Specialized Meat Breeds Research Articles

Эффективность производства говядины при чистопородном разведении французских мясных пород скота

Abstract. The purpose is to study the efficiency of beef production from specialized meat breeds of cattle of French origin in comparison with the Hereford breed. Methods. Zootechnical, statistical and economic methods were used. Results. As a result of the conducted scientific and economic experience, the indicators of weight growth and meat productivity of cattle of the Charolais, Salers, Aubrac, Limousin breeds were studied in comparison with the Hereford cattle breed. Scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the conditions of Western Siberia, a comparative study of the indicators of weight growth from birth to 18 months of age and meat productivity of French beef cattle breeds with the Hereford breed was carried out. The conducted research has established the advantage in live weight and growth intensity of French beef cattle breeds. The largest live weight at 18 months was in Charolais bulls – 569.4 kg, which is more than in group I bulls by 53 kg (10.2 %) (p ≤ 0.001). In second place in terms of live weight were the bulls of the Obrak breed – 552.4 kg, which is significantly more than the peers of group I by 35.7 kg (10.3 %) (p ≤ 0.001. With intensive cultivation, the highest growth energy was demonstrated by bulls of French meat breeds 903.8–966.1. When slaughtered at the age of 15 and 18 months, heavy animal carcasses were obtained. Carcasses of French bull calves at slaughter at 15 months had a larger mass by 10.6–23.5 kg. By 18 months, the mass of paired carcasses increased to 286.6–318.5 kg. Economic analysis of the research results shows that in the production of beef from Charolais cattle, the profitability level is 66.5 %, Hereford breed – 60.6 %, Salers and Aubrac – 62.3, Limousin – 56.4 %.

Породный состав и пространственное размещение мясного скотоводства в России

The intensity of substitution of dairy cattle by beef cattle for the most regions of Russia mainly depended on the achieved productivity level of dairy cattle breeds. The higher the level of intensification at dairy cattle breeding, the lower the meat potential of the industry, because of decreasing of cows’ reproduction ability and the duration of theirs economic use. The problem of beef supply the country’s population is aggravated by the lack of expanded reproduction at the most numerous livestock populations of dairy productivity. In 2022, the natural decline (the excess of retired cows over the number of reared and calved heifers) of Holstein breed (51.3% of cattle livestock at Russia) was - 2.4%. Over the last year, beef production per capita at dairy cattle decreased by 4.6% and amounted to only 9.3 kg and 1.8 kg at beef cattle. Beef consumption reached 12.7 kg per person per year, taking into account the export-import balance, with a rational consumption rate of 20 kg. In order to meet the paid demand for beef and, as a result, to solve the problem of import substitution for this type of meat, it is necessary to increase the number of specialized meat breeds of cattle by 2.1 times, that is, by more than 1.2 million cows. For the fully providing with domestic beef to the population of our country according to nutrition standards, the livestock should increase by 6.7 times (with the existing meat productivity). The results of the latest bonification of beef cattle in Russia demonstrates that this aim will be impossible in the next decade with using only the internal resources of the country.

THE DYNAMICS OF ALBANIA'S MEAT SECTOR: TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS

Albania's agricultural sector is transitioning from subsistence-based farming to a vibrant commercial industry, significantly contributing 21.3% to the nation's GDP. Within this evolving landscape, animal husbandry, especially the meat industry, has emerged as a cornerstone for both farm revenue and market supply. Nonetheless, the sector faces numerous challenges. This paper offers an in-depth examination of Albania's meat production industry through a rigorous methodological framework involving a blend of primary and secondary data analysis. The results emphasize the critical need for significant enhancements across various facets of primary production. Priorities should include improved feed and forage practices, the introduction of specialized meat breeds for cattle and small ruminants, and the adoption of advanced animal husbandry methods. Additionally, it is essential to address meat hygiene standards, animal health controls, meat safety, quality controls, and the efficiency of slaughtering systems. Furthermore, the country currently depends on net imports for several agricultural goods, including meat, as it strives to comply with EU standards. This dependence underscores the urgent need to enhance both competitiveness and food quality within the meat sector. In summary, this research sheds light on both the challenges and potential within Albania’s meat production sector. However, readers should consider the study's limitations to fully grasp the potential constraints and biases, along with the evolving nature of the industry beyond the scope of this analysis.

