouns that denote people. This paper investigates the attachment of the suffix to masculine noun bases that refer back to feminine nouns denoting inanimate referents in the same construction, seemingly as a means of making the gender of the two nouns match. The same phenomenon is also observed in Dutch despite the absence of a masculine/feminine distinction in the standard language. It is argued that the gender matching observed is a form of agreement. Using the evidence of corpus data and other attestations, it is concluded here that, because the inanimate referents of the subject nouns in the constructions involved all appear close to animate referents on animacy hierarchies (that is, they fall just outside the suffix's usual sphere of use), the gender agreement performed by-in(and its Dutch counterparts) is an extension of the suffix's prototypical derivational role, but resembles inflection in some respects and may indicate that the suffix is undergoing grammaticalization.*

The Role of Pop Music and Other Phenomena of Modern Culture in the Preservation of Komi Language

The article examines the influence of pop music and other phenom- ena of mass culture on the preservation of Komi language in the Komi Republic, Russia in the last decade. For the majority of young people, Komi language is not prestigious; it is insufficiently represented in publishing, television and radio broadcasting, cinematography, showbusiness, virtual space, etc. These elements of (Bazhenova 2004) personify for the youth progress and prestige and should be Komified. Today it is necessary to introduce the applica- tion of Komi language more actively in the sphere of modern technologies as one of the elements of progress. The Komi need to stop viewing their culture and language as second-rate, underdeveloped in relation to Russian culture and language. The article also discusses the activities targeted at expanding the spheres of use of the Komi language, the state support to the modern Komi culture, the influence of the phenomena of modern culture on the prestige of the Komi language, and other issues.

A Tense and Shifting Balance: Bilingualism and Education in Ukraine

Language policy is a divisive issue in Ukraine, where the Ukrainian and Russian languages coexist in a tenuous balance. Many people see the choice between Russian and Ukrainian as symbolic of two polar political and cultural allegiances: with Russia, or with Europe and the West. Promotion of Ukrainian is meant to counteract its historical subjugation to Russian. At the same time, there is state support for minority languages and cultures, including Russian, to help develop a Ukrainian civic identity not restricted to Ukrainian ethnicity. Legislation designates Ukrainian as the sole state language while also supporting education in Russian and other languages, including Romanian, Hungarian, and Crimean Tatar. The previously low status of Ukrainian has risen greatly since the disintegration of the USSR, and this language is much more widely used than before in education, government, and public life in general. However, Russian continues to dominate in many spheres as it did during the Soviet era. Many people feel that the survival of Ukrainian is still threatened by Russian, and that the recent gains of Ukrainian in status and spheres of use are tenuous. In 2008, struggles over language policies persist and the implementation of existing policies continues to be uneven.

Electrophoretic Materials in Wafer Level Packages for Solid State Imagers to Meet Automotive Reliability Standards

Solid state image sensors are increasingly being adopted for automotive applications. The harsh operating environment and requirement for long life means reliability standards for automotive components far exceed those of the normal sphere of use, namely mobile telephones. Electrophoretic paints are widely used in the automotive and construction industries to endow fabricated metal products with corrosion resistant, decorative, coatings. This paper describes the first known use of these materials for semiconductor packaging. The application is a wafer level packaging process to encapsulate image sensors, which will comfortably surpass the automotive standard for reliability.

Fabrication of platinum spherical electrodes in an intra-ocular prosthesis using high-energy electrical discharge

A 100-channel neurostimulation circuit comprising a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and a 10×10 electrode array for interfacing with surviving neurons of the retina has been designed. We discuss the fabrication of the accompanying electrode array that is to be connected to the implant. Specifically, a technique is described that allows the consistent and accurate formation of platinum spheres. The technique uses a controlled discharge across an ionised air gap. The magnitude of the discharge energy (controlled by pre-selecting different discharge capacitors), allows for the control of sphere diameter. One hundred of the said spheres with attached 100m diameter platinum wires are then fabricated into an electrode array formed from a silicone base. We demonstrate that using our technique, it is possible to inexpensively fabricate uniform spheres for use in neuroprosthetic devices and that said spheres are suitable for both recording and stimulation of physiological functions. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ultraviolet chambers based on integrating spheres for use in artificial weathering

