Modern Space Research Articles

Региональная культура как потенциал развития туризма в российско-китайском приграничье: от теоретической объективации к вопросам новых реалий

The article focuses on cultural and civilizational potential of Russian eastern borders and China border regions. The subject of this article today seems to be particularly relevant in the context of two circumstances: firstly, tourist contacts have undergone significant transformations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and secondly, the aggravating situation with the emergence of barriers to entry into the European tourism space makes China one of the most attractive regions for tourism development. The very concept of "border", regardless of the above, appears here not as a certain outpost, but as a unique sociocultural space where regional culture functioning is mediated by the influence of three cultural dimensions (national, local, foreign). The case of border regional pair the Transbaikal Region, Russia and North-East China shows the features of their culture’s interaction, which are of interest for integration into the processes of border tourism formation and development. The identified problems in the border tourism sector development are proposed to be solved, among other things, by updating the work on online platforms, which act as a modern space for the concentration and accumulation of tourist content in the era of digitalization. A possible solution to the above issues on the basis of the original "dialogism of border area regional cultures" model, its integration into the concept of tourism development in the border areas is indicated, as well as the vector of modern state policy regarding the development of tourism initiatives in the Russian-Chinese border area.

МАРКЕТИНГ В ЦИФРОВОМУ МЕТАВСЕСВІТІ

The article presents the results of studying the processes of using marketing tools in the space of the digital Metauniverse. This topic is relevant, very interesting for modern economic science, but practically has not been researched yet. Marketing in the space of the Metaverse is developing and improving, adapting to new technological innovations. The results of the study consist in the presentation of the main material, methods and techniques of applying marketing tools in the modern space of the Metauniverse. The scientific novelty and originality of the material of the article lies in the fact that the article describes practically unstudied ways and techniques of using marketing tools in the space of the digital Metauniverse. In research, the Metaverse is presented as the successor to the Internet. This is perceived as a new approach, where social norms and value systems of society can be changed, freed from cultural and economic obstacles for the further development of humanity. That is, a person wants to create a virtual world with the same values as in the real world. No one knows when exactly this will happen, but it all looks very promising. More and more industry players are pouring millions and millions of dollars into promising Metaverses, but only time will tell which will ultimately take off and take over. And in the near future. Already in 2022, such large companies as Facebook, Microsoft and Epic are busy creating Metaverses, and Walt Disney is already digitalizing its parks for online recreation. With the involvement of big players with a perspective of 2–3 years, you can see large multi-million living virtual worlds. Already now there are the first game platforms that allow their users to create their own virtual worlds and invite their friends there to carry out various activities. Banking giants are betting on a global growth of $13 trillion in meta universes by 2030. According to experts, the total number of Metaverse users will reach five billion by that time. Source: Citibank. Modern opportunities of the global cyberspace of the Internet provide virtual marketing with new, previously unthinkable opportunities: "presence effect" and transparency of the information environment for the client, implementation of a new type of perception of the information world as a virtual reality; hypertext organization of information presentation, close to the associative connection of elements of the world; information saturation according to the "multimedia" principle; opportunities for the client to be an active provider of information about their needs for virtual marketing.

Ionic Thrusters for Deep-Space

This analysis explores the basic principles, notable technological progress, and varied uses of ionic thrusters in modern space exploration. Furthermore, it discusses the obstacles and potential future developments of this technology, highlighting its crucial contribution to advancing our exploration of the universe.

현대건축공간에 나타난 자연광 활용특성 연구

With the pressing energy issues in modern society and the growing interest in renewable energy, natural light as an eco-friendly and renewable energy source has been widely recognized in architecture and spatial design. It is increasingly recognized that natural light in modern architectural spaces is not only a means of illumination, but also an important factor in shaping the space and expressing the architect's design ideas. This paper aims to discuss in depth the importance and characteristics of natural light in contemporary architectural space design, and to interpret the characteristics of natural light in the works of architect I.M. Pei. These findings provide ideas for future architectural design to efficiently utilize natural light to realize modern architectural spatial design. However, this study has the limitation that it mainly studies the natural light characteristics of Ieoh Ming Pei's architecture, and it is necessary to continue the research on natural light characteristics in architecture based on this in the future.

