Sphere Of Use Research Articles

Access Relations to Copyright Objects Expressed in the Digital Environment

This article is devoted to the analysis of changes in relations arising in the sphere of use of copyright objects expressed in digital assets. The legal systems of various countries were unable to choose the most suitable models for the legal regulation of the circulation of works objectified in the form of program code. The problem was that copyright objects, objectified in digital form and called “digital content,” could not be unambiguously qualified, and were recognized as goods, services, or the provision of data. The European legislator spoke in favor of applying a sui generis legal regime to digital content. Thus, classical objects of copyright, acquiring a digital form of fixation and expression, begin to participate in civil circulation using fundamentally different legal mechanisms than the mechanisms of licensing agreements, namely, through the possibility of providing access to digital objects.

Особенности функционирования англоязычного заимствования to go в современном немецком языке

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the functioning of the English-language loan word “to go” in the German language. The article examines the processes of adaptation of the Anglicism “to go” to the lexical and semantic system of the recipient language at different language levels, defines the areas of use of the Anglicism, and establishes the functional potential of loan word. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the functioning of the English-language loan word “to go” in German is studied from the perspective of a structural and semantic description of new nominations that arose as a result of word and phrase formation. It is established that the Anglicism “to go” is a semantic pseudo-loan word that has retained its form from the source language, but has a different content in the German language. Using the examples of consideration of standard and non-standard cases of borrowing, it is shown that loan word is a productive component in (hybrid) word and phrase formation. The spheres of use of loan word are considered, as well as the mechanisms of its further adaptation to the new lexical and semantic system. As a result of the study, it was found that the functional potential of borrowing varies depending on the use of Anglicism in phrases or in composite words. The cases of the influence of the English language on the word-formation system of the German language are revealed.

Experimental Investigation on Fabrication of Cermet Hollow Spheres for Use as Reinforcement in the Production of Lightweight and Strong Metal Foams for High Energy Absorption Applications

Experimental Investigation on Fabrication of Cermet Hollow Spheres for Use as Reinforcement in the Production of Lightweight and Strong Metal Foams for High Energy Absorption Applications

Neutron moderation and manufacturing viability of 3D printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene spheres for use in neutron radiation detectors

Neutron moderation characteristics and manufacturing viability of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) spheres were studied using a 6LiI(Eu) scintillator detector and a commercial 3D printer with FDM-type extruder. Response functions (RFs) for the detector with ABS spheres of varying diameters were calculated with the Monte Carlo (MC) code MCNPX and compared with RFs obtained for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) spheres. Designed ABS spheres were produced and irradiated with 241Am–Be neutron beams to validate MC simulations.

Этимология и семантика цветообозначения «красный» (红) в русском и китайском языках

The study aims to identify the features of the etymology and semantics of the color term ‘red’ (красный, 红 hóng) in Russian and Chinese to determine the similarities and differences in the symbolic content of this notion in the two cultures. The work is novel in that it is the first to analyze and compare phraseological units with the lexeme ‘red’ in the Russian and Chinese languages in the linguocultural aspect and to identify the peculiarities of the use of a number of synonymous words with the meaning of ‘red’ (红 hóng; 赤 chì; 朱 zhū; 丹 dān). A comparative approach involving sources in Chinese not only made it possible to clarify the etymology of the notion under study, but also to deepen the understanding of commonalities and differences in the cognitive perception of this color term. As a result, the main semantic groups of the lexeme ‘red’ are identified according to the principle of their earliest appearance and spheres of use; examples of the use of these color terms in phraseological units in direct and figurative meanings are given; semantically similar color terms (红; 赤; 朱; 丹) are compared; in addition, the symbolism of red in Russian and Chinese cultures is also shown.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ СУТНОСТІ ПОНЯТТЯ «РИНОК ПРАЦІ»