Hematological indicators of bulls and their meat productivity depending on the structure of the ration

The article reflects the results of long-term scientific research conducted by the department of animal feeding and feed technology on fattening cattle. The task of the research was to study the specifics of the formation of meat productivity by the body of bulls of the Volyn meat breed, depending on the level of feeding, which, under the same type of ration, fully meets the animal's need for nutrients, in particular, in dry matter, available energy, the fractional composition of protein, carbohydrates, minerals and biologically active substances. The question of the organization of full-fledged nutrition of livestock of specialized meat breeds with the same type of feeding all year round using hay-type monoforage is relevant, especially in the practice of fattening young animals, with the aim of obtaining veal meat and young beef. This type of fodder according to the recipe proposed by us is produced at the “Pchany-Dеnkovich” farm. More complex fodder mixtures of three, four and five components have also been developed, based on the principle of field-made compound feed, which has received the name grain hay. Rations of this type do not require the use of concentrated feed when fattening livestock. This is exactly the approach reflected in the materials of the scientific and practical publication on the intensity of the functional growth processes of muscle tissue without excess fat. The data obtained in our research allow us to conclude that there is a direct relationship between the total protein content in muscle tissue and the nutritional qualities of the forage in the ration. Monofeed components such as grain of corn cobs of milk-wax maturity and soybean pods provide a relatively high protein content in the feed, which ensured high average daily gains in live weight with a limited amount of concentrates. The control slaughter of bulls at the end of the experiment showed that the average pre-slaughter live weight was at the level of 541–501 kg. The slaughter yield of the carcass had a direct dependence on the structure of the ration with a slight intergroup difference, which was within 0.8–1.2 % in relation to the first group, whose ration compensated the animals' need for energy and protein due to concentrates and was usually more expensive. Therefore, the replacement of part of the concentrates in terms of nutrition of the second and third groups does not lead to a significant negative impact on the morphological composition of the carcasses, which gives reason to assert the effectiveness of such rations. The conducted studies on fattening bulls of the Volyn beef breed allow us to state that the harvesting of monoforage (corn-soybean) of the hay type, the nutritional value of which is more than 0.5 fodder unit, which contains a sufficient amount of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts, ensures high average daily gains in live weight and has a positive effect on the quality indicators of young beef meat. The production of this type of fodder allows to produce 78.1–99.8 hundredweights of fodder unit from 1 ha of fodder area and 6.1–13.9 hundredweights of digestible protein and makes it possible to reduce the consumption of concentrated feed in the structure of the rations of fattening animals.

Роль мясного скотоводства в формировании мясного баланса России

Beef production is the most important source of animal protein and is of strategic importance for food safety. World beef production in 2021 increased by 3.8% compared to 2012, and by 1.7% compared to the previous year and amounted to 59.4 million tons. Thanks to the measures taken, the gross production of cattle meat, including from specialized meat breeds in Russia, is also showing positive dynamics. This is primarily due to the growth of qualitative indicators: average daily gains and the average weight of one head sold for slaughter. At the same time, the number of cattle is decreasing, and the number of specialized meat breeds and mixed cattle is increasing. In 2021, the share of beef accounted for 14.7% of all meat livestock products and occupied the 3rd place in the meat market. Beef imports for 2012-2021 decreased by more than 3 times, which made it possible to reduce import dependence to 12.8%. At the same time, beef exports are growing. The main consumers of domestic meat are China, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia. In order to increase beef production in Russia and reduce the share of imports in the country, a course has been taken to develop specialized beef cattle breeding. But, despite this, beef production is still at a fairly low level, not allowing to increase production to the required volumes.

Condition of meat breed resources of cattle in Russia (review)

