Banking Sphere Research Articles

Прямые иностранные инвестиции и западноевропейская интеграция: некоторые циклические факторы

This article examines some current problems of EU and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Also this article generalize and illustrate in new way long waves hypothesis. The author suggests a non-customary approach to the study and forecasting of the economic life within the framework of Kondratieff approaches. Cyclical patterns were successfully used by the author in the business and in the banking sphere. Taking into account long waves, in 2009 the author warned about the possible economic crises in Russia in 2014-2015, 2020 and such crises actually happened. The aim of this article is the systematization and the adaptation of long waves approaches to the study of many acute economic problems. The hypothesis of long waves was used by the author but only as a general empirical reference point. It touches on many actual problems of world development, including the decrease of global FDI and the growth of centrifugal forces in the EU. The question is raised about the large-scale spread of coronavirus. The rapid spread of COVID-19 could have been connected with high global instability in addition to other well-known factors. Taking into account Kondratieff’s waves and many years of the author’s experience in the Russian business and in the Russian banking sphere, the author touches on a long unfavorable period of economic instability in Russian economy. Some economic advices to regulators and business in Russia are provided. Also the author concludes that it is necessary to continue studying the Kondratieff long wave hypothesis with the aim of its further successful use in forecasting.

Сhatbot and intelligent assistant: bibliometric analysis and research in banking sphere

Today, the importance of chatbots and intelligent assistants is growing, given the rapid pace of information systems' development and the desire of consumers to receive advice at any time and on a self-service basis. Accordingly, the article presents the bibliometric and visual analysis of publications from the Scopus database in chatbots and intelligent assistants. According to the results obtained, the authors can note the following.First, the total number of publications in the scientific field of chatbots and intelligent assistants is on the rise, rapid development started in 2016, and the peak was in 2019. Second, chatbots and intelligent assistants' most relevant subject areas are computer science and engineering. However, chatbots and intelligent assistants get into other spheres (social sciences, decision sciences, medicine, etc.). It means that the research sphere becomes more interdisciplinary. Third, the highest publication activity demonstrates authors from the USA.Moreover, powerful publication clusters form around China, the Netherlands, Germany. Also, four authors from the USA are in the top 10 contributing authors in the research sphere. Fourth, 13 clusters form relationships between keywords within the research problem. The most significant clusters around the following keywords “intelligent assistants,” “chatbots,” “human-computer interaction,” “artificial intelligence,” “computer software”. In addition, a comparative analysis of chatbots of three Ukrainian banks – PrivatBank, MonoBank, and Alfa-Bank, was conducted. This analysis identified the strengths and problem areas of each of the chatbots. According to the results of the investigation, PrivatBank and MonoBank chatbots are more competitive. Alfa-Bank chatbot has more “gaps,” which reduce the effectiveness of interaction for users and need to be corrected. Thus, the research theme is in trend and will develop further. All findings of this paper and their graphical presentation are relevant. Scientists and practitioners can use them to understand the latest achievements and gaps in the “chatbot” and “intelligent assistant” fields and offer helpful guidance for further research.

Internet banking market of the future: formation and development

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the banking sphere functioning in the Internet environment, as well as the digital banking services themselves implemented in it, are undergoing changes in accordance with the introduction of new information and communication technologies. The development of an effective strategy for the development of the digital banking system should be based on theoretical developments and developments, which will allow to choose the best and most effective option for practical application in the functioning of the banking market on the Internet. The purpose of the study was to study the trends in the emergence and development of digital banking services. According to the stated goal, the task of the study is to study the main elements of the banking sphere in the Internet environment, the definition of their features, and the development of proposals on how to improve and enhance the quality and effectiveness of the implementation of electronic banking services. Research methods: general and special methods of knowledge, in particular the analysis of scientific and information base, synthesis of the data obtained into theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations. Results and conclusions of the research: it is predicted that the further development of the Internet banking services market will be determined in accordance with the improvement of information and communication technologies, which will be accompanied by increased competition in the domestic and foreign markets due to the growing role of intelligent services, the development of e-commerce. The results can be used in further scientific research and in the development of methodological recommendations to improve the effectiveness of banking services in the digital environment.

