Window In Space Research Articles

The theoretical framework of consumer service APP on mobilephone affecting urban commercial space

The purpose of this paper is to study consumer service-oriented APP and try to build a theoretical framework of its impact on urban space. The Physical space space when consumers use APP is defined as “window space”. Based on constructing the dynamic mechanism for the reorganization and diffusion of consumer service-oriented APP, this paper puts forward the hypothesis that “window space” gathers the physical space of service industry. Focusing on the spatial development in the Internet era, this paper predicts the transformation of urban space from “business center” to “crowd center”.

Design-Window Methodology for Inductorless Noise-Cancelling CMOS LNAs

This paper presents an optimization methodology for inductorless noise-cancelling CMOS Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNA), whose performance typically depends on a tight balance in the design of two transistor stages. Due to the different functions of the two parts, noise-cancelling amplifiers become very difficult to analyze in detail by closed-form expressions or straight simulations: each section significantly affects the results of the other. In addition, opposed specifications, such as gain and cut-off frequency, suppose another grade of complexity due to the interplay of the two branches of the circuit. As a solution, the proposed methodology uses a visualization of the design window in 2-dimensional space to optimize the different parameters of the specifications without compromising the others. All specification constraints are represented in a single figure instead of one graph per parameter. Compared with most optimization methods, the design window methodology observes the design span instead of isolated design points that might not guarantee feasibility. Furthermore, as a simulation-driven exploration method, it benefits from complete device models with high-order effects that would be too complex to include in analytical expressions but critical to achieving maximum efficiency. As an example of the method, the paper describes the optimization of the well-known CS-CG noise-cancelling LNA in 65-nm standard CMOS technology. Final post-layout simulations report very competitive results with a 3.7-dB noise figure, a 17-dB gain, and a cut-off frequency above 7 GHz.

Statistical analysis of earthquake catalogue and magnitude of completeness for Northern and Southwestern Pakistan

A historical and instrumental earthquake catalogue is prepared for the Northwest Himalayan Fold and Thrust Belt and Makran Subduction Zone Pakistan from 1960 to 2019 with homogenized moment magnitude. The local and some international published sources were utilized for the preparation of catalogue. This earthquake catalogue contained numbers of duplicate, repeated, dependent and independent events. Declustering process was opted to remove the dependent events such as foreshock and aftershock from catalogue to separate the mainshock only in term of distance and time space window. The declustering found 2714 clusters of earthquakes with total of 19512 (57.19 %) events out of 34112. Only cluster events which contained the mainshock or independent events were drawn on seismicity map with color identification. Maximum likelihood method was used to compute the value of magnitude of completeness i.e., Mc = 3.8 with estimation of a and b-values. Years vise magnitude of completeness was also computed to check the time period variation. The completeness of magnitude for different intervals of time indicates the impartial approximation of previous recorded seismicity. Temporal and spatial maps were also drawn to investigate the slope “b” and rate of productivity “a” in the study region. It is noted that b-values varied from 0.2 to 2.0 due to stress and intensive tectonic setting whereas a value increases due to increase the seismicity rate with respect to region. Seismotectonic map was drawn to delineate the major faults, seismicity pattern and tectonic activities. This work further can be used for single value hazard assessment for any region and their response spectra to update buildings and bridges codes.

An advanced optical-electrochemical nanopore measurement system for single-molecule analysis.

Nanopore measurement has advanced in single-molecule analysis by providing a transient time and confined space window that only allows one interested molecule to exist. By optimization and integration of the electrical and optical analysis strategies in this transient window, the acquisition of comprehensive information could be achieved to resolve the intrinsic properties and heterogeneity of a single molecule. In this work, we present a roadmap to build a unified optical and electrochemical synchronous measurement platform for the research of a single molecule. We designa low-cost ultralow-current amplifier with low noise and high-bandwidth to measure the ionic current events as a single molecule translocates through a nanopore and combine a multi-functional optical system to implement the acquisition of the fluorescence, scattering spectrum, and photocurrent intensity of single molecule events in a nanopore confined space. Our system is a unified and unique platform for the protein nanopore, the solid-state nanopore, and the glass capillary nanopore, which has advantages in the comprehensive research of nanopore single-molecule techniques.