The purpose is to monitor the number and analyze the condition of the main breeds of cattle of meat productivity, bred on the territory of the Russian Federation. Currently, in Russia, mainly Aberdeen-Angus and Hereford breeds are being bred from meat-producing breeds, and from domestic breeds – Kalmyk and Kazakh white-headed, as a rule, in the southern territories and it is ineffective in terms of their meat qualities, although the genetic potential is quite high, but without updating the gene pool, attempts to improve the productivity of our breeds of cattle, will be in vain. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the methods of systematization, logical and comparative statistical analysis. The information base of the research is the official materials of yearbooks in breeding work in beef cattle breeding (VNIIplem), periodicals. Results. The breeding zone of the Kazakh white–headed breed includes a continuous strip along the southern territories of our country - from the Volga to the Amur region, including bordering areas with the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as foothill and mountain provinces of Central Asian countries. The distribution area of the Kalmyk breed is quite extensive and covers the southeastern territories of the country - from the North Caucasus regions to Eastern Siberia. It should be noted that the trend of reducing the number of domestic meat breeds as a result of the introduction of a foreign gene pool into our country, where the conditions of keeping and feeding for imported imported cattle, as a rule, do not correspond to the full realization of productive qualities, and therefore, the adaptation process proceeds strenuously and leads to the loss of the industry. It seems more rational to introduce the world's genetic resources to improve economically useful qualities and improve the inherent genetic potential of domestic livestock, including through industrial crossing. In this regard, the Kazakh white-headed breed is quite competitive in relation to many imported breeds, and given its adaptive qualities, it should occupy its niche among other specialized meat breeds in the market of beef producers.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ДВУХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ НЕСПЕЦИФИЧЕСКОГО ИММУНИТЕТА КРОВИ ТРЕХПОМЕСНЫХ БОРОВКОВ

The intensification of pig breeding, which is based on the selection of modern breeds of pigs “for meat” leads to the tension of almost all functional systems of the body and is often the cause of increased susceptibility to adverse environmental conditions and reduced resistance to diseases. Hence, the study of ways to increase the nonspecific immunity of pigs using specialized meat breeds of domestic and foreign origin is quite relevant and allows us to characterize the physiological state of the animal organism in the process of adaptation to certain environmental factors. Statistical processing of indicators of nonspecific resistance in MS Excel and biochemical blood parameters of hybrids of pigs of the following breeds: Large White × Landrace × Duroc (LW×L×D) aged 100‒130 days was carried out in order to study the immune status of piglets of the studied age, in accordance with biochemical indicators. It was found that the lysozyme activity of animals was at a fairly high level and averaged 49.32% against the average “physiological” indicator of 35.29%. The bactericidal activity of blood serum in most animals is low 24.39% against the average “physiological” index of 56.12%. A strong correlation between bactericidal and lysozyme activity has been established.

THE FEED TABLE PARAMETERS FOR BEEF CATTLE GRAIN FATTENING

A feeding place for cattle fattening should be durable, convenient and functional; different feeding places for coarse feed and feed grain mixtures are used. At beef cattle fattening with whole grain, its losses can reach 10-20%, therefore, these losses reducing, grain for feeding in various ways is prepared: mechanical (crushing, flattening, mixing), physical (steaming), chemical (alkaline, acid treatment) and biological (yeast, silage, fermentation, enzymatic treatment). The purpose of this study is "smart" feed table optimal parameters’ for beef cattle grain fattening, equipped with feed level sensors and computer vision to determine. It was found that the optimal depth of the feeding table (group feeder) is related to animal's body proportions: its depth covers animal's head half length (0,24 m) and is 0,30 m3, respectively, where single feed volume, occupying 1/5 of the total volume, is 0,06 m3. The feeder’s volume recommended by the Norms of technological design is 0,4-0,6 m3. Such volume even for specialized meat breeds’ massive animals is excessive and can in1,5-2,0 times or 0,2 m in terms of the feeder’s depth be reduced. Its optimal parameters are: length - 0,6 m, width - 0,7 m, height - 0,3 m, volume - 0,126 m3. The "smart" feeder, equipped with feed volume level sensors and computer vision, can be both individual and group. The feed mixture into it in portions is fed, from the bunker with which it is connected. Ultrasonic, vibration or rotary alarms are used as feed level sensors. All data to the farm’s computer database is transferred.