Risk category in the banking sphere: Some aspects of interpretation

Risk category in the banking sphere: Some aspects of interpretation

Сфера гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб як об’єкт адміністративно-правового реглуювання

Soloviova N. А. Field guarantee of deposits ofindividuals as an object of administrative and legalregulation. – Article.The article reveals the connection of the depositguarantee system of individuals with the banking systemand determines their relationship. Attention is drawn tothe fact that both are relatively separate elements of thefinancial system of the state, have in common a complexnature of the legal nature of relations and provide acombination of elements of both private and public law.Taking into account a certain subsystemic nature of thedomestic system of guaranteeing deposits of individualsin relation the banking system of Ukraine, a visionis formulated on the distinction between private lawand public elements of legal relations in both areas. Onthe basis of theoretical generalization and comparativeanalysis, the elements that provide the main functionsof the deposit guarantee system of individuals andrequire an administrative and legal method of legalregulation are identified. An approach the allocation ofadministrative legal relations within the banking sphere,which are available in the field of guaranteeing deposits ofindividuals and are inherent only in it, is formulated. Theauthor's approach definition of object of administrativeand legal regulation of sphere of guarantee of deposits ofphysical persons, its delimitation from a subject is offered.The purpose of the study is analyze the scope ofguaranteeing the deposits of individuals as an objectof administrative and legal regulation, determinethe approach its separation from the subject of legalregulation and its significance.It is concluded that the administrative legal relations toensure the effective functioning of the deposit guaranteesystem of individuals is the object of administrative andlegal regulation in this area. According their content,the norms of administrative law regulate public relationsregarding the implementation of the Fund's DepositGuarantee Fund's powers regulate, supervise and controlthe activities of banks participating in the Fund, withdrawinsolvent banks from the market and liquidate them in casesestablished by the Law of Ukraine On System guaranteeingthe deposits of individuals to ensure the effectiveness ofits operation. This approach provides for stability in thefield of guaranteeing deposits of individuals, stimulatingbanking activities and protecting the interests of depositorsin removing insolvent banks from the market and theirliquidation, precisely because of the administrative and legalregulatory impact on this area by the Deposit GuaranteeFund as an independent special state institution

Towards VES Function for Creating a Sustainable Method for Evaluating e-Banking Websites Quality

The main objective of the article is to analyze the possibility of using the authors’ own VES (variable elasticity of substitution) class function as a reference point to examine the adequacy of the use of multi-criteria analysis (MCDA) methods to make decisions during the evaluation and subsequently to select and evaluate websites in the electronic banking sector. The secondary goal is to identify the best e-banking websites in Poland in 2020 (during the Covid-19 pandemics) from the point of view of an individual client. Drawing on the previous experiences related to the VES function application and assessment of the internet banking sphere, the authors take hypothetical results from the VES function as a reference point and compare them with other selected methods: the scoring methods, the author’s own conversion method and the Promethee method. The data for the study are collected using an original questionnaire and verified during a pilot study. To participate in the survey, respondents had to visit a dedicated website containing a questionnaire and answer some additional questions concerning the relations between economic and technological attributes/criteria of the banking websites. The research sample included over 930 individuals from the academic environment, and the study was conducted in April 2020. The results obtained in the survey appear to be promising. The “ideal” VES function seems to be a very good reference point for the selected assessment methods. On this basis, the authors could determine which of the applied evaluation methods is the best in this case. Moreover, when analyzing the ranking of banks, it was found that economic criteria and some of the technological aspects such as the simplicity or intuitiveness of navigating the website or the number of access channels are the most important factors for customers when selecting e-banking services. The main implication for researchers is the possibility to use the VES function as a reference point for the assessment of MCDA methods, as evidenced in the course of the study. This function can also be applied for the evaluation of bank websites. However, there were two main areas of limitations of the present study. The first one concerned the subjective selection of parameters of the VES function. The second limitation was related to the selection of a research sample only from the academic community.Originality/value/contribution – The scope of this article fills the research gap that exists in terms of the methods applied in website assessment focusing on the selection of the best method to evaluate e-banking websites using the VES function. However, the VES function requires the estimation of parameters for the banking sphere on the basis of time series from recent years. Furthermore, it is recommended to expand the research sample to include the respondents who represent other demographic characteristics. The present article analyses the opinions of the academic community, and for this reason, the findings of the present study cannot be fully generalized.

