Spatial Distribution Of Tuberculosis Research Articles

Prevalence and Spatial Autocorrelation of Tuberculosis in Indigenous People in Brazil, 2002-2022.

Tuberculosis (TB) among indigenous populations in Brazil poses a multifaceted public health challenge influenced by geographical, social, institutional, economic, and cultural factors. This study scrutinized the prevalence and spatial distribution of TB among Brazilian indigenous communities from 2002 to 2022. Employing a cross-sectional and descriptive approach, we analyzed data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and conducted spatial autocorrelation tests to identify clusters and outliers. The findings uncovered substantial disparities in TB prevalence between the North and Central-West regions, in contrast to the South and Southeast, mirroring social, economic, and cultural inequalities in Brazil. It is concluded that public health strategies should not only consider the epidemiological aspects of TB but also encompass social and environmental determinants, notably the impact of climate change. Holistic and context-sensitive approaches are imperative for addressing TB within indigenous communities, underscoring the need for adaptive and culturally sensitive interventions in the public health landscape.

Geospatial Overlap of Undernutrition and Tuberculosis in Ethiopia.

Undernutrition is a key driver of the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic, yet there is limited understanding regarding the spatial overlap of both diseases. This study aimed to determine the geographical co-distribution and socio-climatic factors of undernutrition and TB in Ethiopia. Data on undernutrition were found from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Data on TB were obtained from the Ethiopia national TB prevalence survey. We applied a geostatistical model using a Bayesian framework to predict the prevalence of undernutrition and TB. Spatial overlap of undernutrition and TB prevalence was detected in the Afar and Somali regions. Population density was associated with the spatial distribution of TB [β: 0.008; 95% CrI: 0.001, 0.014], wasting [β: -0.017; 95% CrI: -0.032, -0.004], underweight [β: -0.02; 95% CrI: -0.031, -0.011], stunting [β: -0.012; 95% CrI: -0.017, -0.006], and adult undernutrition [β: -0.007; 95% CrI: -0.01, -0.005]. Distance to a health facility was associated with the spatial distribution of stunting [β: 0.269; 95% CrI: 0.08, 0.46] and adult undernutrition [β: 0.176; 95% CrI: 0.044, 0.308]. Healthcare access and demographic factors were associated with the spatial distribution of TB and undernutrition. Therefore, geographically targeted service integration may be more effective than nationwide service integration.

Spatial Distribution of Tuberculosis in the Western Region of Java Island, Indonesia

Objective: This study aimed to map the spatiotemporal hotspots of tuberculosis (TB) prevalence distribution in the Western Region of Java Island. Material and Methods: To investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of TB prevalence, we standardized TB prevalence by year, with the percentile of TB prevalence being clustered with natural Jenks breaks optimization. To estimate the continuous geographical distribution of TB prevalence within each district, we performed inverse distance weighting (IDW) methods for spatial interpolation. We calculated the expected number of TB cases per 1 km2 grid cell in the aim of detecting TB prevalence hotspots. Results: The overall mean prevalence of newly reported TB cases was 73.2 cases per 100,000. The TB prevalence in West Java province, Banten province, and Jakarta province were 71.7, 69.7 and 85.8 per 100,000, respectively. High prevalence grid cells along the coast in the north, and low cells in West Java province; except nearby Bandung city where most areas are mountainous, were detected. Hotspots area was mostly found in either West Java province or Banten province; only 1 hotspot was detected in Jakarta province. Conclusion: Several hotspots were observed, not only in town administration areas but also in lower population density areas in West Java province. Raster grid cells with high prevalence were identified along the coastal area in the northern study area.