Features of the marbled veal growing technology at LLC LIVE-STOCK4EXPORT

LLC LIVESTOCK4EXPORT specializes in fattening cattle of specialized meat breeds, i.e., Aberdeen-Angus, Limousin, Simmental and local animals obtained by crossing the Belgian blue breed with the Ukrainian red-spotted and black-spotted breeds. Nowadays the meat sector of the economy needs to find ways to increase the efficiency and profitability of production. The creation of interbreeding herds based on the industrial crossing of dairy and dairy-meat cows with meat breeders is an important reserve for increasing meat resources. LLC LIVESTOCK4EXPORT inseminates cows in the private sector with the purchased sperm of the Belgian blue breed. Then the farm buys and fattens these young calves with a live weight of 55 to 120 kg until they reach a live weight of 300–400 kg with further sale abroad. According to the results of the fattening of meat cattle of various breeds at LLC LIVESTOCK4EXPORT, interbreeding animals had the best growth rate. The adopted technology of growing and fattening animals at LIVESTOCK4EXPORT LLC ensures obtaining average daily gains at the level of 1,706 g reducing feed consumption and livestock fattening times. The advantage in terms of average daily growth of crossbred young is confirmed by the effect of heterosis and the gene of double musculature in crossbreds of the first generation, which significantly increases their meat productivity. They use the same type of year-round feed for animal fattening. In the farm, animals are fed ad libitum according to the developed structure of the diet with 90 % special compound feed and 10 % straw or hay. The composition of special compound feed includes 270 kg/t of corn grain, 190 kg/t of wheat, 150 kg/t of barley, 150 kg/t of malted grain, 110 kg/t of wheat bran, 70 kg/t of sunflower meal, 35 kg/t of soybean cake, 20 kg/t of premix concentrate, and 5 kg/t of sunflower oil. Animals have free access to water and roughage. Keeping animals on the farm is year-round untethered with free access from the premises to the feeding grounds (feedlots).

Quality and Processability of Modern Poultry Meat

Simple SummaryOver the years, the poultry industry has evolved from selling mainly whole birds to mostly cut-up portions or further processed products. Additionally, changes in breeding and production have resulted in birds that grow bigger, faster, or produce more eggs for longer. To accommodate the changes, the industry has moved to more automation and increasing the number of birds that can be processed at once. However, this increase in efficiency and consumer desire for more convenient products (i.e., cut-up, ready-to-eat) comes with its own challenges since it is even more important that birds are more uniform/similar in their size, color, and texture. This is especially challenging given the rise in meat color, texture, and quality inconsistencies. This review focuses on the changes that occurred in poultry processing to date and describes challenges faced by modern poultry processors.The poultry meat industry has gone through many changes. It moved from growing dual-purpose birds (meat and egg production) taking ~110 days to reach 1.2 kg 100 years ago, to developing specialized meat breeds that grow to 2.5 kg within ~40 days. It also moved from selling ~80% whole birds to mostly selling cut up and further processed products in the Western world. This necessitated building large, centralized processing plants, capable of processing 15,000 birds per hr on a single line (60 years ago only 2500), that require higher bird uniformity (size, color, texture). Furthermore, consumer demand for convenient products resulted in introducing many cut-up fresh poultry (some companies have 500 SKU) and further processed products (chicken nuggets did not exist 50 years ago). Those developments were possible due to advancements in genetics, nutrition, medicine, and engineering at the farm and processing plant levels. Challenges keep on coming and today a rise in myopathies (e.g., so called woody breast, white striping, spaghetti meat), requires solutions from breeders, farmers, and processing plants, as more automation also requires more uniformity. This review focuses on the changes and challenges to the processing industry segment required to keep supplying high quality poultry to the individual consumer.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ГОВЯДИНЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ КОЛЫМЫ

For the first time in the conditions of the Magadan region, studies were carried out to study the characteristics of the meat productivity of crossbred bulls obtained from absorption and industrial crossing of animal meat breeds. The effectiveness of the organization of specialized rearing of crossbred young animals, taking into account its breed specificity, has been established. Scientific and economic experiments were carried out on young cattle in the production conditions of the Magadan region. The work was carried out in accordance with the plan for scientific research in 2021. The purpose of the research was to obtain data on a comparative analysis of the meat productivity of bulls of different genotypes obtained as a result of industrial and absorption crossing using animals of specialized meat breeds. The control group consisted of purebred dairy bulls. It has been established that crossbred bulls have the ability to intensively build muscle and form full-flesh carcasses by the age of 18 months. They are superior to purebred Holstein peers in pre-slaughter and slaughter weight, slaughter yield and meat index. The conducted studies showed that the differences in the intensity of growth, the use of feed and the productivity of crossbred and purebred young animals had a significant impact on the efficiency of their fattening. The data of economic analysis indicate a higher profitability of rearing crossbred bulls of the studied genotypes. The research results prove the successful use of absorption and industrial crossing with producers of specialized meat breeds in the conditions of commercial livestock enterprises of the Magadan region. The data obtained can be used to improve the efficiency of breeding work in beef cattle breeding in the development of plans for breeding work in the commercial farms of the region.

