Specific Translation Research Articles

Social media as a mechanism of dissemination and knowledge translation among health professions educators: a scoping review.

Health professions educators often use social media to share knowledge; however, it is unclear what specific dissemination and knowledge translation (KT) processes are occurring and the implications of this sharing for health professions education (HPE). This study explored how educators have used social media as a mechanism of dissemination and KT in the literature. A critical scoping review methodology, informed by Engeström's Activity Theory, was employed. Twelve databases were searched and studies that: (a) addressed health professions educators; (b) described the use of social media for dissemination or KT; (c) focused on a regulated health profession; (d) focused on undergraduate or graduate education; and (e) were published in English or French between 2011 and 2021 were included. Data were analyzed using numerical and qualitative content analyses. Of the 4859 articles screened, 37 were eligible for inclusion. Social media may facilitate knowledge sharing in HPE, but there is a lack of conceptual clarity on what is meant by 'dissemination' and 'KT'. Who is responsible for sharing knowledge, what knowledge is being shared, and the target audiences are not always clear. Multiple factors (e.g., affordances, opportunity costs) influence how social media is used as a mechanism of dissemination, and it remains unclear whether and how it is used as a mechanism of KT. Concepts like KT and dissemination, which are often borrowed from other disciplines, must be critically evaluated for their relevance and suitability if they are to be appropriately applied to HPE and in particular to social media. Educators looking to use social media to teach students about KT should consider whether this use of technology truly aligns with their stated learning outcomes.

The Translational Treatment of Social Culture and Social Organization items in Orwell’s 1984

The translation of culture-specific items (CSIs) in literary texts is problematic and challenging. They hold a critical position in the process of translation as they are bound to their source culture and language. Translators tend to render these items using specific translation techniques. These techniques influence and in turn are influenced by the two translation strategies: foreignization and domestication. These CSIs could be divided according to Newmark (1988) into five categories. However, the present study aims to reveal, discuss, and compare the techniques used along with the strategies followed in treating two categories namely social culture and social organization in George Orwell’s ‘1984’ from English into two Arabic translations. The Novel is translated by two translators Anwar Achami (2006) and Alharith Nabhan (2014). To achieve trustworthiness, Toury’s (1995) descriptive translation methodology and Creswell’s (2012) mixed methods research is adopted to describe, analyse, and interpret how, when, and why Pederson’s (2005) translation techniques are used and to take out clear data about the Venutian’s (1995) domestication and foreignization. The study follows the explanatory design. First, the quantitative data is collected manually and uploaded into an Excel sheet format for analysis. It is followed by qualitative data collection and analyses. 162 coupled pairs were identified. The results show that the translators use different translation techniques to produce different translations. Besides, there are various factors influencing translators’ choices and orientations.

Translating TV Series Titles: A Case Study of Iranian Film Monthly Magazine

TV series titles have always played an influential role in their marketing as the primary factor that draws potential viewers' attention. Translation of titles is a challenging task that is fulfilled by employing specific translation methods. This study aims to analyze the translation of 50 American TV series titles into Persian by the Film Monthly Magazine. The practical analysis in the thesis is based on Molina and Albir's (2002) model of translation techniques. After reviewing the selected titles from popular American TV series, it was revealed that the most common technique used by Film is the literal translation, adopted in the case of 18 titles and 36% of data. Borrowing with ten titles and 20% of the data holds the second rank. Modulation took the third rank with six titles and 12% of the data. Transposition was used for five titles and 10% of the total data. Next, discursive creation, generalization, established equivalent, and reduction were used equally for two titles comprising 4% of the total data. The least common translation process used by the translators to render the titles was amplification, with only one title translated in this way, which made up 2% of the cases. According to the samples, a combined technique of literal translation and borrowing was used in this research, where two titles were translated. These obtained results will be advantageous to translators, film and TV series distributors, film magazine authors, and closed-captioners.

Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation influences head stability in young healthy adults while standing on a moving platform

BackgroundThe ability to stand with eyes closed on a sinusoidal translational moving platform may be affected by spatial orientation owing to vestibular input information. Moreover, changes in the frequency of the moving platform may affect the sensory reweighting through somatosensory and vestibular sensations. However, it is unclear whether noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS), which activates vestibular-related brain regions, affects the stability of individuals standing on a platform moving at different frequencies. Research questionDo vestibular stimulation by nGVS and changes in the frequency of translationally moving platforms affect the standing stability of individuals? MethodsThirty-one healthy young adult participants were provided both sham and nGVS interventions while they maintained a static standing position, with their eyes closed, on an anterior-posterior sinusoidal translation platform. The nGVS was adapted to an optimal intensity below the perceptual threshold (frequency band: 100–640 Hz), and the sham stimulus was adapted to 0 µA. The participants were randomly assessed for postural stability at 0.2, 0.6, and 1.2 Hz moving platform frequencies for 80 s each under both stimulus conditions. Postural stability was calculated as the root mean square (RMS) sway from head accelerations in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions for 50 s between 20 and 70 s during the 80 s period, measured using an inertial sensor placed on the external occipital ridge. ResultsnGVS significantly reduced the RMS sway of head acceleration in the AP direction compared with sham stimulation. Furthermore, nGVS significantly reduced RMS sway in the ML direction compared with sham stimulation at a 1.2 Hz moving platform oscillation. SignificanceThese findings suggest that postural adjustment by the vestibular system influences head stability on a moving platform at specific sinusoidal translation frequencies, suggesting that nGVS may reduce head sway.

Primary healthcare provider experience of knowledge brokering interventions for mood management

ABSTRACT Background Knowledge brokering is a knowledge translation strategy used in healthcare settings to facilitate the implementation of evidence into practice. How healthcare providers perceive and respond to various knowledge translation approaches is not well understood. This qualitative study used the Theoretical Domains Framework to examine healthcare providers’ experiences with receiving one of two knowledge translation strategies: a remote knowledge broker (rKB); or monthly emails, for encouraging delivery of mood management interventions to patients enrolled in a smoking cessation program. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 healthcare providers recruited from primary care teams. We used stratified purposeful sampling to recruit participants who were allocated to receive either the rKB, or a monthly email-based knowledge translation strategy as part of a cluster randomized controlled trial. Interviews were structured around domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to explore determinants influencing practice change. Data were coded into relevant domains. Results Both knowledge translation strategies were considered helpful prompts to remind participants to deliver mood interventions to patients presenting depressive symptoms. Neither strategy appeared to have influenced the health care providers on the domains we probed. The domains pertaining to knowledge and professional identity were perceived as facilitators to implementation, while domains related to beliefs about consequences, emotion, and environmental context acted as barriers and/or facilitators to healthcare providers implementing mood management interventions. Conclusion Both strategies served as reminders and reinforced providers’ knowledge regarding the connection between smoking and depressed mood. The TDF can help researchers better understand the influence of specific knowledge translation strategies on healthcare provider behavior change, as well as potential barriers and facilitators to implementation of evidence-informed interventions. Environmental context should be considered to address challenges and facilitate the movement of knowledge into clinical practice.

A double-edged sword: Residents’ views on the health consequences of gentrification in Porto, Portugal

Gentrification is currently shaping the urban environment in important ways. It also contributes to shaping the health of the inhabitants of gentrifying cities, although it is still unclear how. Gentrification processes are often linked to different drivers and have specific local translations, further complicating the study of the relationship between gentrification and health. We investigated this relationship in Porto, Portugal, a southern European city undergoing rampant transnational gentrification. In order to study how gentrification impacts health from the point of view of that city's residents, we conducted a study using photovoice with a sample of participants recruited from a population-based cohort, which was divided into three different groups: one from gentrifying areas of Porto, another from deprived non-gentrifying areas, and the other from affluent areas. The thematic analysis of data generated six themes, each referring to a change, or a set of connected changes, related to gentrification: increasing floating population, lack of housing access and displacement, construction and rehabilitation, changing local commerce, loss of place, and broader socioeconomic change. According to the accounts from participants, these changes affect health in different ways, both beneficial and harmful. Participants also reflected on how to act on this issue. This research adds to the knowledge about the relationship between gentrification and health by providing detailed and nuanced views about this relationship considering its city-wide impacts.