Laboratory ultraviolet (UV) chambers are widely used to obtain weathering data for a wide range of commercial polymer products including coatings, textiles, elastomers, plastics, and polymeric composites. Although numerous improvements have been made in the design of UV chambers over the last 80 years, the reproducibility of the exposure results from these chambers has remained elusive. This lack of reproducibility is attributed to systematic errors in their design, operation, and control which prevent direct comparisons of the performance of materials exposed in the same environment, comparisons of the performance of the same material exposed in different laboratories, and the comparison of field and laboratory results. This paper describes an innovative UV chamber design based on integrating sphere technology that greatly reduces the magnitude of these errors, as well as provides additional experimental capabilities.

Tailoring sphere density for high pressure physical property measurements on liquids

We present a new method of tailoring the density of a sphere for use as a probe in high pressure-temperature physical property experiments on liquids. The method consists of a composite sphere made of an inner, high density, metallic, spherical core and an exterior, low density, refractory, spherical shell or mantle. Micromechanical techniques are used to fabricate the composite sphere. We describe a relatively simple mechanical device that can grind hemispherical recesses as small as 200 μm in diameter in sapphire and as small as 500 μm in diameter in ruby hemispheres. Examples of composite spheres made with a Pt or WC core and Al2O3 shell used in metallic liquids pressurized to 16 GPa and 1900 K are shown.

Permeable Boundaries: Abolitionist Women and Separate Spheres

In early days of organized antislavery, letter London Female Antislavery Society recently established Female Antislavery Society in Reading, Massachusetts, appeared in Liberator. In letter, London society encouraged Reading association persevere in its work for immediate emancipation, no matter what obstacles it encountered. Warning their American counterparts ignore the plausible reasonings of any who try turn you aside, English women explained that commitment antislavery cause did not demand any departures from that propriety which allots sex its peculiar sphere of usefulness. This reassurance implied restricted role for antislavery women focused on stirring up the more active efforts of male connection and reading, conversing, and praying within family circle.1 Initially, Garrison and other male leaders shared similar notions of what women might do aid against slavery. As recent scholarship has amply demonstrated, however, most middle-class white and black women abolitionists gradually moved beyond antislavery efforts that were private and domestic in nature (like prayer or support for free produce movement).2 Because they believed that abolitionism was not only moral question but also public issue, women routinely engaged in activities that took them into public arena. As organizers of Boston Fair, which attracted large crowds every year, pointed out, their main objective was to keep subject [of immediate emancipation] before public eye, and by every innocent expedient promote perpetual discussion.3 Sharing this perception of necessity of involving themselves in public non-Garrisonian Anti-Slavery Sewing Circle of Dover, New Hampshire, decided in 1857 promote public discussion of national questions by organizing a meeting of citizens of Dover in behalf of Kansas.4 Although records of Sewing Circle do not reveal whether any Dover residents questioned legitimacy of women calling town meeting, many antislavery activities attracted furious responses critics who claimed that women were out of their sphere. Whether responding criticism or reflecting on meaning of their commitment, abolitionist women proved adept at exploiting, subverting, and contesting conservative definitions of appropriate female behavior. Even when they did not agree among themselves, antislavery women blurred distinctions between private and public, expanded parameters of woman's sphere, and suggested alternative meanings for gender norms.5 The activities and written records of abolitionist women are useful reminder of nature of social, cultural, and economic changes in antebellum period. Just as class divisions were imprecise, and membership and meaning of middle class were not yet set, notions of gender were in process of construction. In fluid society, meaning of key concepts like propriety and female decorum were contested. Whether they eventually subscribed women's rights or not, many abolitionist women (and men) found themselves engaged in definitional that notion of distinct spheres obscures.6 The was one that took place on nonverbal as well as verbal level. James Vernon and others have demonstrated importance of analyzing politics cultural perspective. This approach broadens understanding of political activity and illuminates political culture as an arena of struggle between groups, each with its own definition of politics and participation. In this arena, material objects as well as use of time and space offer fruitful evidence for understanding political action. Three events staged by antislavery women in 1840s are good examples of political culture of female antislavery. By examining them closely, we can see ways in which women's antislavery activities asserted their right participate in public world and shape popular political culture. …