Formation of meat productivity of bulls depending on the level of feeding

The materials of the publication continue to reflect the results of long-term research conducted by the Department of Animal Feeding and Feed Technology on lactating cows and fattening bulls. The aim of the research was to study the peculiarities of the formation of meat productivity by bulls of Volyn meat breed depending on the level of feeding, which in the same diets fully meets the needs of animals in nutrients, namely: dry matter, available energy, protein fraction, carbohydrates, mineral, and biologically active substances. Theoretical issues concerning the organization of complete nutrition of specialized meat breeds with year-round uniform feeding using haylage-type mono-feed are relevant especially in the practice of fattening young animals to obtain veal and young beef. This type of feed according to our recipe is made on the farm “Pchany-Denkovych”. More complex feeds of a mixture of three, four, and five components have also been developed, and the field produces compound feed, which is called grain haylage. Diets of this type do not require the use of concentrated feed in livestock fattening. This approach is reflected in the materials of scientific and practical publications on the intensity of functional processes of muscle tissue growth without excess fat. The data obtained in our studies allow us to conclude that there is a direct relationship between the total protein content in muscle tissue and the nutritional qualities of diet food. It is such components of mono-feed as corn cobs of milk-wax ripeness and soybean pods that provide a relatively high protein content in the feed, which provided high average daily gains in live weight with a limited number of concentrates. The control slaughter of bulls at the end of the experiment showed that the average pre-slaughter live weight was at the level of 541–501 kg. Slaughter yield of carcasses was directly dependent on the structure of the diet with a small group difference, which was in the range of 0.8–1.2 % compared to the first group, whose diet compensated for the need of animals for energy and protein through concentrates and was usually more expensive. Thus, the replacement of some concentrates in terms of the nutritional value of the second and third groups does not lead to a significant negative impact on the morphological composition of carcasses, which gives reason to believe the effectiveness of such diets. Studies on fattening bulls of the Volyn meat breed give grounds to claim that the harvest of mono-feed (corn-soybean) haylage type, the nutritional value of which is more than 0.5 feed. from contains a sufficient amount of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, provides high average daily gains in live weight, and has a positive effect on the quality of young beef. The production of this type of fodder allows producing 78.1–99.8 quintals of fodder from 1 ha of fodder area, respectively. from and 6.1–13.9 quintals of digestible protein and makes it possible to reduce the cost of concentrated feed in the structure of animal diets for fattening.

Slaughter and Meat Qualities of Experimental Store Pigs

This study was carried out on the fattening and meat qualities of store pigs. One of the main tasks of the study was to analyze the meat quality of the progeny obtained through the crossing of LW female pigs and half-breed LW x ST with male pigs of specialized meat breeds. Linear sizes were defined, which served as an indirect indicator of meat productivity. The amount of pig fat in a carcass was determined. The animals of the 1st and 2nd groups were distinguished – 30.8% and 32.1%, respectively, which were higher than the animals of the triple crossing by 2.5% (P<0.95); 3.0% (Р<0.95); 3.8% (P>0.99); 3.9% (P>0.999); 4.3% (P>0.999); and 5.1% (P>0.999). According to our data, the highest indicator of the loin eye area was among the pigs obtained through the crossing of crossbred female pigs LW x ST with male pigs of Pietrain, Duroc, Landrace breeds. The triple crossing pigs had the highest slaughter yield – 72.4-73.3%, compared to 69.4% for LW, and 70.5% for the two-breed rotation LW x ST. In terms of bone content, the differences were not significant and were statistically unreliable. The two-breed pigs LW x ST had the largest amount of kidney fat followed by LW and all of the triple crossed pigs. However, the difference was not statistically significant. The weight of the carcasses in the experimental groups ranged from 60.7 kg to 65.3 kg, and the pigs of the 3rd, 4th and 5th groups had the largest carcass weights, while the highest indicator was observed in the combination (LW x ST) x D.
 Keywords: pigs, meat quality, muscles, pig fat

INFLUENCE OF THE GENOTYPE OF STEERS AND THE SEASON OF THE YEAR ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BLOOD

The article analyzes the seasonal dynamics (winter, summer) of morphological and biochemical blood indicators characterizing the adaptive plasticity to the external environment of steers of locally improved livestock, Aberdeen-Angus, Kazakh white-headed and Kalmyk breeds, grown after weaning from mothers at the age of 8 months at an open feedlot of industrial type, located in a mountainous area within 1600 m above sea level. It was found that gobies of specialized meat breeds in all seasons of the year were characterized by greater blood saturation with red blood cells and hemoglobin and had an advantage over local improved cattle in terms of the content of total protein, albumins and globulins in blood serum.