A Novel Negative Capacitance FinFET With Ferroelectric Spacer: Proposal and Investigation.

In this letter, for the first time, we investigate the role of Ferroelectric (FE) spacer in a negative capacitance (NC) FinFET. Using well-calibrated TCAD models, we found that instead of placing a dielectric (DE) spacer, if we use an FE spacer, enhanced electric field due to FE polarization can be achieved, thereby producing a higher ON-current. The fringing fields polarize the FE spacer and result in voltage amplification, which lowers the effective barrier and increases the current driving capability. ON-current of the proposed configuration, i.e., FE spacer at the source (S) side and DE spacer at the drain (D) side, is ~30% higher than the baseline FinFET. In this work, we have also proposed four different spacer placement configurations to realize better performances in terms of higher ON-current, mitigation of negative differential resistance (NDR) and better subthreshold slope (SS), and so on. We found that the optimized performance can be attained by placing an FE and DE spacer at the S and D end, respectively. We also evaluated a design space window for a good capacitance match to achieve NC effect for optimized device design.

Investigation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Using Radio Occultation: A Case Study during Twelve Super Typhoons over the Northwest Pacific

This study investigated the relationship between variations in the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) and typhoons over the Northwest Pacific using global navigation satellite system (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) data during the local summer typhoon season (July–October in the Northern Hemisphere) from 2007 to 2020. The minimum gradient of refractivity derived from COSMIC and COSMIC-2 was used to determine the ABLH. The RO profiles were co-located with the position of a typhoon track base within a 600 km space window and different time windows. ABLH climatology with a 2.5° × 2.5° horizontal resolution was developed, which can be used to obtain the interpolated mean ABLH at any target position. The mean ABLH at the central typhoon position in a specific year was compared with the results interpolated from the climatology of the same location (excluding the year in which the investigated typhoon occurred). In this paper, the results indicate that the ABLH is lower in the vicinity of typhoons relative to the undisturbed atmosphere by a significant amount, and that the reduction in ABLH ranges from 0.13 km to 0.39 km. It was also found that the ABLH was negatively correlated with wind speed, and that the mean correlation coefficient was −0.607. Moreover, similar results can be obtained via the RO water vapor partial pressure profile compared to the refractivity results.

Improving Earthquake Doublet Frequency Predictions by Modified Spatial Trigger Kernels in the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) Model

ABSTRACTEarthquake sequences add a substantial hazard beyond the solely declustered perspective of common probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. A particularly strong driver for both social and economic losses are so-called earthquake doublets (more generally multiplets), that is, sequences of two (or more) comparatively large events in spatial and temporal proximity. Without differentiating between foreshocks and aftershocks, we hypothesize three main influencing factors of doublet occurrence: (1) the number of direct and secondary aftershocks triggered by an earthquake; (2) the occurrence of independent clusters and seismic background events in the same time–space window; and (3) the magnitude size distribution of triggered events (in contrast to independent events). We tested synthetic catalogs simulated by a standard epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model for both Japan and southern California. Our findings show that the common ETAS approach significantly underestimates doublet frequencies compared with observations in historical catalogs. In combination with that the simulated catalogs show a smoother spatiotemporal clustering compared with the observed counterparts. Focusing on the impact on direct aftershock productivity and total cluster sizes, we propose two modifications of the ETAS spatial kernel to improve doublet rate predictions: (a) a restriction of the spatial function to a maximum distance of 2.5 estimated rupture lengths and (b) an anisotropic function with contour lines constructed by a box with two semicircular ends around the estimated rupture segment. These modifications shift the triggering potential from weaker to stronger events and consequently improve doublet rate predictions for larger events, despite still underestimating historic doublet occurrence rates. Besides, the results for the restricted spatial functions fulfill better the empirical Båth’s law for the maximum aftershock magnitude. The tested clustering properties of strong events are not sufficiently incorporated in typically used global catalog scale measures, such as log-likelihood values, which would favor the conventional, unrestricted models.