Analysis of the Chinese Translation of Metaphorical Expressions from the Perspective of Translator Behavior Criticism — A Case Study of the Chinese Translation of Faith in a Seed by Guangjun He and Yiren Chen

Faith in a Seed is known as “the pinnacle of Thoreau’s work” and its writing technique is influenced by literary tradition and rich rhetorical devices are employed. Based on Translator Behavior Criticism, using specific examples to describe and compare one typical rhetorical device such as metaphorical expressions in the Chinese translations of Faith in a Seed by Guangjun He and Yiren Chen, this paper explores the translators’ choices in the process of translation when facing different language environments. It is found that when dealing with two figures of speech, simile and metaphor, the He’s and Chen’s versions are very flexible in the choice of specific translation strategies, sometimes approaching the “truth-seeking” side, sometimes approaching the “utility-attaining” side; when it comes to metonymy, Chen’s version tends to be utility-attaining, while He’s version tends to be truth-seeking; When dealing with synecdoche, both the He’s and Chen’s versions tend to be truth-seeking.

On the Translation of Academic Political Text from the Perspective of Chesterman’s Translation Norm: Case Study of Translating The Realization of the Historical Mission of Literature and Art in Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New

With the rise of China, the world is eager to know more about China, and China also needs to go global. International communication is imperative, and translation is of indispensable importance. The Realization of the Historical Mission of Literature and Art in Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era (hereafter referred to as Historical Mission) belongs to academic political texts. This article is based on the excerpt from Chapter two “Adhere to people-centered orientation in creating art works” in this book. Academic political texts are inclined to embody formal words and intonation, well-knit logic, complex sentence structure, changeable sentence patterns, and many long sentences, which bring great challenges to the author. Chesterman’s Translation Norms can serve as a guide to solve specific translation problems, convey the intention of the author and improve the readability and accuracy of the translated text. With specific examples in view, this author chooses translation strategies from the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic levels under the guidance of Chesterman’s Translation Norms and discusses the significance of the Norms in academic political translation, hoping to provide some references for future researchers.

Translating Gendered Paralysis in Dubliners: A Reflective Retranslation of James Joyce's ‘A Painful Case’ through a Feminist Translation Approach

ABSTRACT While current Chinese translations of James Joyce's Dubliners are acclaimed, demonstrating a commendable effort to make this classic of English language world literature accessible to Chinese readers, the book's depiction of the way femininity, masculinity and broader society in early twentieth century Ireland are ‘paralysed’ could be further emphasised for young Chinese readers through specific translation strategies. This exegetical paper offers a reflective analysis based on a comparison between our feminist retranslation of one of the short stories in Dubliners, ‘A Painful Case’, and two of its existing translations. In doing so, this essay aims to demonstrate how specific translation strategies can encourage a more critical gender and cultural consciousness in a younger generation of Chinese readers, and sheds light on the benefits of applying feminist translation methods to the retranslation of a classic naturalistic short story by a male writer. This article also makes a fresh and distinctive contribution to the scholarship of Chinese studies of Joyce and the translation of his work, through the lens of gender and culture.

Stress granules: stress-induced cytoplasmic mRNPs compartments linked to mRNA translational regulatory pathways

Stress granules (SG) are macro-complexes that assemble as phase-separated and dynamic RNA biocondensates in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell when the initiation step of the general translation of mRNAs is stalled. This occurs mainly as an adaptive cell response to either environmental (i.e., radiation, exposure to chemical drugs), pathological (i.e., viral treatment), physiological (i.e., oxygen-, amino acids-, and glucose-deprivation), or therapeutic (i.e., treatment with anti-cancer drugs) translational stress. SG also formed when translation initiation is blocked through stress-independent events including alteration of the activities of specific translation initiation factors and RNA-binding proteins. Both stress-dependent and–independent inhibition of translation initiation results in the accumulation of untranslated mRNAs, considered as integral components of SG. Consistently, in vivo assays of SG assembly combined with in vitro-based assembly of SG-like biocondensates studies support a fundamental role of the accumulation of untranslated mRNA in initiating the formation of SG, which then further promote their repression, potentially in a feed-back regulatory mechanism. The potential role of SG in actively repressing translation of associated mRNAs has been supported by a number of functional studies, establishing SG as critical regulatory sites of RNA homeostasis, in particular during stress. The view that the SG environment restricts translation of associated mRNAs was however challenged in studies showing that stress-induced translation repression can occur similarly in absence and presence of SG, leading to the emerging concept that formation of SG and translation repression are uncoupled processes. While it still a debate if mRNA recruitment to SG contributes to their translation repression, recent finding reported translation of reporter mRNAs in SG, suggesting rather an active translational role of SG. In this review, we describe the main translational signaling pathways that regulate the biology of SG, summarize current data supporting RNA as an integral functional component of SG, and then discuss evidence supporting or not the role of SG in regulating translation either negatively or positively during stress.