Análise espacial da tuberculose infantil em um município da Amazônia Brasileira

A tuberculose (TB) é um grande problema enfrentado pela saúde pública, principalmente em crianças pela dificuldade no diagnóstico. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil e a distribuição espacial da TB em crianças e adolescentes em Porto Velho-RO, no período de 2010 a 2017. Estudo ecológico, com abordagem quantitativa realizado a partir do levantamento das variáveis no SINAN referente aos casos de TB, com idade igual ou inferior a 19 anos, e, posteriormente, analisadas de forma descritiva e espacial, após atender aos preceitos éticos. Os casos de TB em crianças que tiveram como desfecho o abandono e óbito por TB se concentraram na zona sul do município, notificação realizada no serviço de referência terciária, que permaneceu como unidade de tratamento, bem como na APS e serviço especializado. Entre os adolescentes identificou-se apenas o abandono, distribuídos no município, notificações realizadas majoritariamente no serviço de referência e tratamento apenas com a inclusão do Serviço de Atendimento Especializado. Diante de tais achados, torna-se necessário a adoção de estratégias, melhor articulação e comunicação entre os serviços de saúde, além da maior resolutividade da APS.
 Palavras-chave: Tuberculose. Criança. Adolescente. Análise Espacial. Sistemas de Informação.

Study on spatial clustering characteristics of tuberculosis in China, 2013-2018

Objective: To explore the tuberculosis (TB) clustering areas and changing tendency in China from 2013 to 2018, so as to provide evidence for improving the control and prevention programs on TB. Methods: Spatial distribution of TB in China from 2013 to 2018 was studied using data from TB information management system of Chinese disease prevention and control information system. The SaTScan 9.6 software was used to detect and analyze the TB clusters and relative risks. Likelihood ratio and P value under the scan windows were used as the main index to define the clusters. Results: The TB registration rate declined in China from 2013 to 2018. High-risk clusters were mainly located in western regions of Xinjiang, Tibet, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi provinces and central and eastern regions of Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Hainan provinces. The number of counties with TB clusters declined slowly, from 1 112 in 2013 to 806 in 2018. In comparison with areas other than the clusters, the RR of TB in the clusters remained at high levels in southern Xinjiang and western Tibet from 2013 to 2018 (RR>3.0). Conclusions: The number of the counties with TB clustering declined slowly from 2013 to 2018, and most of them were located in western and central China. Early detection and health education should be focused on TB patients to prevent the spread of TB. Management programs set for TB patients should be strengthened, especially in the western parts of the country where TB clusters and high relative risks existed.

Spatial distribution of tuberculosis disease among men and women in Bandung city, Indonesia

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a serious health problem particularly in developing countries caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable. In general, tuberculosis (TB) incidences rates are usually higher in men than in women, but it has similar spatial distribution with a very high positive correlation. This study evaluated the spatial distribution of Tuberculosis Disease among men and women in Bandung City, Indonesia by means Bayesian shared component model. We found the joint effects dominated the spatial variation of TB for men and women which indicates there are similar risk factors that influence the spatial distribution of TB for men and women. The factors could be a health facility, health behaviours, and environmental factors. By knowing, the spatial pattern of TB for men and women, the government may use this information to develop an effective and efficient strategy to control TB transmission.

Картографирование распределения заболеваемости активным туберкулёзом на территории Крымского полуострова

This study is conducted to analyze spatial distribution of tuberculosis (TB) incidence in the Crimean peninsula and is due to the further development of a solution to this issue, since, despite the fact that there is a decrease in the incidence of tuberculosis on the peninsula, the Republic of Crimea remains today one of the disadvantaged regions of our country. According to official statistics, the total incidence of tuberculosis in 2018 was 51 per 100 thousand people. The risk of developing tuberculosis depends on a number of factors — environmental, economic, social and others. In order to show and evaluate the spatial distribution, intensity, localization and concentration of the phenomenon in certain areas an analysis using cartographic and statistical methods is needed. The purpose of the article is, through the processing of statistical and analytical source data of certain time slices, to show on maps the totality of factors that can affect the dynamics of the incidence of tuberculosis and the spread of patients in a specific territory — the Crimean Peninsula, and also to identify the most significant of these factors. The work provides a statistical study of the incidence rates of active tuberculosis in combination with the demographic characteristics of the Crimean Federal District. The quantitative characteristic of these is presented in the form of tables, graphs and cartographic images. The revealed statistical regularities make it possible to see those features of the development of the studied parameters that usually slip away with only one mapping, and to predict the situation for the future.

Spatial distribution of tuberculosis in a rural region of Western Province, Papua New Guinea.