New Paradigms in Porous Framework Materials for Acetylene Storage and Separation

AbstractAcetylene is an important precursor in the petrochemical, plastics and electronic industries, as well as the prominent fuel for welding and metal cutting. The high flammability and explosive nature of acetylene, however hinder its safe storage and transportation. Porous materials are highly promising for acetylene storage and as they can provide strong binding interactions and an optimal pore environment. Furthermore, high selectivity and separation can be achieved for acetylene over other gases such as CO2and small hydrocarbons. In this review, we divulge into the recent advancements and paradigms in acetylene storage and separation with a focus on porous metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs). An overview of the benchmark materials for acetylene storage and separation, along with some recent developments in the strategies to balance the trade‐off between the uptake capacity and selectivity is provided. The approaches of designing small pores and highly functionalized pore environments for strong binding with the acetylene adsorbate; along with the pore space partition, window space directed assembly and inverse CO2/C2H2adsorption for the separation of acetylene from CO2, CH4, C2H4and other hydrocarbons are reviewed to provide a summary and help further augment the research in this direction.

Continuation-Based Method to Find Periodic Windows in Bifurcation Diagrams With Applications to the Chua’s Circuit With a Cubic Nonlinearity

The existence of periodic windows in the parameter space is a common feature of nonlinear systems capable to produce chaotic behavior. Detection of positions of periodic windows is important both from the theoretical and practical points of view. In this work, a systematic method to detect periodic windows in bifurcation diagrams is proposed. The search method is a combination of the trajectory monitoring approach to find unstable periodic orbits and the continuation method to calculate positions of periodic windows. The method is applied to the Chua's circuit with a smooth nonlinearity. It is shown that the proposed method outperforms standard methods to find periodic windows in bifurcation diagrams.

Measuring chaos in the Lorenz and Rössler models: Fidelity tests for reservoir computing.

This study focuses on the qualitative and quantitative characterization of chaotic systems with the use of a symbolic description. We consider two famous systems, Lorenz and Rössler models with their iconic attractors, and demonstrate that with adequately chosen symbolic partition, three measures of complexity, such as the Shannon source entropy, the Lempel-Ziv complexity, and the Markov transition matrix, work remarkably well for characterizing the degree of chaoticity and precise detecting stability windows in the parameter space. The second message of this study is to showcase the utility of symbolic dynamics with the introduction of a fidelity test for reservoir computing for simulating the properties of the chaos in both models' replicas. The results of these measures are validated by the comparison approach based on one-dimensional return maps and the complexity measures.

Extra-interior

This article responds to the challenges facing creative practitioners whose work engages with aspects of ‘public’ provoked by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The temporary physical closures of established creative infrastructures such as galleries, museums and festivals have disrupted the traditional dynamics of production and reception. This presents both challenges and opportunities for artists and designers to develop new forms of creative engagement with public audiences and spaces. The confinement of people to a 5-kilometre radius during extended lockdowns in Melbourne, Australia in 2020 prompted a reflection on the opportunities of the ‘local’ as a particular context for creative practice. This restriction imposed a perimeter that brought people’s day- to-day lives into an enclosed loop and produced what could be thought of as a form of interior. In this period, ordinary domestic and local spaces — for example the home office or studio gained manifold functions for many creative practitioners, including as a space for self- initiated public presentations of their work. In several cases, windows, balconies, and doorways became thresholds for interaction with passers-by. This self-broadcasting situation provided an opportunity for practitioners to play an active role in cultivating new relations and forms of publicity from a localised setting. In this article, these shifts in practice are investigated through a critical reflection on a series of spatial interventions within a street-facing window of a studio space in Brunswick, Melbourne, an inner-city suburb where residential streets mix with spaces of industrial and creative production. The liminal space of the window became a way to speculate on the concept of thresholds between diverse conditions, including public and private, art and the everyday, urban and local, and interior and exterior. These investigations engaged with a ‘makeshift’ mode of practice, leading to the production of extra-ordinary interior conditions.