ІНТЕГРОВАНІ МАРКЕТИНГОВІ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ В СИСТЕМІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ІМІДЖУ БАНКІВ

The article specifies the content of the concepts of image and reputation of the bank. It is established that the image of the bank is its image, artificially created by means of marketing communications. The current level of public confidence in the main components of the banking system of Ukraine is analyzed and based on analytical data it is established that the level of image of banking organizations is not high enough. It is determined that over the last fourteen years the number of banks in Ukraine is projected to decrease mainly due to banks with domestic capital, which encourages market operators to intensify their activities, including through the use of modern tools to influence the market, including marketing communications. The factors influencing the bank’s reputation are assessed, in particular, it is determined that the main ones are the bank’s image and / or its unfair economic behavior. The components of the bank’s image are identified, in particular the history of its origin and development, its goals and objectives; degree of reliability; degree of openness and transparency of activity, efficiency of information system; the level of its relationship with state, regional and municipal authorities, as well as the presence of large or well-known organizations among customers; participation of foreign capital; reputation of managers and employees of the bank; the degree of organization and quality of customer service culture; effectiveness of advertising policy, brand use and public relations; social orientation of activity, charitable actions and sponsorship, social programs, etc.; availability for customers, i.e. the presence of a network of branches. The components of the bank’s integrated marketing communications, such as sales promotion, public relations, bank advertising, direct marketing, and branding, have been identified. The place of the brand in creating the image of the banking organization is revealed. The basic approaches to the formation of the material components of the bank’s brand, in particular the design of the sign, corporate fonts, and logo are determined. The specific characteristics of the bank’s advertising are revealed. Features of introduction of marketing innovations in the banking sphere are characterized. The main trends of digital marketing of banks in 2021 are described, in particular, increasing competitiveness, chatbots, targeting, artificial intelligence, search engine optimization, omnichannel, involvement.

ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТАРІЙ БАНКІВСЬКОЇ СФЕРИ НА ОСНОВІ БЕНЧМАРКІНГУ

Benchmarking as a tool of constant self-improvement of a bank is studied with regard to the peculiarities of the banking sector. Benchmarking is considered as a method, with the help of which achievements of a bank-leader or a bank-standard serve as a reference point for improvement of own business strategy. The necessity of borrowing of the best experience in various directions of the banking sphere and its adaptation to own activity for the purpose of reception of considerable competitive advantages at the market of banking services is substantiated. The features of applying types of benchmarking are analyzed and its components in the implementation of the positive experience of competitors and partners are highlighted. It is established that benchmarking assumes the analysis of reference practice in the world and is directly connected with strategic management system. One of the most effective tools in the banking market is benchmarking. Many scientists identify its emergence with the search of new approaches and constant movement to be ahead of competitors in the banking sector. The main task for each bank is to ensure sustainable competitive advantage through the implementation of principles and methods of innovative marketing technologies. The relevance of the study is due to the emergence of a large number of intermediaries in the financial market, providing almost similar services. Benchmarking allows to identify the most effective technologies of business processes in the banking sector and to apply them in its environment. Benchmarking covers both internal and external environment of the bank. Marketing strategy to improve the management system of the bank based on the implementation of benchmarking should include classification attributes in accordance with the object of benchmarking. Firstly, it relates to the performance of the bank; secondly, it is business processes in the bank; thirdly, improvement of structural divisions; fourthly, improvement of customer service; fifthly, improvement of technologies and information systems of the bank. Benchmarking allows to understand how the most successful banks work and helps to achieve and, in some cases, considerably exceed their results, besides it reduces bank expenses, increases profitability, optimizes the cost structure and choice of bank strategy and so on. In addition, the use of benchmarking leads to a significant reduction in the cost of marketing research, that is, with the help of benchmarking it is possible to improve the bank marketing system. Thus, domestic commercial banks, using this tool, have the opportunity to significantly improve their international positions in the field of marketing research and strategic planning.

THE EU ECONOMY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC CRISIS. IRELAND’s CASE