The article is devoted to the topical issue of methodological approaches to defining the essence of the "labor market" as one of the most complex elements of the market economy, within which its participants interact, the relationship between the seller and the buyer of a specific product is regulated, demand and supply are formed, and its price and conditions are determined functioning. The purpose of the article is the research and analysis of methodological approaches and the search for alternative approaches to revealing the essence and content of the concept of "labor market".The article analyzes approaches to defining the essence of the concept of "labor market" as a system of socio-economic relations; mechanism or systems of mechanisms; norms and institutions; spheres of supply and demand formation; spheres of use of human resources; forms of organization of the labor movement, etc. Existing methodological approaches to defining the essence of the concept of "labor market" are analyzed, including systemic, dialectical, functional, institutional, synergistic, and complex approaches. The characteristics of each of these approaches are given. The author's definitions of the "labor market" were analyzed according to content, criteria and conditions of formation and grouped according to the analyzed methodological approaches.An analysis of theoretical sources regarding approaches to determining the essence of the formative categories of the labor market, namely the essence of the concepts "market" and "labor" has been carried out. The presence of process attributes in each of the specified economic concepts is proven. The views of domestic scientists regarding the processual definition of the "labor market" category were analyzed and the novelty of the corresponding approach was proved, the possibilities of using the processual approach as a methodology for its formation were determined. The author's definition of the labor market from the position of the process approach is given. The prospects for further research of the relevant issues are determined, the features of using the process approach and its advantages are indicated, and the characteristics of the application of the methodology of the process approach to the definition and formation of the labor market as an economic category are summarized.

Gadget vs device: the experience of semantic analysis

The subject of the study is the semantics of the lexemes gadget and device in the modern Russian language. The spheres of use of these words, semantic differences and similarities between them, and their stylistic specificity are discussed. As sources of linguistic information about the functioning of lexemes, the data of the Russian National Corpus, the results of an Internet search and a questionnaire were used. The article reveals the multiple meanings of the words gadget and device in the modern Russian language. The YandexGPT neural network was used to verify the selected word meanings. The results obtained do not coincide with the data presented in modern explanatory dictionaries. The word-formative productivity of borrowed bases is noted – non-formal derivatives of different parts of speech are consistently formed from them. A descriptive method was used in the article. Based on the innovative nature of denotative realities and the inconsistent lexicographic description of the corresponding lexemes in modern dictionaries, the article applied an onomasiological approach ("from thing to word"). The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time a comparative semantic study of these lexemes was carried out using the above methods, their regular meanings and stylistic specificity were revealed. The analysis made it possible to draw conclusions: lexical neologisms naming innovative devices are inconsistently described by modern dictionaries, their study is an important task and requires modern research methods with the use of computer technologies; the words gadget and device are hyperonyms in relation to the lexical units of the field "Personal computing devices", they have both semantic differences and similarities and are actively adapted in modern Russian-speaking usage. The communicative relevance of these words is evidenced by the possibility of their indirect ironic use as a means of designating almost any object.

The Polish Language in Georgia (U.S.)

Despite the number of people of Polish origin (approx. 9 million) and the long history of this diaspora in the U.S., there have been no in-depth comprehensive sociolinguistic studies devoted to their language situation and bilingualism. The states of the Southeast (including Georgia) are particularly under-researched. The article presents the results of the Polish part of sociolinguistic research on the situation of Slavic languages in Georgia, carried out in the summer of 2022. Since Georgia is rarely a destination for direct migration from Poland, its Polish community differs linguistically and socially from the more typically “Polish” states of the Northeast and Midwest. Based on questionnaire research and interviews, the spheres of use of Polish and English, the linguistic competence of Poles in both languages, and the shape and main motives driving family language policy are discussed.

МОВНЕ РІЗНОМАНІТТЯ ФУТБОЛЬНОГО ДИСКУРСУ В УСНОМУ МОВЛЕННІ КОМЕНТАТОРІВ

The article characterizes the linguistic diversity of football discourse in the oral speech of commentators on the video material of the match between the football teams Dynamo and Minaj. The theme of football language in the scientifi c work of Ukrainian scholars is well developed qualitatively, but not quantitatively. However, there are already sig-nifi cant studies at the intersection of discourse studies and diachronic sociolinguistics. Scientists are also actively studying the football vocabulary of the present time.Spoken language is very dynamic and changeable, so the question arises of its normalization, analysis, and identifi cation of specifi c characteristics in various aspects, especially in the lexical linguistic system as the most sensitive, changeable, and open to external trends. The spoken language, like the written language, is diff erentiated by the spheres of use: formal and informal, professional and non-professional (slang).Special attention should be paid to the football discourse, which verbally serves the most popular sport in the world in general and in Ukraine in particular – football. In gen-eral, discourses are characterized by some hierarchy. This type of discourse is thematically focused on a football game and uses all linguistic tools, including terms and slang, for this purpose. A sports commentator acts as an intermediary between players and spectators. The lexemes recorded in the commentator’s oral speech were explained using various sources: currently available dictionaries of sports and football terminology, an explanatory dictionary, a dictionary of slang, and data from sports websites. The author reveals the linguistic phenomenon of delayed slangisms, which has not yet been studied in the scientifi c literature. Their nature in morphemic, lexical and stylistic dimensions is characterized