МЯСНОЕ СКОТОВОДСТВО В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БУРЯТИЯ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article considers one of the main directions of increasing the level of food security of the country at the present time – the development of specialized beef cattle breeding, which contributes to an increase in pro- duction volumes in Russia and the Republic of Buryatia. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of the development of the beef catle breeding industry; it is recommended to take measures to increase the production of beef meat in Russia and the Republic of Buryatia. Methods used: static, comparison, deductive analysis with a monographic survey, and also used logical, static, mathematical methods of information processing. The natural and climatic conditions of the republic are characterized as extreme, which increase costs, require disproportionately significant costs for the production of crop products, necessitate an increase in feed for the production of live- stock products, due to a long stall period and low negative temperatures determine its high cost. For the development of pedigree farms engaged in beef cattle breeding, the following measures will be taken: creation of stations for testing pedigree bulls on the basis of cows’ own productivity. Beef cattle breeding in the Republic of Buryatia is the most labor-intensive industry with a long payback period, therefore this sector is underdeveloped. The main problems of beef cattle breeding: the lack of high-value breeding bulls, the technology of dairy and beef cattle breeding is carried out on an extensive basis, and the low potential of livestock productivity. The following activities will take place. Measures to increase the production of high-quality beef: formation of a breeding base for beef cattle breeding based on the provision of differentiated subsidies for the maintenance of broodstock of beef cattle according to the “cow-calf” system in breeding plants and pedigree reproducers; purchase of pedigree young stock of specialized meat breeds.

Production traits of pigs of specialized meat breeds of foreign selection under the conditions of the Dniester farm (Kherson district, Kherson region)

Production traits of pigs of specialized meat breeds of foreign selection under the conditions of the Dniester farm (Kherson district, Kherson region)

DNA analysis of the Russian populations of Aberdeen Angus, Hereford and Belgian Blue cattle.

The use of specialized meat breeds in cattle breeding programs is considered very promising for improving herds' productivity. However, in animal genotype, along with genes that positively affect the productivity signs, there are genes whose mutations, known as genetic defects, negatively affect the health of animals. The aim of the study was the screening of the Russian populations of Aberdeen Angus, Hereford and Belgian Blue cattle on gene mutations associated with the genetic defects of arthrogryposis multiplex (AM), osteopetrosis (OS), developmental duplication (DD), double muscling (M1), hypotrichosis (HY) and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) as well as the F94L polymorphism of myostatin gene (MSTN) linked with the gene responsible for less fat content in the carcass by means of DNA analysis. In the article, test systems based on the polymerase chain reaction method are presented. The analysis of the Aberdeen Angus () population has revealed 0.19 0.09 % animal M1 carriers, 0.53 0.03 % OS carriers, 1.92 0.09 % AM carriers and 9.00 0.20 % DD carriers. The genotyping of Hereford cattle of Russian populations () has not revealed any individual carriers of MSUD or HY genetic defects. All of the Belgian Blue population () animals were heterozygous M1 carriers. The study of the F94L MSTN polymorphism has demonstrated extremely high frequencies of the desirable allele (0.93 and 0.90) in two Aberdeen Angus populations with an average mean of 0.63 0.08, which was 32 % higher compared to the Belgian Blue population. The results suggest the high genetic potential of the Aberdeen Angus and Belgian Blue cattle, but the existence in the genotypes of the mutant alleles associated with hereditary diseases indicates the risk of uncontrolled use of these breeds.

Parameters of productive qualities of young people specialized meat breeds under conditions of Yakutia

Relevance and methods. The article presents experimental data on the selection and genetic parameters of the productive qualities of young specialized meat breeds (Hereford and Kalmyk) in Yakutia.Results. Musculature in animals of Hereford breed remained well developed, the animals remained well-fed. The skeleton is strong, in general, have strong and correctly set legs. The indices of elongation in bulls of Hereford breed were 114.5, the indices of incidence were 129.6, the index of chest was 56.6, and the index of pelvic was 87.1. In heifers of Hereford breed, the indices of elongation were 116.9, overgrowth 110.3, and bones 19.6. The dynamics of the live weight of young specialized meat breeds in the conditions of the farms of Central Yakutia shows that heifers and calves of the Kalmyk breed live birth weight was 19.2–20.8 kg, at 3 months of age 53.3–55.5 kg, at 5 months of age, 109.7–117 kg, respectively. In the period from birth to 3 months, the absolute increase was 34.1–34.7 kg with an average daily gain of 378–385 g.