IntroductionThere is a high burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the Western Province, Papua New Guinea. This study aims to describe the spatial distribution of TB in the Balimo District Hospital (BDH) catchment area to identify TB patient clusters and factors associated with high rates of TB.MethodsInformation about TB patients was obtained from the BDH TB patient register for the period 26 April 2013 to 25 February 2017. The locations of TB patients were mapped, and the spatial scan statistic was used to identify high- and low-rate TB clusters in the BDH catchment area.ResultsA total of 1568 patients were mapped with most being from the Balimo Urban (n = 252), Gogodala Rural (n = 1010) and Bamu Rural (n = 295) local level government (LLG) areas. In the Gogodala region (Balimo Urban and Gogodala Rural LLGs), high-rate clusters occurred closer to the town of Balimo, while low-rate clusters were located in more remote regions. In addition, closer proximity to Balimo was a predictor of high-rate clustering.DiscussionThere is heterogeneity in the distribution of TB in the Balimo region. Active case-finding activities indicated potential underdiagnosis of TB and the possibility of associated missed diagnoses of TB. The large BDH catchment area emphasizes the importance of the hospital in managing TB in this rural region.

Spatial Distribution of Tuberculosis and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cochabamba, Bolivia

Spatial Distribution of Tuberculosis and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cochabamba, Bolivia

Spatial distribution of tuberculosis and its socioeconomic influencing factors in mainland China 2013-2016.

To assess the spatial epidemic characteristics of TB and identify the key areas for disease prevention and control. To explore the spatial distribution and socioeconomic influencing factors of TB in mainland China from 2013 to 2016. Spatial autocorrelation was used to explore the spatial distribution characteristics of TB at the quantitative level. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models were conducted to explore the association between factors and TB incidence from both global and local perspectives. There was a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of TB at the provincial level (P<0.05): hot spots were mainly located in the west of Xinjiang and Tibet, and cold spots in the eastern coastal areas. Four latent factors on the socioeconomic dimension, involving the proportion of illiterate people aged 15 and over, per capita disposable income in rural areas, the number of health technicians per 1000 population and the urban population density, were associated with TB incidence. The GWR model showed that the effect of the same factor on TB incidence varied with geographical location. Spatial clustering of TB incidence in mainland China still exists. The differences of socioeconomic factors in different locations can be confirmed by GWR model. Targeted preventive and control measures or policies will be conducive in effectively reducing the incidence of TB, especially in hot spots.

Spatial distribution of tuberculosis and its association with meteorological factors in mainland China

BackgroundThe incidence of tuberculosis (TB) remains high worldwide. Current strategies will not eradicate TB by 2035; instead, by 2182 is more likely. Therefore, it is urgent that new risk factors be identified.MethodsAn ecological study was conducted in 340 prefectures in China from 2005 to 2015. The spatial distribution of TB incidence was shown by clustering and hotspot analysis. The relationship between the distribution patterns and six meteorological factors was evaluated by the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model.ResultsDuring the 11 years of the study period, TB incidence was persistently low in the east and high in the west. Local coefficients from the GWR model showed a positive correlation between TB incidence and yearly average rainfall (AR) but a negative correlation with other meteorological factors. Average relative humidity (ARH) was negatively correlated with the incidence of TB in all prefectures (p < 0.05).ConclusionMeteorological factors may play an important role in the prevention and control of TB.

Spatial distribution of tuberculosis in Manaus and its social determinants, 2008-2013.

Brazil ranks eighteenth worldwide in annual numbers of new tuberculosis (TB) cases. The municipality of Manaus, Amazonas State, has the highest incidence of TB in Brazil. To evaluate the quality of TB epidemiological surveillance, and to describe the spatial distribution pattern of TB incidence in Manaus and its social determinants. An ecological study was performed based on secondary data from TB epidemiological surveillance reports. An index was developed to classify neighborhoods in terms of the quality of surveillance and suspected underreporting. Based on data from neighborhoods with better surveillance performance, we observed that the average number of residents per room, the unemployment rate and the proportion of households connected to a sewage system were significant predictors of TB incidence. Seven neighborhoods in the south and west of the city had clusters of high TB transmission. Our results suggest that the association between TB and social vulnerability is obscured by the poor quality of TB surveillance data. We identified priority areas that require immediate TB control interventions and those where local surveillance efforts should be improved, and generated information useful for formulating more effective actions.