Мифологический дискурс как суггестивный тип коммуникации

The article describes mythological discourse as a suggestive type of communication.
 The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the structural-functionalist methodology, which made it possible to identify the role of mythological discourse in the modern communication space and its impact on mass consciousness. Structuralist, hermeneutic, semiotic and phenomenological methods have become important for revealing the suggestive mechanisms of modern myth-making.
 In the process of research, the functions of modern mythological discourse were identified: warning, prognostic, modification, projective, manipulative, mediative, integrative, incentive, simulation, regulatory, suggestive-explanatory.
 The author has studied the characteristic features, technologies and goals of the suggestive influence of mythological discourse on mass consciousness.

MODERN APPROACHES OF DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES TO THE CONCEPT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING OBJECTS

The article examines the modern approaches of development companies to the concept of residential construction objects, due to the awareness of the need to adapt residential buildings to the new realities of wartime. A study of the concept of a residential construction object was conducted as a specification of the appearance of the future object, which is being developed in order to organize all external factors that affect the formation of the object of the urban environment: the cultural and architectural code of the city or district, the interests and goals of the investor, opportunities modern construction technologies, convenience, comfort and compliance with the expectations of the end user. The meaning of the concept is revealed as one of the most complex, important and responsible aspects of the development company's activity. The goal of developing a relevant, popular and modern concept for the formation of a future housing construction object was established. The main constituent elements of the housing object concept are considered. 
 Special attention is paid to the experience of Israel, which, in order to adapt to life in a state of war, had to create a construction concept that corresponds to their harsh realities, and this is also relevant for Ukraine today. The main principles of the approach of Israeli specialists to the problem of protection, based on many years of experience of living under shelling, are considered. The factors that hinder the quick, professional response of legislators, developers, and builders with appropriate changes in the norms and rules of the construction of buildings and structures to the dangerous challenges of war in Ukraine are given and analyzed. 
 It is proven that development companies, realizing the need to adapt housing construction objects to new realities, changing their approaches to housing construction, are obliged to contribute as much as possible to the creation of modern, comfortable and safe spaces for residents, which should be reflected in every point and section of the concept object of residential construction.
 It was noted that the philosophy of modern development is a safe, comfortable space for the residents of the house.

CHINA AND EUROPE: INFORMATION GEOPOLITICS IN THE ERA OF NEW MEDIA

The article is devoted to the (geo-)political strategies of the EU and China in the modern communication space mediated by Internet technologies. As the main features of this space, the authors highlight the presence of a single and indivisible offline and online society; the permanent and progressive nature of communication; the use of new information exchange technologies; the introduction of new communicators into the environment through manipulation and influence techniques; the development of free exchange of ideas and information, regardless of borders. The authors note that political communication today directly expresses the essence of the information society and thus - both its new opportunities and risks for the promotion of ideological meanings and the realization of power goals. In recent years, the unconditional hegemony of the West in the global communication space has been replaced by sharp competition with China. At the same time, the participants of this competition seek to restrict access to their spaces of information sources from the competitor. The authors show how this works using the example of European and Chinese media. Separately, the article analyzes the emerging turn towards a new global communication subject to Chinese influence. In a comparative perspective, the key features of the European communicative space in modern political realities are indicated. Further, the article shows that the creation of its own social network in China (WeChat), as well as the improvement of the interaction process within the Chinese community (the opening of blogging sites, etc.), led to the spread of internal ideologically significant networks outside the PRC. This attracted representatives of other regions and states to the cultural environment of this country. The authors conclude that due to this process, there is not only competition for dominance in the global communication space, but also a tendency to improve the interaction of countries in all spheres of life.