Osobliwości użycia formy ‘imię + imię odojcowskie’ w rosyjskojęzcznej komunikacji politycznej i medialnej

The article discusses the nuances of using the ‘first name – patronymic’ form in modern Russian in the field of politics and media communication. Special attention is drawn to cases, such as the rejection of the ‘first name – patronymic’ form in favour of using only the name; asymmetry in communication; the use of non-standard patronymics; the use of patronymics in communication with representatives of other states; features of speech behaviour of opinion leaders. Data used in the article is taken from Russian written and electronic media and lead to the conclusion that in recent decades, the Russian language has seen changes in the use of the ‘first name – paternal name’ form. However, the narrowing of the spheres of use of the paternal name does not mean its complete disappearance. It is still normative in some environments and professional circles (e.g. school, university, official institutions), in official communication involving state office-holders, while the scope of use of this form in broader political and media communication is gradually diminishing.

ESSAY ON THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE UKRAINIAN DANUBE REGION

The purpose of the study is to outline the current language situation in one of the multiethnic, and, accordingly, multilingual and multicultural regions of Ukraine — Budzhak. The Research objectives are: a) to identify the main differential features of the language situation in the region; b) to identify the components of the language situation — idioms that interact in the studied region; c) to identify the functional load of idioms in everyday and official communication; d) to study the influence of standard (literary) languages on dialect systems. The object of the study is the language situation in one of the region of Ukraine; the subject of the study is the structure and peculiarities of the modern language situation in the multiethnic region of the Ukrainian Danube. Conclusions. In the studied region the language situation is complex, exoglossic (idioms (dialects) of different languages interact: Bulgarian, Gagauz, Albanian, Moldovan (Romanian), Ukrainian, Russian, etc.); endoglossic (dialects and standard languages compete); unbalanced (components are functionally unequal and are distributed by spheres of use). Ukrainian serves as a language of official communication and education, while Russian serves as a lingua franca and informal communication. We see the prospect of further research in the study of interlingual interaction, mixed dialects and regionalisms. We consider it necessary and urgent to draw up a programme of comprehensive sociolinguistic research of the region as a model that can be used in other multiethnic regions in order to improve language planning and language policy of the state in general.

The concept of deepfake in Russian law, classification of deepfake and issues of their legal regulation

The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of deepfake in the Russian Federation. Legal regulation of deepfake does not keep up with the pace of development of artificial intelligence technologies. The authors emphasize that there is no definition of deepfake in the current legislation, and the existing formulations in scientific works are extremely contradictory in nature. Taking into account the pace of development of artificial intelligence technologies, it is necessary to legislate the definition of deepfake. The authors note that the classification of deepfakes is fundamentally important for the legal regulation of these technologies. According to the results of the analysis of modern neural networks the species classification of deepfakes is offered. Taking into account the authors' proposed definition of the concept of "deepfake" and taking into account the lack of legal mechanisms to regulate social relations in the sphere of use and distribution of deepfake, which cause the development of digital transformation, it is important to form mechanisms to adapt the legal system to the challenges associated with the development of deepfake technologies.

Colloquiality as a concept of the history of language

Speech phenomena have long been the object of consideration in the history of literary language. They were interpreted as phenomena of vernacular speech, since the subject of this branch of linguistics is the study of the ways of formation of literary language against the background of interaction with spoken language, which has areal and social differentiation. The need to use the terms vernacular language, vernacular element, vernacular style disappeared due to two factors: 1) the researchers linked these concepts with a certain abstract model in the general picture of the history of the literary language, the formation of the Ukrainian literary language based on written sources and the influence of the language of folklore; 2) in stylistics, a colloquial (colloquial and everyday) style of literary language was distinguished, which is based on oral colloquial everyday language with territorial and social variants. The purpose of the article is to describe the relationship between the functional and stylistic category "vernacular" and the historical-linguistic concept "vernacular". Materials and methods. The use of the term "eloquence" in modern linguistic stylistics is interpreted through the use of methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization of scientific theories. Conclusions. Colloquiality is a category that unites units of literary and non-literary oral conversational and everyday sphere of use in their stylistic function (nominative, emotional-expressive, socio-cultural and communicative-pragmatic). The appearance of language units with a colloquial register in this or that micro-context is motivated by the writer's artistic intention, the chosen theme of the work, stylized communicative situations in which it unfolds.