Windowed space–time least-squares Petrov–Galerkin model order reduction for nonlinear dynamical systems

Projection-based reduced-order models (PROMs) restrict the full-order model (FOM) to a low-dimensional subspace. Space–time PROMs in particular restrict the FOM to a temporally space–time trial subspace, and compute approximate solutions through a residual orthogonalization or minimization process. One such technique of interest is the space–time least-squares Petrov–Galerkin method (ST-LSPG), which reduces both the spatial and temporal dimensions. However, ST-LSPG is computationally expensive, because it requires solving a dense space–time system with a space–time basis that is calculated over the entire global time domain, which can be unfeasible for large-scale applications. To address these challenges, this paper presents the windowed space–time least-squares Petrov–Galerkin method (WST-LSPG) for model reduction of nonlinear parameterized dynamical systems. The proposed WST-LSPG approach addresses the aforementioned challenges by (1) dividing the time simulation into windows, (2) devising a unique low-dimensional high-fidelity space–time trial subspace for each window, and (3) minimizing the discrete-in-time space–time residual of the dynamical system over each window. In this formulation, the problem confines coupling within each window, but solves space–time residual minimization problems sequentially across the windows. WST-LSPG is equipped with hyper-reduction techniques to further reduce the computational cost. Numerical experiments for the one-dimensional Burgers’ equation and the two-dimensional compressible Navier–Stokes equations for flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil demonstrate that WST-LSPG is superior to ST-LSPG in terms of accuracy and computational gain by as much as 99%.

Protecting a Broken Window: Vandalism and Security at Rural Rock Art Sites

The majority of the ancient rock art sites of the U.S. Southwest are located in rural locations that are difficult to monitor or police. These sites seem to exert a pull on humans, an attraction that not only provokes curiosity and wonder but also what can be classed as destructive responses or vandalism. Many crime control methods for reducing vandalism are based on traditional theories such as defensible space and broken window theory. In the case of rock art, however, these methods do not yield expected results and in some cases are even detrimental. Rural crime, including rural vandalism, as a whole is marginalized in criminology, which has been dominated by urban-focused approaches and theories. In the case of rock art, considering how security is approached and maintained ultimately leads to questions about human–object relationships with regards to crime and about object agency. By focusing on the policing challenges of one particular type of rural vandalism, we hope to contribute to the discussion of vandalism in rural spaces.

Variation in spatial distance between the lumbar interlaminar window and intervertebral disc space during flexion-extension.

Knowledge of interlaminar space is important for undertaking percutaneous endoscopic discectomy via an interlaminar approach (PED-IL). However, dynamic changes in the lumbar interlaminar space and the spatial relationship between the interlaminar space and intervertebral disc space (IDS) are not clear. The aim of this study was to anatomically clarify the changes in interlaminar space height (ILH) and variation in distance between the two spaces during flexion-extension of the lumbar spine in vitro. First, we used a validated custom-made loading equipment to obtain neutral, flexion, and extension 3D models of eight lumbar specimens through 3D reconstruction software. Changes in ILH (ILH, IL-yH, IL-zH) and distances between the horizontal plane passing through the lowest edge of the lamina of the superior lumbar vertebrae and the horizontal plane passing through the lowest position of the trailing edge of the same-level IDS (DpLID) at L3/4, L4/5 and L5/S1 were examined on 3D lumbar models. We found that ILH was greater at L4/5 than at L3/4 and L5/S1 in the neutral position, but the difference was not significant. In the flexion position, ILH was significantly more than that in neutral and extension positions at L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1. There were significantly more DpLID changes from neutral to flexion than that from neutral to extension at all levels (L3/4, L4/5, L5/S1). These findings demonstrated level-specific changes in ILH and DpLID during flexion-extension. The data may provide a better understanding of the spatial relationship between lumbar interlaminar space and IDS, and aid the development of segment-specific treatment for PED-IL.