Центр управления регионом как форма взаимодействия региональных органов власти и населения в современном цифровом пространстве

Центр управления регионом как форма взаимодействия региональных органов власти и населения в современном цифровом пространстве

FEATURES OF DESIGNING A MODERN OFFICE SPACE, ITS EQUIPMENT AND FURNITURE

The aim of the study is to identify the main factors, modern approaches and methods of creating a comfortable office space based on the analysis of modern domestic and foreign experience in designing this type of premises.
 Methodology. Critical analysis of scientific sources on the research topic, normative and reference literature, comparative analysis of advanced domestic and foreign experience in office interior design, and a synthesis of the research results have been used in the study.
 Results. Historical aspects of the development of offices and modern trends in the interior design of this type of premises are considered. The main factors of creating a comfortable office space are identified: design in accordance with modern ergonomic requirements; implementation of aesthetic principles of interior design, effective functional and planning organisation. The ergonomic criteria for workplace organisation are presented, and the main aspects of office ergonomics are highlighted. Based on the analysis of modern design experience, approaches and techniques of artistic and aesthetic, functional and planning solutions for office spaces are identified. In particular, rational planning that combines common communication spaces with individual workstations, artistic and aesthetic solutions with balanced colour palette and accents, optimal lighting and modern ergonomic equipment are becoming integral components of an effective modern office space.
 The scientific novelty lies in determining the main factors in creating a comfortable office space based on the analysis of modern interior design practice for this type of premises, identifying current trends, approaches and techniques for creating the office interior, which is a further contribution to the development of research on office environment design.
 The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the possibility of their application by designers and employers when designing office interiors.

Keep Halal Bro: Analyze the Interplay Between Social Networking and Café Cultures Toward Islamic Self-Conception among Muslim Youth in Pekanbaru City, Indonesia

This article discusses the relationship between Muslims, cafes, and social media. Although cafes are constructed as modern public spaces and are considered "non-Islamic," it does not mean they have no connection with Islam. Therefore, this article seeks to answer questions about the nature of the relationship between Islam, cafes, and social media. Additionally, it explores the extent to which young Muslims access cafes and how they construct their identities of piety and youthfulness in cafes and online spaces. To address these questions, the author's teams conducted fieldwork in several cafes in Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia. Subsequently, the authors conducted observations and interviews with cafe owners and several young individuals using a narrative approach. This research indicates that cafes have become comfortable spaces for young Muslims. They negotiate their Islamic identity with the modern identities present in cafes. The formation of youthful identities is also inseparable from the use of social media among young people. These findings deconstruct the long-held view held by some scholars or communities that cafes are considered public spaces disconnected from Islam.

CROWDFUNDING – AN INNOVATIVE METHOD OF FINANCING IN UKRAINE

The research identified innovative characteristics of crowdfunding, which make it an effective way of financing projects of social and economic development. It is hypothesized that the most effective methods of financing modern innovations are related to the environment of their functioning – the modern information and communication space represented by the Internet and social networks. This study reveals the essence of the concept of crowdfunding as an alternative way of financing creative ideas, startups, innovations, the latest technologies, socially significant projects in the conditions of the development of computerization and informatization. The subjects of this financing instrument are identified, and the essence of the online platforms, which are used to attract monetary allocations for the financing of the projects presented on them, is determined. The advantages for individual investors regarding investing money through crowdfunding are summarized. Approaches to understanding the essence of crowdfunding have been found. The criteria for evaluating the level of crowdfunding development are proposed: the degree and timeliness of information provision, the level of activity, the diversification of types of platforms, the interaction of the resource with the banking sector, the level of public awareness, the level of state influence. The relationship and the difference between crowdfunding and crowdsourcing are defined. Crowdfunding platforms internationalize projects and increase their chances of successful implementation. The state regulatory policy regarding crowdfunding in various states was analyzed and its financial management in Ukraine was proposed. It was established that, under the conditions of insufficient financial resources, crowdfunding is a high-quality alternative to standard investment methods, and the main environment of the subjects is medium-sized enterprises in Ukraine. The factors hindering the development of an alternative method of financing in Ukraine are outlined, as well as recommendations are provided for its further functioning in our country.