Optical Characterization of Materials for Precision Reference Spheres for Use with Structured Light Sensors.

Traditionally, 3D digitizing sensors have been based on contact measurement. Given the disadvantages of this type of measurement, non-contact sensors such as structured light sensors have gained the attention of many sectors in recent years. The fact that their metrological performance is affected by the optical properties of the digitized material, together with the lack of standards, makes it necessary to develop characterization work to validate materials and calibration artifacts for the qualification and calibration of these sensors. This work compares and optically characterizes different materials and surface finishes of reference spheres used in the calibration of two structured light sensors with different fields of application, with the aim to determine the most suitable sphere material-sensor combination in each case. The contact measurement system of a CMM is used as a reference and, for the processing of the information from the sensors, the application of two different filters is analyzed. The results achieved point to sandblasted stainless steel spheres as the best choice for calibrating or qualifying these sensors, as well as for use as registration targets in digitizing. Tungsten carbide spheres and zirconium are unsuitable for this purpose.

Осетинские глаголы perfectiva tantum: влияние универсальных и идиоэтнических акциональных смыслов (в сопоставлении с русским языком) (Часть вторая)

The article describes that part of the Ossetian verbal lexicon, the aspectual inconsistency of which, namely its single aspectual character (perfectiva tantum), is explained by the presence in the semantics of these verbs of idioethnic actional meanings in combination with certain universal actional meanings. The analysis of the Ossetian linguistic facts in comparison with their functionally translated Russian counterparts is a continuation of the study, the results of which were presented in the Bulletin of the NOSU [10, pp. 169-181]. Determining the boundaries of the sphere of use of verbs of only the perfect form is undoubtedly important in the study of the functional-semantic field (FSF) of the aspectuality of the modern Ossetian language, since it allows you to determine the connection between the modes of action of the Ossetian verb and the aspect category, or rather, to establish the boundaries of the action of the perfect form and imperfect form. The results presented in the article indicate that the perfect aspect in the Ossetian language has a much wider area of action than the imperfect aspect. There is a typologically similar picture in the Russian language, but the factors that result in the uneven size of the spheres of use of prefixed perfect forms and prefixed imperfect forms in the compared languages are different. At the same time, the zone of the Russian imperfect form is much wider than the zone of functioning of the Ossetian imperfect form, expressed only by prefixed formations with the infix -tsæy-, and the zone of the prefixed verbs perfectiva tantum in the Ossetian language is more voluminous, as it seems to us, than in Russian, since the single-species nature of this group of Ossetian verbs are influenced by a greater number of aspectual-actional factors than in modern Russian.

Approaches to Regulating Relations in the Sphere of Developing and Using the Artificial Intelligence Technologies: Features and Practical Applicability

Objective: to review the modern scientific approaches to regulating relations in the sphere of using the artificial intelligence technologies; to reveal the main features and limitations of using the risk-oriented and technological approaches in order to determine the directions of their further development.Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a set of scientific cognition methods, including the general scientific dialectic method and the universal scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, comparison, summarization, structural-functional, and formal-logical methods).Results: it was determined that the use of the risk-oriented approach implies building constructive models of risk management. A significant issue in using this approach is the bases of referring the artificial intelligence technologies to high-risk ones. When determining the risk level of using the artificial intelligence technologies, the following criteria should be applied: the type of artificial intelligence technology, its sphere of use, and the level of potential harm for the environment, health and other fundamental human rights.In turn, the central issue of using the technological approach is the necessity and limits of regulation in the sphere of developing and using the artificial intelligence technologies. First, interference into this sphere must not create obstacles for developing technologies and innovations. Second, a natural reaction of a regulator towards newly emerging objects and subjects of turnover is the “imperfect law syndrome”. At the same time, a false idea about a lack of legal regulation may produce an opposite effect – duplication of legal norms. To solve the problem of duplicating legal requirements, it is necessary, first of all, to solve the issue of the need to regulate the artificial intelligence technologies or certain types of software applications.Scientific novelty: a review was carried out of the main approaches to regulating relations in the sphere of developing and using the artificial intelligence technologies; the opportunities and limitations of their use are revealed; further directions of their development are proposed.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used for determining the optimal approaches to regulating the sphere of digital technologies and for improving the legal regulation of the studied sphere of social relations.