Matchup Characteristics of Sea Surface Salinity Using a High-Resolution Ocean Model

Sea surface salinity (SSS) satellite measurements are validated using in situ observations usually made by surfacing Argo floats. Validation statistics are computed using matched values of SSS from satellites and floats. This study explores how the matchup process is done using a high-resolution numerical ocean model, the MITgcm. One year of model output is sampled as if the Aquarius and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellites flew over it and Argo floats popped up into it. Statistical measures of mismatch between satellite and float are computed, RMS difference (RMSD) and bias. The bias is small, less than 0.002 in absolute value, but negative with float values being greater than satellites. RMSD is computed using an “all salinity difference” method that averages level 2 satellite observations within a given time and space window for comparison with Argo floats. RMSD values range from 0.08 to 0.18 depending on the space–time window and the satellite. This range gives an estimate of the representation error inherent in comparing single point Argo floats to area-average satellite values. The study has implications for future SSS satellite missions and the need to specify how errors are computed to gauge the total accuracy of retrieved SSS values.

A complete effective field theory for dark matter

We present an effective field theory describing the relevant interactions of the Standard Model with an electrically neutral particle that can account for the dark matter in the Universe. The possible mediators of these interactions are assumed to be heavy. The dark matter candidates that we consider have spin 0, 1/2 or 1, belong to an electroweak multiplet with arbitrary isospin and hypercharge and their stability at cosmological scales is guaranteed by imposing a ℤ2 symmetry. We present the most general framework for describing the interaction of the dark matter with standard particles, and construct a general non-redundant basis of the gauge-invariant operators up to dimension six. The basis includes multiplets with non-vanishing hypercharge, which can also be viable DM candidates. We give two examples illustrating the phenomenological use of such a general effective framework. First, we consider the case of a scalar singlet, provide convenient semi-analytical expressions for the relevant dark matter observables, use present experimental data to set constraints on the Wilson coefficients of the operators, and show how the interplay of different operators can open new allowed windows in the parameter space of the model. Then we study the case of a lepton isodoublet, which involves coannihilation processes, and we discuss the impact of the operators on the particle mass splitting and direct detection cross sections. These examples highlight the importance of the contribution of the various non-renormalizable operators, which can even dominate over the gauge interactions in certain cases.

‘Re-coding’ environmental regulation – a new simplified metric for daylighting verification during the window and indoor space design process

ABSTRACT The role of regulation in fostering or hindering sustainable development has been largely discussed. Yet, empirical studies on how to act in reviewing and modifying normative structures seem to be lacking within the academic debate. This work presents the experience undertaken by the research center FULL at the Politecnico di Torino (Turin, Italy), in supporting the local Municipality to simplify, disambiguate and redefine the current environment/energy regulation system. The paper particularly focuses on the methodological approach utilized to review rules in relation to daylighting in the local Energy Annex Code. This document contained mandatory and voluntary requirements and includes daylighting among the voluntary ones, through the average Daylight Factor DFm. It also addressed the window design through the RAI (Ratio Aerial Illuminating, defined as window area to room area ratio). The Municipality reports that building practitioners underuse the daylighting practice based on DFm, rather relying on RAI, because of its simplicity. Consequently, the Municipality gave mandate to FULL to define a new daylight indicator, to be included among mandatory requirement and meant to be more accurate than RAI but simple enough to promote its application. For this purpose, the ‘RAI-enhanced’ indicator was defined, as a function of: (i) glazing area Sg ; (ii) glazing visible transmittance Tv , (iii) floor area S floor; (iv) obstruction angle α, considering buildings ahead of window, overhangs, and loggias. Based on the results, the paper explains how the daylighting part of the energy regulation system was informed and reviewed in the case of the Municipality of Turin.