In 2008 the world faced a powerful economic crisis, which led to significant problems in the EU. Some states, such us Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain, were on the verge of default. In such conditions the EU had to take appropriate measures to save European countries. The author reviewed the measures which concerned Ireland. At the beginning of the century Irish economy showed rapid growth. But in 2010 the default threatened “The Celtic tiger”. It was conditioned by the collapse of mortgage landing system and the rapid outflow of foreign capital. As far as Ireland participates in the euro zone the other European countries are interested in the stabilization of Ireland’s economy. All measures of saving Ireland’s economy could be divided to two groups. The first group includes the measures taken by the government of Ireland. This is state financing of bank sphere, which was done without being agreed with the EU (moreover, the European council reacted negatively), and changing of tax rate approved by the EU. The second group is represented by the measures of European institutes. It includes preferential credits and suppression of sanctions for violation of Maastricht criterion in exchange for austerity budget. In Ireland’s case such policy doesn’t seem really effective. The level of Ireland’s budget deficit is more than 3 % of GDP and its current economic growth does not permit to redeem the loans. Economic problems provide political instability, that’s why Ireland’s government cannot elaborate long-term financial policy. Though European institutes managed to find consensus between different national interests, the EU needs no less than 15 years to return to pre-depression economic level.

Are you a good borrower? Mining interpretable pattern structures in credit scoring

Purpose The purpose of this study is to show that closure-based classification and regression models provide both high accuracy and interpretability. Design/methodology/approach Pattern structures allow one to approach the knowledge extraction problem in case of partially ordered descriptions. They provide a way to apply techniques based on closed descriptions to non-binary data. To provide scalability of the approach, the author introduced a lazy (query-based) classification algorithm. Findings The experiments support the hypothesis that closure-based classification and regression allow one to both achieve higher accuracy in scoring models as compared to results obtained with classical banking models and retain interpretability of model results, whereas black-box methods grant better accuracy for the cost of losing interpretability. Originality/value This is an original research showing the advantage of closure-based classification and regression models in the banking sphere.

The Second Wave of Nationalization of the Banking Sector in Irkutsk Province in the Early 1920s

The article considers one of the aspects of the economic history of Russia, in particular, the nationalization of the banking sector in the Irkutsk province, which took place in the beginning of 1920 after the final approval of the power of the Soviets in the region. The relevance of the publication is dictated by the growth of scientific interest in the problems that make up the field of economic history research. In the realities of modern political and economic development of the Russian state, the specifics of the development of nationalization processes in certain sectors of the national economy, taking into account the existence of accompanying negative factors and working out ways to overcome them, also have a certain interest. The historical and genetic method, along with the principles of historicism and consistency, allowed us to restore the fabric of historical reality in the framework of the process of nationalization of the banking sector of the Irkutsk province and identify a number of negative phenomena that affected the fate of persons involved in this process. The nationalization processes that began in December 1917 were suspended by the change of the political regime in the province in July 1918. After the restoration of Soviet power, the Bolsheviks re-launched the nationalization of private banks in the region by creating a Liquidation and Technical Board, which in addition to representatives of Soviet authorities included employees of the banking sector in Irkutsk. The article describes the composition of the Board, highlights its activities related to the resolution of issues related to the payment of salaries to its employees, as well as employees of liquidated banking institutions. The issue of employees of evacuated bank branches located in Irkutsk at the time of nationalization is considered separately. The publication highlights the current shortage of money supply in the region, which resulted in delays in the salaries of employees in the banking sector and, as a result, the deterioration of their financial situation in the period under review. Keywords: nationalization, banking sphere of Irkutsk province, Liquidation and Technical Board, evacuation of bank branches, employees of private banks in Irkutsk

ОБМЕЖЕННЯ ПРИНЦИПУ СВОБОДИ ДОГОВОРУ У СФЕРІ НАДАННЯ БАНКІВСЬКИХ ПОСЛУГ

Today, the consumer of banking services is actually a weak party, being in a wide range of financial (banking) relations. Due to the different status of the parties, one being able to dictate their conditions in the legal relationship and the other having no real influence on the counterparty. One of the legal guarantees is the extension of the scope of contractual freedom also to bank deposit relations, account opening and servicing, credit relations, etc. Accordingly, the limitation inherent in the very nature of contractual freedom is an integral part of it. In this connection, the role of contractual freedom in the private and public legal sphere, which is characterized by the existence of State coercion, is of particular interest. The banking sector of the economy proves the existence of contractual freedom in organic unity with its limitations. A practical problem is the effect on the contractual freedom of public authority or a body authorized to administer justice. This creates an imbalance of interest in favor of public law against private law. The purpose of the article is to study the impact, place and role of the principle of freedom of contract at the stages of conclusion, modification and termination of contracts in the branch of banking services. The article examines the relations of the bank and its clients within the framework of such contractual types (types) which are distinguished by publicity in the sense of article 633 of the Ukrainian Civil Code: bank account contract, bank deposit contract. The author’s vision of the principle of freedom of contract through the dialectic of unity of contract freedom and its limitations is presented and justified. This approach is the basis for the study of bank-client relations. The conditions for limiting the principle of freedom of contract beyond the elements of the traditional triad in the banking sphere at the stages of conclusion, performance, modification and termination are also described. The article affirms the existence of limitations to the principle of freedom of contract not only by law but also by the principles of law (general and special), by contract, by the customs of business and by the activities of the State in the form of administrative and judicial measures.