Spatial distribution of tuberculosis in indigenous and non-indigenous populations in the state of Pará, Brazil, 2005-2013

Abstract Objective: To analyze the incidence of tuberculosis in indigenous and non-indigenous residents in the state of Pará from 2005-2013. Method: An ecological study was performed with data from SINAN, stratified for the 13 existing Regional Health Centers in Pará. The tuberculosis incidence rates were calculated for indigenous and non-indigenous populations in the 13 regions and maps were prepared to visualize the magnitude of the occurrence of tuberculosis. Results: Significant differences in the incidence of tuberculosis were found among non-indigenous and indigenous populations, reaching 7,812/100,000 inhabitants and 118/100,000 inhabitants respectively. Conclusion: Tuberculosis was distributed heterogeneously among the indigenous and non-indigenous populations. Moreover, it was possible to identify areas with high risk for this disease. It is important to note that knowledge about priority areas for tuberculosis control can help health service management to improve indicators that assess this disease and to develop different policies for indigenous peoples.

Analysis on spatial distribution of tuberculosis in China, 2012-2014

Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution of the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in China from 2012 to 2014 and provide evidence for the prevention and control of TB. Methods: The database of TB in China from 2012 to 2014 was established by using geographical information system, the spatial distribution map was drawn, trend analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis were conducted to explore the spatial distribution pattern of TB and identify hot areas. Results: The trend surface analysis showed that the incidence of TB decreased gradually from the west to the east in China, and the U type curve could reflect the TB distribution from the south to the north; Global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed the 2012-2014 global Moran's I were 0.366, 0.364 and 0.358 (P<0.01), suggesting that the incidence of TB had a spatial clustering in China; Local Getis-OrdG(i) spatial autocorrelation analysis by ArcGIS software showed that there was 11 cluster areas, 3 high incidence areas (Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai) and 8 low incidence areas (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu). Conclusion: The incidence of TB had obviously spatial clustering characteristic, the areas at high risk were mainly in the northwestern and plateau area in China.

Spatial distribution of tuberculosis in a municipality in the interior of São Paulo, 2008-2013.

ABSTRACTObjective:to describe the epidemiological clinical profile of tuberculosis and analyze the spatial distribution of cases in a municipality in the state of São Paulo. Method:descriptive and ecological study of cases of tuberculosis through the records in an information system. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate central tendency (mean) and chi-square test, with Yates correction or Fisher exact test, when necessary. The Kernel technique was also used to calculate the occurrence densities of tuberculosis cases, using a radius of 1000 meters. Type I error was set at 5%. Results:299 cases of tuberculosis were identified, with 290 (96.98%) being geocoded. The majority of these were male (n = 212; 70.91%), median age 40 years, and the pulmonary clinical form was predominant (n = 244, 81.60%). The distribution occurred in a non-random manner, observing important areas of the municipality with a higher density of cases of the disease. Conclusion:the study evidenced an epidemiological profile of tuberculosis cases similar to those in the literature; however, their distribution does not occur in a random manner, pointing to specific population groups that require greater management and planning of health services for the control of tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis as a marker of inequities in the context of socio-spatial transformation.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the association between the incidence of tuberculosis and different socioeconomic indicators in a territory of intense transformation of the urban space.METHODS This is an ecological study, whose analysis units were the neighborhoods of the city of Itaboraí, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The data have been analyzed by generalized linear models. The response variable was incidence of tuberculosis from 2006 to 2011. The independent variables were the socio-demographic indicators. The spatial distribution of tuberculosis was analyzed with the elaboration of thematic maps.RESULTS The results have shown a significant association between the incidence of tuberculosis and variables that reflect different dimensions of living conditions, such as consumer goods, housing conditions and its surroundings, agglomeration of population, and income distribution.CONCLUSIONS The disproportionate incidence of tuberculosis in populations with worse living conditions highlights the persistence of socioeconomic determinants in the reproduction of the disease. Different municipal public sectors need to better articulate with local tuberculosis control programs to reduce the social burden of the disease.