Specificity of European Theatre Directing of the Flemish Wave: Metaphorical Images Luk Perceval

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the creative activity of one of the leading representatives of theatre directing of the "Flemish wave" Luk Perceval. Research methodology. The analytical method, the method of typological, art history, genre-stylistic, and figurative-stylistic analysis was used, thanks to which the author's approaches and the methodology of L. Perceval's direction were revealed and structured, as well as the method of theoretical generalisation. Scientific novelty. The creative activity of one of the leading directors of the European theatre at the end of the 20th century and the first two decades of the 21st century was studied. L. Perceval; the aesthetics of L. Perceval's theatrical direction are analysed through the prism of the concept of post-dramatic theatre; metaphorical images and their place in the visual text of the play are considered, using the example of the productions of "Othello" by W. Shakespeare and "Black-Yellow-Red Trilogy: Journey to the European Heart of Darkness" (alternative name "Belgium Sorrow") by S. Khin. Conclusions. Theatrical direction of L. Perceval, whose artistic thinking was formed in the atmosphere of Flemish theatre culture and reflects all its features, is characterised by an active search for exquisite symbolic forms of the embodiment of the highest unity of all living things. The director interprets modernity through the prism of the past, makes an attempt to highlight the deep contradictions of the modern socio-cultural space in the process of creating a system of creative reflections, the complex play of aesthetics of modern post-dramatic theatre and generalising various cultural layers and topics relevant to people of the 21st century in comprehensive metaphors. L. Perceval comprehends the problems of place and time, nature, life, freedom, independence, the complexities of life and natural contradictions, phenomena and tragedies that strike a person. The director expresses his own attitude, inner experiences and deep feelings with the help of metaphorical symbols that make up the essence of his creative manner. A feature of L. Perceval's directorial vocabulary is the search for metaphorical ways of stage expression of the complex psychological content of productions, in the process of researching the main contradictions of the human personality, which enhance the plasticity of the updated minimalist stage space of the performance. Keywords: Luk Perceval, European theatre direction, "Flemish wave", post-dramatic theatre, metaphorical images.

Strategies for Promotion of Children’s Literature: Impact of Digital Transformations on Reading Experience

The purpose of the article is to study the influence of modern strategies for the popularisation of children’s literature through the prism of the influence of digital transformations on reading experiences. The research methodology are based on the use of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, content analysis of modern literature. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the coexistence of modern digital technologies and the development of the children’s book market has been traced, the possibilities of Ukrainian and world publishing houses in addressing the possibilities of augmented reality technologies, working with the Internet, virtual reality have been highlighted. Conclusions. Monomedia, multimedia, and polymedia publications play an important role in the modern space of children's electronic literature. They contribute to the development of children's attention through the use of a number of interactive and digital technologies. Therefore, the strategic directions of popularisation of children's literature in the context of digital changes should be the development of electronic literature, the use of augmented and virtual reality technologies, the creation of educational applications and special programmes for reading books. It is important to create new, high-quality library environments with free access to information and serving readers in a comfortable space. This should be based on the use of information and communication technologies. Consequently, this study demonstrates that the use of digital technologies can be a productive and positive factor in the popularisation of children's literature. They complement the traditional reading experience, empower, offer new ways to engage with content, foster diverse skills and motivate children and young people to read. Keywords: digitalisation; children’s literature; augmented reality; publishing houses; strategic directions.