Introduction of Glass as Fenestration in 19th Century Lagos, Nigeria: A Brief History

While glass as a material has been known to the people of western Nigerian for hundreds of years, it was only in the late 19th century that it became integrated into building and construction practice in Lagos. For the most part, early local architecture made little effort, if any at all, at covering window spaces with any material of permanence as the primary purpose of these orifices was more to let air in rather than light. Early European missionaries and colonial agents saw the situation differently. Their horrid fear for tropical bugs and matters of security and privacy necessitated a response and modification to the philosophy of tropical architecture. Using qualitative methods and visual analysis of archival images, this study takes a historical look at the beginnings of the integration and use of glass as fenestration and argues that so significant was the introduction in the late 19th and early 20th century in Lagos, that the innovation re-engineered the culture of architecture and living as we know it. The study identified the first building in Lagos to use glass as fenestration and discusses the role of missionaries in the development of innovation. It argues that missionary activity in the coastal city of Lagos, created a broad new industry and trade opportunities and concludes that the introduction of glass as a building material in 19th century Lagos, was not a mere development, but a significant innovation, both in construction and creativity.

Farklı duvar örgüleri ile üretilmiş prototip yığma binaların sarsma tablası deneyleri

The major damages that occurred due to the earthquake are the formation of shear cracks and sliding cracks in the plane of the walls, the overturning of the walls out-of-plane, the separation of the walls from the corners and slabs. In this study, prototype masonry buildings were produced with different bonds 1/6 geometric scale, one story and three-compartment were tested on the shaking table. These prototype masonry buildings were tested on a shaking table with sinusoidal dynamic testing. The walls of test specimens were produced with the cross, the flemish, the english, and the dutch bond, respectively. The behaviour of test specimens, displacement, elastic seismic loads were compared by giving the same ground motion to the specimens. Displacement measurements of the test specimens were made by the image processing method and acceleration data were measured by accelerometers. In the experimental studies, different types of failure modes and cracks that could occur during the earthquake were observed. In the shaking table, the maximum elastic seismic load has occurred at Specimen 4 (dutch bond). Because Specimen 1 had more rigid compared to the other specimens, Specimen 1 with cross bond also occurred the highest seismic performance. As a result, all masonry structures that are not carefully manufactured and do not receive engineering services, regardless of the type of the bond, cannot exhibit sufficient earthquake performance. As a result, for the masonry buildings stated in TBSC-2018, vertical lintels can be made on the sides of the door and windows, or the door and window spaces can be made smaller, which can make an important contribution to the seismic performance of masonry buildings.

A survey on 802.11 MAC industrial standards, architecture, security & supporting emergency traffic: Future directions

The IEEE 802.11-based Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has become a ubiquitous networking technology deployed around the world. IEEE 802.11 WLAN are now widely used for real-time multimedia applications (e.g. voice and video streaming) and distributed emergency services such as telemedicine, healthcare, and disaster recovery. Both time-sensitive applications and emergency traffic are not only characterized by their high bandwidth requirements, but also impose severe restrictions on end-to-end packet delays (i.e. response time), jitter (i.e. delay variance) and packet losses. In other words, time-sensitive applications and emergency services require a strict Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is one of the key factors that influence the performance of WLANs. The IEEE 802.11e working group enhanced the 802.11 MAC to provide QoS support in WLANs. However, recent studies have shown that 802.11e Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) standard has limitations and it neither supports strict QoS guarantee nor emergency traffic. Providing a strict QoS guarantee as well as supporting emergency traffic under high traffic loads is really a challenging task in WLANs. A thorough review of literature on QoS MAC protocols reveals that most QoS schemes have focused on either network throughput enhancement or service differentiation by adjusting Contention Window (CW) or Inter-Frame Spaces (IFS). Therefore, a research on developing techniques to provide a strict QoS guarantee as well as support for emergency traffic is required in such systems. To achieve this objective, a general understanding of WLANs is required. This paper aims introduce various key concepts of WLANs that are necessary for design, model and develop such framework. Our main contribution in this paper is the QoS for IEEE 802.11 WLAN and MAC protocols for supporting industrial emergency traffic over network and future directions.