The Socioeconomic Factors and the Indigenous Component of Tuberculosis in Amazonas.

Despite the availability of tuberculosis prevention and control services throughout Amazonas, high rates of morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis remain in the region. Knowledge of the social determinants of tuberculosis in Amazonas is important for the establishment of public policies and the planning of effective preventive and control measures for the disease. To analyze the relationship of the spatial distribution of the incidence of tuberculosis in municipalities and regions of Amazonas to the socioeconomic factors and indigenous tuberculosis component, from 2007 to 2013. An ecological study was conducted based on secondary data from the epidemiological surveillance of tuberculosis. A linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship of the annual incidence of tuberculosis to the socioeconomic factors, performance indicators of health services, and indigenous tuberculosis component. The distribution of the incidence of tuberculosis in the municipalities of Amazonas was positively associated with the Gini index and the population attributable fraction of tuberculosis in the indigenous peoples, but negatively associated with the proportion of the poor and the unemployment rate. The spatial distribution of tuberculosis in the different regions of Amazonas was heterogeneous and closely related with the socioeconomic factors and indigenous component of tuberculosis.

Spatial Distribution of Tuberculosis in a Midsize Brazilian Town.

Spatial Distribution of Tuberculosis in a Midsize Brazilian Town.

Determination of [11C]rifampin pharmacokinetics within Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice by using dynamic positron emission tomography bioimaging.

Information about intralesional pharmacokinetics (PK) and spatial distribution of tuberculosis (TB) drugs is limited and has not been used to optimize dosing recommendations for new or existing drugs. While new techniques can detect drugs and their metabolites within TB granulomas, they are invasive, rely on accurate resection of tissues, and do not capture dynamic drug distribution in the tissues of interest. In this study, we assessed the in situ distribution of (11)C-labeled rifampin in live, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice that develop necrotic lesions akin to human disease. Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed over 60 min after injection of [(11)C]rifampin as a microdose, standardized uptake values (SUV) were calculated, and noncompartmental analysis was used to estimate PK parameters in compartments of interest. [(11)C]rifampin was rapidly distributed to all parts of the body and quickly localized to the liver. Areas under the concentration-time curve for the first 60 min (AUC0-60) in infected and uninfected mice were similar for liver, blood, and brain compartments (P > 0.53) and were uniformly low in brain (10 to 20% of blood values). However, lower concentrations were noted in necrotic lung tissues of infected mice than in healthy lungs (P = 0.03). Ex vivo two-dimensional matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging confirmed restricted penetration of rifampin into necrotic lung lesions. Noninvasive bioimaging can be used to assess the distribution of drugs into compartments of interest, with potential applications for TB drug regimen development.

Distribuição espacial da tuberculose e a relação com condições de vida na área urbana do município de Campina Grande - 2004 a 2007

This research aimed to study the spatial distribution of tuberculosis and its relationship with living conditions in the urban area of the city of Campina Grande in the period from 2004 until 2007. It is an ecologic study which used the city's neighborhood distribution; demographic, social and economic data from year 2000 census; and the new cases of tuberculosis reported to the Disease and Reporting Information System. Georeferencing was done for the cases of tuberculosis, and disease incidence was calculated by neighborhood. Rates were softened and the Global Moran Index was calculated. Social-economic data were grouped in quartiles according to the Life Condition Index, calculating the incidence of TB in each stratum of living conditions. The results showed that the spatial distribution of tuberculosis in the city is not uniform. Grouping neighborhoods according to the Life Conditions Index revealed social differences that can justify the occurrence of higher incidence rates in the most socially and economically vulnerable regions. The best living condition stratum presented a high incidence possibly due to the underreporting of the cases of tuberculosis caused mainly by the centralization of disease control services. We hope that this study may help outline control strategies for the city of Campina Grande, from the perspective of health promotion, for a disease so socially determined, as is the case of TB.