Abstract P1084: Cardiomyocyte-specific Overexpression Of Ccnd2 Via Modified Mrnafor Remuscularization In Hearts With Myocardial Infarction

Introduction: The adult mammalian heart has limited regenerative capacity due to postnatal cardiomyocyte (CM) cell cyclearrest. With the success of modified mRNA (modRNA) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, modRNA technology offers efficient, transient, safe, nonimmunogenic, and controlled mRNA delivery without any risk of genomic integration. Using our previously reported cardiomyocyte specific modRNA translation system (CM SMRTs), we investigated the myocardial regenerative potential and therapeutic outcome of transient and specific cardiomyocyte overexpression of cyclin D2 (CCND2) in a pig model of myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Modified mRNA was synthesized by in vitro transcription. AMI was induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 60 minutes with reperfusion. Pigs were randomly assigned to vehicle group (1ml sucrose-citrate buffer, n=6), nGFP-CM SMRTs group (7.5mg CM-specific nuclear GFP modRNA, n=7)and CCND2-CM SMRTs group (7.5mg CM-specific CCND2 modRNA, n=8). CM cell cycle activity was measured 3 days after injection by immunostaining for proliferation marker Ki67, M-phase marker phospho-histone H3 (PH3) and cytokinetic marker aurora B kinase (AuB). Cardiac function was evaluated by echo and cardiac MRI (cMRI) on day 28; infarct size was determined via late gadolinium enhancement cMRI; arrhythmia incidence was assessed via implanted loop recorders. Results: The short-term in vivo study demonstrated a highly specific overexpression of targeted genes in CMs. CCND2-CM SMRTs significantly promoted CM cell cycle activation that was evidenced by significant increase of cell cycle markers compared with nGFP-CM SMRTs group: Ki67 (4.21±0.34% vs. 0.81±0.05%), PH3 (0.51±0.06% vs. 0.13±0.03%), and Symmetric AuB (0.035±0.007/mm 2 vs. 0.000±0.000/mm 2 ), 3 days after AMI and modRNA treatment. The long-term follow-up of the animals also showed improved heart function (EF: 50.34±1.94% vs. 38.60±1.18%) and decreased scar size (8.80±1.07% vs. 22.77±2.77%). The frequency of arrhythmic events in animals between all groups were similar. Conclusion: The results in large animal model of AMI demonstrate remuscularization and therapeutic potential of cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of CCND2 via modRNA.

Integrated knowledge-translation in occupational therapists working with high-risk infants in South Africa: An explorative qualitative inquiry

BACKGROUND: This qualitative study explored the knowledge to practice gaps of occupational therapists who have a vital role in neurodevelopmental supportive care for high-risk infants METHODS: Via purposive sampling, 17 therapists working in public health in South Africa were recruited to participate in virtual focus groups. Data were thematically analysed using a hybrid approach FINDINGS: Five themes emerged, which included (i) occupational therapy and neonatal care in the public health sector, (ii) knowledge acquisition and knowledge synthesis, (iii) knowledge translation and utilisation, (iv) contextual barriers and adaptation and (v) the ideal occupational therapist in the ideal neonatal setting. Facilitators, inhibitors, referrals, and interest in occupational therapy neonatal care were also highlighted CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge to practice gaps in occupational therapy include insufficient training, a decreased interest in neonatal care, staff shortages, multi-disciplinary team rotations and a reduced understanding of the professional role and scope of occupational therapy. Resources, training, and policy development appear to be necessary to inform a standard of care Implication for practice The role of the occupational therapist in supporting high risk infants is generally limited and remains somewhat unknown in current South African contexts. It is essential to identify knowledge-to-practice gaps for occupational therapists supporting high-risk infants in the public health sector for successful implementation of neurodevelopmental supportive care. By the exploration of practitioner opinions and insight through appreciating the role of the occupational therapist in managing high risk infants, contextually specific and relevant knowledge translation interventions may be developed and implemented which have implications for evidence-based practice and more successful outcomes in the high-risk infant.