ВОЗРАСТНАЯ ДИНАМИКА ЭКСТЕРЬЕРНЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ БЫЧКОВ СКОРОСПЕЛОЙ И ДОЛГОРОСЛОЙ МЯСНЫХ И КОМБИНИРОВАННОЙ ПОРОД

Проанализированы изменения промеров статей и индексов телосложения бычков герефордской, шаролезской и симментальской пород с годичного до 30-месячного возраста, выявлены отличительные экстерьерные особенности каждой из них. В первый год жизни бычков всех пород преобладает рост в высоту, наиболее интенсивно росли задние конечности. Несмотря на некоторое замедление роста других статей, в последующие периоды, темпы выровнялись, но превосходство имели бычки симментальской породы. Во второй год в длину, в третий – в ширину и глубину и формировался габитус телосложения. Экстерьерный профиль показывает, что пропорции тела, в основном, определились уже в годичном возрасте. У представителей специализированных мясных пород при бочкообразном теле высотные промеры имели немного ниже значения по сравнению с аналогами комбинированной породы, но у них крестец выше холки, а задняя часть тела была более выраженной по ширине в маклоках, тазобедерных сочленениях и седалищных буграх, длине зада. Герефорды мельче шароле и уступают им по всем промерам тела (высоте, ширине, длине, глубине). Однако они более компактны с ярко выраженными мясными формами. Хотя после 18 месячного возраста заметно снизились показатели статей и наблюдалось некоторое ожирение, что подтверждает их скороспелость. Бычки шароле во все возрастные периоды отличались гармоничностью телосложения, имели округлые формы, а боковой профиль у них напоминал прямоугольник, что свидетельствует о потенциально высокой мясной продуктивности Экстерьерные особенности бычков симментальской породы отличались в большую сторону от животных специализированных мясных пород по промерам таких статей, как высота в холке, спине и крестце, глубине и обхвату груди. Однако уступали им по ширине груди, в маклоках, тазобедренных сочленения, седалищных буграх. При дальнейшем выращивании темпы увеличения промеров зада были выше роста других статей, что характеризует долгорослость породы, об этом свидетельствуют и индексы телосложения бычков, особенно такие, как массивности, тяжеловесности и широтный.

Гібридизація як метод удосконалення якості свинини

Studies were carried out on the main indicators of the chemical composition and physical properties of muskulus longissimus dorsi of pigs of different genotypes during hybridization. The indicators of the chemical composition and physical properties of muskulus longissimus dorsi were determined by conventional methods. The materials of experimental studies were processed using methods of variation statistics. According to the amount of moisture, no significant difference between the control and experimental groups was established. According to the amount of protein in meat, a tendency to a slight decrease, compared with the control group by 1.4 (group III) … 1.9 % (group II) was established. The use of boars of Poltava meat breed led to a decrease in intramuscular fat in descendants by 0.25 % compared with peers of a large white breed (P <0.95), and precocious meat - to a real increase of this indicator by 0.43 % at P> 0 , 95. A tendency towards an increase in the amount of tryptophan (by 0.04 ... 0.05) and oxyproline (by 0.004 ... 0.005) in the muscles of hybrid animals was revealed in comparison with peers of pure breed of large white breed. In terms of the biological usefulness of meat proteins, animals of group III were the best - in terms of the quality of the protein of the longest muscle of the back, their advantage over peers of group II was 0.07, and compared with purebred peers. Group I - 0.12 (p <0.95). It was found that with the same area of the meat spot both in purebred large white breeds of animals and hydrides of different genotypes, there is a tendency to increase the latter compared to the control in a humid place: with a «share» of «blood» ½ pm by 2.2 %, and with a «share» of blood ½ cm - 1.4 %. A tendency has been established to increase the pH value of the longest back muscle in animals with a «share» of blood of specialized meat breeds compared with a large white breed. In hybrid animals with a «share» of blood of Poltava meat and precocious meat breeds, there is a tendency to increase the pH value in comparison with the large white breed by 0.15 (2.8 %) and by 0.17 (3.1 %), i.e. the meat of hybrid pigs, the pH of which has a shift towards alkalinity due to less accumulation of lactic acid, has a worse preservation.