Legal Aspects of the Use Artificial Intelligence in Telemedicine

Objective: the rapid expansion of the use of telemedicine in clinical practice and the increasing use of Artificial Intelligence has raised many privacy issues and concerns among legal scholars. Due to the sensitive nature of the data involved particular attention should be paid to the legal aspects of those systems. This article aimed to explore the legal implication of the use of Artificial Intelligence in the field of telemedicine, especially when continuous learning and automated decision-making systems are involved; in fact, providing personalized medicine through continuous learning systems may represent an additional risk. Particular attention is paid to vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and severely ill patients, due to both the digital divide and the difficulty of expressing free consent.Methods: comparative and formal legal methods allowed to analyze current regulation of the Artificial Intelligence and set up its correlations with the regulation on telemedicine, GDPR and others.Results: legal implications of the use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine, especially when continuous learning and automated decision-making systems are involved were explored; author concluded that providing personalized medicine through continuous learning systems may represent an additional risk and offered the ways to minimize it. Author also focused on the issues of informed consent of vulnerable groups (children, elderly, severely ill patients).Scientific novelty: existing risks and issues that are arising from the use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine with particular attention to continuous learning systems are explored.Practical significance: results achieved in this paper can be used for lawmaking process in the sphere of use of Artificial Intelligence in telemedicine and as base for future research in this area as well as contribute to limited literature on the topic.

Features of Investment Legal Relations in the Sphere of Use of Fauna

In this scientific article author revealed a general study of the features of investment relations in the sphere of the use of fauna as a subject of legal regulation. During the process of studying the norms of current legislation and the doctrine of law, author concluded the distinctive features ofinvestment relations in the sphere of the use of fauna, and author focused on the peculiarities of their legal regulation due to their diverse affiliation.

Principles and methodology of “Ukrainian spelling”

This article addresses the methodology of creating a new, national “Ukrainian Spelling” free from foreign spelling influence. The author substantiates the need to use such methodological principles as scientificity, Ukrainian-centricity, consistency, logic, orien ta tion to the needs of language practice and stability. The essence of each of these prin ciples and the peculiarities of their implementation are clarified, and typical metho do logical violations in the spellings of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods are determined. Based on a comparison of spelling codes of the 20th—21st centuries the author concludes the most complete observance of the specified methodological principles in the “Ukrainian Spelling” of 1928 and the complete disregard of Ukrainian-centricity, scientificity, logic and consistency in the “Ukrainian Spelling” of 1933. The spelling codes of 1990 and 1993 are recognized as the first attempts to return some specific spelling rules, which became possible as a result of the change in the political system in Ukraine and the expansion of the sphere of use of the Ukrainian language. The author notes partial corrections and numerous variant additions to the rules for transferring words of foreign origin in the “Ukrainian Spelling” of 2019, which did not contribute to the restoration of those spelling norms that are part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition. The author emphasizes that the national basis of Ukrainian orthography should be a complex of principles, the main of which should be phonetic (phonemic), which is determined by the history of the formation of orthographic systems of the Ukrainian language. The paper substantiates the «broad» (and not purely orthographic) format of the Ukrainian spelling code. Keywords: Ukrainian spelling, methodology, basis of spelling, principles of spelling, orthographic norms.

Many-Faced Carnelian: The History of the Names of the Stone in the Russian Language Tradition

This article studies the history behind the nominations of carnelian that have existed at different times within the Russian language tradition. They are loans from the ancient Greek language сардион, сардий, сардоних and сардоникии; Western European loans of Modern times карнеол, корналин; and the word сердолик which is native, but in many respects formally “induced” by the appearance of loanwords that already existed in the language. The fact of the multiplicity of nominations of this stone is due to several reasons: the antiquity of humankind’s acquaintance with this stone and the occurrence of its mentions in ancient texts that influenced the formation of the book culture of Old Rus’; the imported origin of the stone and only very late discovery of its home deposits; a specific linguistic and cultural situation that arose during the formation of the Russian scientific terminological system, when there was competition between the original names of the mineral and new Western European analogues, acquaintance with which occurred through the translation of mineralogical treatises. The article describes the factors that create the specifics of the linguistic history of carnelian, which are in different combinations characteristic of the whole area of the history of mineralogical names. The author comments on the time of the appearance of borrowed names of carnelian in the Russian language, their sources, the difference in the sphere of use, and semantic shades. Also, the article provides data on the time and reasons for the occurrence of the word сердолик, as well as its motivation based on intra-linguistic and extralinguistic factors, the existence of terminological parallelism with the participation of different names of carnelian, and competition between native and borrowed names.