Combination of individual and group patterns for time-sensitive purchase recommendation

Due to the availability of large amounts of data, recommender systems have quickly gained popularity in the banking sphere. However, time-sensitive recommender systems, which take into account the temporal behavior and the recurrent activities of users to predict the expected time and category of next purchase, are still an active field of research. Many researchers tend to use population-level features or their low-rank approximations because the client’s purchase history is very sparse with few observations for some time intervals and product categories. But such approaches inevitably lead to a loss of accuracy. In this paper, we present a generative model of client spending based on the temporal point processes framework. The model is built in the way, to bring more individuality for the clients’ purchase behavior which takes into account individual purchase histories of clients. We also tackle the problem of poor statistics for people with a low transactional activity using effective intensity function parameterizations, and several other techniques such as smoothing daily intensity levels and taking into account population-level purchase rates for clients with a small number of transactions. The model is highly interpretable, and its training time scales linearly to millions of transactions and cubically to hundreds of thousands of users. Different temporal-process models were tested, and our model with all the incorporated modifications has shown the best results in terms of both error of time prediction and the accuracy of category prediction.

Specifics of construction in Eastern Siberia in 2015-2019

The article is devoted to the specifics of Eastern Siberia construction industry development in 2015-2019. Questions about a place of a building branch in structure of economy of region are actualized, data on priority directions of building in the investigated period are resulted, influence of bank sphere, mortgage crediting is specified, reasons of recession of the market of working trades are described, a degree of development of building in region is revealed. The article describes the current state and trends in the construction industry of Eastern Siberia for the last five years. The comparison of large-panel and reinforced concrete house-building is given, the advantages and disadvantages of each type of residential building construction are analyzed. The specificity of resource base of construction materials is noted, the reason of high cost of construction objects in the region, starting from complicated climatic conditions and finishing with economically expensive transport logistics is specified. The prospects for the development of other construction directions than civil construction are presented. The conclusions of the article reflect the specific character of the construction complex in Eastern Siberia in 2015-2019, which is expressed by the high demand of the population for the purchase of housing, the availability of a sufficient number of enterprises on the housing construction market, a wide mineral base for the production of construction materials.

Research of the banking sphere of Russia using artificial intelligence in the conditions of formation of digital economy

Research of the banking sphere of Russia using artificial intelligence in the conditions of formation of digital economy

INVESTIGATORS OF THE SITUATION AND THEIR SOLUTIONS DURING THE INVESTIGATION THEFT IN THE CREDIT AND BANKING SPHERE

Topical issues of classification of investigative situations and their solutions at various stages of investigation of embezzlement in the credit and banking sphere are considered. The identification and study of typical situations at these stages makes it possible to develop the most optimal set of investigative (search) actions and their sequence. It is emphasized that the stage of investigation is a spatio-temporal, objectively fixed segment in the general system of investigation, characterized by the onset of qualitatively certain changes related to the establishment (non-establishment) of the circumstances of the evidence as a result of investigative and other procedural actions united by common tasks and situations of investigation. The method of committing criminal offenses in the field of banking, typical of most cases of such criminal offenses, is characterized by the presence of material traces that remain theft in financial, accounting, technological and other documents, diskettes, tapes and other media, which is an important source information about these encroachments and in many cases is the key to their disclosure. It was found that the reasons for the delay in the investigation are the investigators' incorrect assessment of the investigative situation, which consists in conducting, proposing and verifying not all possible versions in a given situation. The results of such omissions are particularly noticeable in the next stage of the investigation, when the investigator, systematizing the evidence and other information obtained, comes to the need to put forward and verify other versions that were not previously taken into account. To this end, it is necessary to carry out both investigative (search) actions that have not yet been carried out in the proceedings, and in addition those that have already taken place. It is determined that among the tasks to be solved by the subject of proof at the final stage, it should be noted: systematization of all materials of criminal proceedings and acquaintance with them of those participants to whom this right is provided by law; consideration of petitions and, if necessary, additional investigative (search) and other actions; preparation of final conclusions and their formulation in the indictment; generalization of materials on the causes and conditions that contributed to the commission of a criminal offense, taking measures to eliminate them, etc.