Conceptosphere of cultural mediatisation

The purpose of the article is to clarify the essence of the concept of "mediatisation of culture" in the modern context, to analyse the range of its conceptual sphere and its impact on the socio-cultural space of Ukraine. Research methodology. To achieve this goal, a number of research methods were used. Thus, to consider the interaction of cultures in the traditional space of communication and the space of social networks, the method of comparative analysis was used. To identify the mechanisms of formation of cultural boundaries, as well as their overcoming, the method of analysing open sources of information which are information resources on the Internet was applied. For qualitative and quantitative study of documents characterising the modern content of the concept of "mediatisation of culture", analytical synthesis was used. The method of theoretical generalisation allowed summarising the data obtained in the course of the study. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the need for new scientific views on the processes that shape and characterise the mediatisation of the cultural sphere of our time. An attempt to do this by defining a number of related concepts, united by the concept of conceptosphere, is qualitatively new. This study, which is comprehensive, takes into account the changes taking place in the cultural environment under the influence of the media. It takes into account their role in shaping the modern socio-cultural space of Ukraine, especially in the context of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine. Conclusions. The study examines the concept of "mediatisation of culture" in the modern context and its impact on the socio-cultural space of Ukraine. The work takes into account important changes in the cultural environment caused by the influence of the media, in particular their role in shaping the modern socio-cultural space of Ukraine. Keywords: mediatisation of culture, conceptosphere, concepts, concept, modern media technologies, mass media, social networks, socio-cultural space of Ukraine, cultural environment, cultural freedom, media spaces.

“Tell Me What the Other Eats, and I Will Tell You What is Wrong with You”: A Webometric Analysis of Russian Perceptions on the Alimentary Aspect of the Other's Image in 2023

This article addresses the pressing issue of perceiving other cultures and nationalities in the context of globalization and internet communications. The authors focus on a webometric study, employing data analysis methods for grouping and investigating markers that reflect the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of models representing the Other in the digital space. The study aims to identify current trends and reactions of internet users to the diversity of alimentary preferences of various ethnic groups, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the dynamics of public opinion and stereotypes.
 The research extensively analyzes how perceptions of cultural alimentary features and traditions of different peoples are formed and transformed in the modern information space. It notes the significant influence of search queries and virtual interactions on the formation and alteration of the images of the Other in public consciousness. The authors discuss the implications of these trends for intercultural interaction and present conclusions that can be applied in further research related to the cultural and social aspects of perceiving ethnic groups. The findings of the study will be of interest not only to specialists in the field of intercultural communication, but also to a wider audience seeking to better understand the dynamics of how different cultures are perceived in today's information society.

Regulatory and Legal Bases of Digitalising Book Monuments of Ukraine

The aim of the article is to analyze the laws of Ukraine, the resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Orders of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine in the context of their defining the normative and legal bases of working with book monuments of Ukraine. The article studies the settlement of the issue of Ukrainian book heritage digitization as a tool for its preservation and popularization.
 Research methods involve a combination of analysis and synthesis methods in their dialectical interaction, as well as methods of empirical and theoretical research, and system and structural analysis.
 The scientific novelty of the study consists in highlighting the presence of legal grounds in the current regulatory and legal base of Ukraine for the implementation of the technology of digitalizing Ukrainian book monuments, and working out ways to bring the legal field of Ukraine closer to the EU standards in terms of rare books digitization.
 Main conclusions. Book monuments of Ukraine are of great importance for the national identity formation. The demand for the formation of a stable Ukrainian identity has increased after the full-scale russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Under these conditions, the protection of the spiritual heritage of Ukraine has become a matter of national security, taking into account the fact that it is impossible to form a national identity without it. In conditions of the active formation of a digital society, the opportunities for preservation, study and presentation of cultural monuments in the modern cultural sphere grow rapidly. Digitization technology is an effective tool for preservation and protection of book monuments, opens the way to their unhindered promotion in modern information space. In this article, the importance of protecting book monuments of Ukraine through the digitization technology introduction in conditions of the russian-Ukrainian war is emphasized. It is established that the existing regulatory and legal bases ground the legitimate foundation for the book monuments digitization. The prospects for improving the legal sphere of Ukraine in terms of its approximation to the standards of the European Union are clarified.