Differential Participation of Plant Ribosomal Proteins from the Small Ribosomal Subunit in Protein Translation under Stress.

Upon exposure to biotic and abiotic stress, plants have developed strategies to adapt to the challenges imposed by these unfavorable conditions. The energetically demanding translation process is one of the main elements regulated to reduce energy consumption and to selectively synthesize proteins involved in the establishment of an adequate response. Emerging data have shown that ribosomes remodel to adapt to stresses. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ribosomes consist of approximately eighty-one distinct ribosomal proteins (RPs), each of which is encoded by two to seven genes. Recent research has revealed that a mutation in a given single RP in plants can not only affect the functions of the RP itself but can also influence the properties of the ribosome, which could bring about changes in the translation to varying degrees. However, a pending question is whether some RPs enable ribosomes to preferentially translate specific mRNAs. To reveal the role of ribosomal proteins from the small subunit (RPS) in a specific translation, we developed a novel approach to visualize the effect of RPS silencing on the translation of a reporter mRNA (GFP) combined to the 5'UTR of different housekeeping and defense genes. The silencing of genes encoding for NbRPSaA, NbRPS5A, and NbRPS24A in Nicotiana benthamiana decreased the translation of defense genes. The NbRACK1A-silenced plant showed compromised translations of specific antioxidant enzymes. However, the translations of all tested genes were affected in NbRPS27D-silenced plants. These findings suggest that some RPS may be potentially involved in the control of protein translation.

Retranslation of Russian Classics (1991-2022): Assessment and Prospects

The retranslation of Russian classics into Italian in the last thirty years is a topic of no little importance, for at least two reasons. On the one hand, this phenomenon mirrors a literary text translation activity that is still alive and in great evolution. On the other hand, an assessment that shows which works of Russian literature have appeared in new translations and which have remained ‘behind the scenes’ can be a useful orientation for the future, for the benefit of publishing houses, translators and scholars. The perspective of this report is therefore not to address specific translation problems, nor to give indications about editorial strategies about Russian literature. Instead, it is to review the main retranslated authors, also highlighting those who have not yet had new translations, and to draw conclusions that may be of use to the scholarly community and its relations with the publishing industry.

Translation Techniques of Culture Specific Items and Translation Ideology in Sarimin Webtoon

This research is an applied linguistic research in the translation field. The source chosen is an online comic or webtoon titled Sarimin by Nagaterbang. This research chooses Sarimin as the research subject because its theme heavily relies on Indonesian mysticism, making emphasis on several culturally specific items in the form of words, phrases, and sentences that are very hard to translate into English. There are three things studied in this research: (1) cultural terms in Sarimin, (2) translation techniques for the cultural terms, and (3) the translation ideology used in translating the cultural terms. The unit data are words, phrases, and sentences. The data are taken from the first season. The theoretical framework used in this analysis is the translation techniques from Molina and Albir (2002), Newmark's specific cultural terms (1988), and strategies of translation by Venuti (2001). From this study, it is found that the categories of cultural terms that appear most often are social culture with 39% with organizations, customs, and ideas items follows, not too far, with 35%. The study also found that the translator relied on adaptation which takes 41% of the items, and prioritizes domestication over foreignization. The analysis of the translation techniques reveals that many cultural elements cannot be translated as is and the chosen method may vary based on the context of the story. The findings highlight the need for translation guidelines to balance these two ideologies to preserve cultural richness while making the translation relatable to the target audience.