Financial Transactions in the Banking Industry- Various Digital Initiatives at Axis Bank

Banking in India is transforming itself towards digital way of doing it. Electronic banking has spread its roots with invent of computers and ATMs back in 1970’s. Banks are using these electronic ways to offer a vast range of its products and services. These developments in the banking sphere has led the creation of new business models for banks and non-banking financial corporations like internet service providers and other firms operating in technological area. This paper focuses on the digital transformation of AXIS bank with respect to various characteristics of their digital banking products and services, as compared to its competitor and the growth and awareness of the customers of AXIS bank in relation to its digital products. The data is collected through a questionnaire for this purpose and analysed through using various statistical tools.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНИХ ФІНАНСОВИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В СИСТЕМУ СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ ЦІЛЕЙ І ФОРМУВАННЯ КОНКУРЕНТНИХ ПЕРЕВАГ БАНКУ

The processes of integration of innovative financial technologies into the system of strategic goals and formation of competitive advantages of the bank are investigated in the article. Based on the theoretical foundations of strategic management, the peculiarities of the adoption and implementation of certain types of strategies from the point of view of the strategic pyramid of their development, as well as in the interconnection of processes and effects regarding "strategy - competitiveness - innovation" are considered. Generalization of the bank's modern strategies in the context of innovation and competitive position are made. The importance of artificial intelligence technology for the processes of digitalization in the banking sphere is substantiated, the analysis of foreign and domestic practice of implementation of innovative solutions based on artificial intelligence is carried out. The necessity of providing strategic integration with a balance between strategic goals, plans and the desire to update their own business models and business processes at the expense of the potential of innovative financial technologies is proved.

Comparative analysis of the main provisions of the Criminal code of Ukraine 2001 year and the Criminal code of the Republic of Poland 1997 year

The article deals with the reasons for the adoption and the main provisions of the Criminal code of Ukraine 2001 year and the Criminal code of Poland in 1997 year. It is shown that the total content of the Criminal code of Ukraine in 2001 year significantly exceeds the volume of the Criminal code of Poland in 1997 year and is more humane. The reasons for the adoption of the Criminal code in 1997 year were the need to amend the legislation based on the 1997 year Constitution of Poland, as well as to harmonize the legislation in force in this country with European standards. Similarly, the Criminal code of 2001 year was adopted on the basis of the provisions of the 1996 year Constitution, which embodied the rule of law in the country, recognized a person, his life and health, honor and dignity as the highest social value. The total volume of the Criminal code of Ukraine in 2001 year significantly exceeds the Criminal code of Ukraine in 1997 year by the number of characters 1.9 times and the number of articles by 1.2 times. Another difference between the two codified acts is the fact that the Ukrainian act consists of two parts, and the Polish of the three acts — General, Special and Military. The logical scheme of construction of the General part consists of the following blocks: 1) principles of criminal compliance; 2) forms of crime; 3) punishment; 4) rules of their appointment; 5) prescription; 6) clarification of the concepts of the code. A characteristic feature of both codified acts is the fact that in them the largest number of marks falls on the section devoted to crimes in the sphere of economic activity, credit, banking and financial spheres. At the same time, both codified acts are characterized by considerable uneven distribution of textual material. Of the Criminal code of 2001 year differs from the Criminal code of 1997 year by a more humane treatment of penalties when considering penalties and the maximum term of imprisonment, but the Criminal code of Ukraine provides for the use of life imprisonment in 27 articles, despite the fact that the Criminal code of Poland only has three articles. Key words: Criminal code, Ukraine, Republic of Poland, quantitative indicators, crime, penalties, comparative analysis.

Technology of forecasting potentially unstable credit organizations based on machine learning methods

Abstract The article presents the results of the application of machine learning methods, in particular, various modifications of decision trees, to predict potentially unstable credit organizations. The application of different modifications of decision trees in the modeling of the specified task and current situation in banking sphere are considered. The technology for solving classification problems using machine learning methods is generalized. A Python program script, which enables to solve classification problems on the basis of the proposed methodology, was developed. The results of the application of machine learning methods using the developed program to solve this problem were described and their quality was analyzed.