Translating Felix’s Vita sancti Guthlaci into Old English

Based on some of the most recent studies on aesthetic emotions, the purpose of this paper is to examine how aesthetic concepts and aesthetic experience are translated and adapted from Felix’s Vita sancti Guthlaci into Old English prose. Looking into the Old English terms from the lexical domains of beauty and aesthetic pleasure, this paper highlights very specific translation practices on the part of, especially, an Old English author, who implements an additional aesthetic dimension that is not generally found in the Latin source. This paper highlights an apparent hybridity between the cognitive and the sensory in these literary texts, and it also stresses how one of these authors in particular frequently uses sensory evaluations to describe the complex and abstract ideas that are typical of the hagiographical genre.

Translation norms and bilingual dictionaries

Abstract This article applies translational norm theory to bilingual lexicography, arguing that the bilingual lexicographer serves as a “norm authority,” and the bilingual dictionary functions as a “norm statement” that prescribes the scope of what is considered legitimate interlingual equivalence within a given society. To demonstrate how the content of a bilingual dictionary can be used to promote specific translation norms, the headwords, equivalents, directives, and examples found in the North Korean bilingual dictionary, Jo-Yeong Sajeon (JYS) [Korean–English Dictionary] (1987/1991), were analyzed as a case study. The Korean–English lexical pairings presented in the JYS are matched with exemplary Korean–English translations listed in two North Korean translation textbooks, Jo-Yeong Beonyeokbeop [Korean–English Translation Method] (Min 2012) and Yeong-Jo Beonyeokbeop [English–Korean Translation Method] (Min 2014), affirming that the translation norms featured in the JYS hold normative force over the decisions made by professional translators.

Role of Mutations of Mitochondrial Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Genes on Epileptogenesis.

Mitochondria are the structures in cells that are responsible for producing energy. They contain a specific translation unit for synthesizing mitochondria-encoded respiratory chain components: the mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA). Recently, a growing number of syndromes associated with the dysfunction of mt DNA translation have been reported. However, the functions of these diseases still need to be precise and thus attract much attention. Mitochondrial tRNAs (mt tRNAs) are encoded by mt DNA; they are the primary cause of mitochondrial dysfunction and are associated with a wide range of pathologies. Previous research has shown the role of mt tRNAs in the epileptic mechanism. This review will focus on the function of mt tRNA and the role of mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (mt aaRS) in order to summarize some common relevant mutant genes of mt aaRS that cause epilepsy and the specific symptoms of the disease they cause.

Computational Technologies for Construction of Business Korean Translation Corpus Based on Association Rules Mining

With the implementation of China's reform and opening up and China's accession to the World Trade Organization, Chinese business Korean translation plays an increasingly important role in international trade activities. Although the study of business Korean has aroused the strong research interest of scholars, its research focus is limited to word selection, grammatical transformation and various specific translation techniques, which is far from systematic. Good business translation should also involve factors such as the translator's role, cross-culture, and the client of translation. However, how to combine corpus with language teaching, make corpus enter the classroom and get practical application in daily language teaching is still in the exploratory stage. Most of the existing translation theories are tailored for literary translation, and business translation is a branch of non-literary translation, so these theories are difficult to guide business translation. Combined with the research results of translation studies and examples in business Korean, this paper discusses the characteristics and translation of business Korean as a special Korean, so as to provide reference for translation or related learners, and also want to attract more scholars to pay attention to business Korean and its translation.

The Epistemic Marker Určit Ě in the Light of Corpus Data

Abstract The paper presents a pilot study for a research project on epistemic modality and/or evidentiality markers in Czech. The study focuses on the expression určitě. Although, this marker is typically considered to signal high certainty, the dictionary of standard Czech (Slovník spisovné češtiny, SSČ) also offers an alternative meaning of probability, indicating a lower degree of certainty. We use parallel data from the InterCorp v15 corpus to determine whether the probability meaning can be identified unequivocally in real language data and whether it correlates with specific translation equivalents, linguistic features, or lexical context. Based on our findings, we propose an alternative method for distinguishing between different shades of meaning based on the communicative functions of the utterances, and we draw conclusions regarding the relevance of individual grammatical and lexical clues in context for future annotations.