ENSURING HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF TOTAL INFORMATIZATION OF SOCIETY

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of information society problems on human rights. Attention is drawn to the problem of protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms of Internet users as a condition for the further development of the information society. Among the main problems of ensuring human rights in the modern information space, the imperfect information policy of the state, gaps in legislation, insufficient involvement of civil society in communication stand out.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING STEM EDUCATION

In the course of developing the strategy and theoretical and methodological foundations for designing and implementing STEM education of students, in the context of the prospects for social and labor development, it is necessary to harmonize their psychological sphere and form the ability to interact productively through education in the context of the general secondary education system. In the process of interaction, according to the proposed algorithm, with certain forms, methods and means of education, consciousness is formed at a new level of development, which is due to the ability to introspect and the accumulation of multifaceted psychological experience. The result is the ability to engage in productive activities that meet the interests, capabilities and aptitudes in the context of adaptability to employers' needs. The student's perspectives are considered as a dynamic characteristic of professional self-determination and a forecast of changes in the labor market, which allows to project the success of adaptation to existing conditions and to identify the compliance of their own capabilities with the requirements of productive activity through STEM education.
 Modern STEM education should ensure the formation of competence levels of students who are able to analyze productive activities and solve problems, be ready for continuous learning and development in a rapidly changing technical and technological environment. It has numerous trends, as it is dynamically developing and adapting to the requirements of the modern world and rapidly changing technologies. The trends outlined in the report indicate the systemic development of STEM education as an important component of the modern educational process aimed at preparing students for life and work in the modern innovation space.
 The development and implementation of STEM education is based on theoretical and methodological principles that define the basic principles and approaches to its development. These theoretical and methodological foundations help to create a basis for the productive implementation of STEM education, contributing to the development of students' competence levels and preparing them for productive interaction in the modern world. At the same time, the development of educational and methodological support (EMS) for STEM education includes several key stages and requires the cooperation of various specialists in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
 Testing and evaluating the effectiveness of organizational forms, methods and means of implementing STEM education in the process of competence formation are important for ensuring the quality of education and further improving the educational process. The next stage of further research in this area is to develop the content of STEM education and requirements for student training, which should systematize the links between the purpose, means and results of the formed qualities, values and competencies and the conditions for their productive application.

MONUMENTAL PLASTIC OF SACRED ART OF THE XXI CENTURY IN THE WORKS OF ROMAN VILHUSHYNSKY

The article examines the trends of modern Ukrainian sacred art through the prism of stone sculpture in the works of Roman Vilhushinsky. Modern concepts of visual organization of sacred space with the help of monumental works, preservation and restoration of elements of architectural monuments are highlighted. Methods and conditions of the creation of modern sacred sculpture based on existing canons and traditions are analyzed.The subject of research is the sacred sculptures of the XXI century in the modern art space. The purpose of this work is to highlight the main directions of the development of modern religious art through the prism of the creative achievements of Ternopil sculptor Roman Vilgushinsky.The methodological basis of the study is a set of general scientific methods: description, interviews, comparisons, observations, as well as special methods: art analysis, field surveys, historical and comparative analysis.Examining the creative contribution of Roman Vilhushinsky to the development of modern religious sculpture in the Ternopil region, we can note the diversity of ideas, images, styles and techniques used in creating sacred works, which is an important form of fine art in modern cultural space. Overcoming the period of religious oblivion of the Soviet times, when the sculpture of temples did not actually develop, the artist revives and in a new way solves the principles of creating works on religious themes.Keywords: sacred art, sculpture, national traditions, restoration, monument

ЮТУБ – ЦЕ ТАКОЖ ТV: НОВІ КОНЦЕПТИ ТЕЛЕБАЧЕННЯ ТА РАДІОМОВЛЕННЯ В ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ МЕДІАСИСТЕМАХ

<p><strong><em>Research goals </em></strong><em>include the interpretation of the functional core of TV and radio broadcasting in global, and, primarily, Ukrainian media systems, the correctness of the interpretation of the terms «TV» and «radio broadcasting», which are fundamental for television and radio journalism, scientific and educational concepts.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> Using the methods of survey, interview, and observation, the authors of the article establish a scientific foundation necessary for understanding that television and radio broadcasting is a unique content that is not duplicated by other media, platforms, services, or technologies unrelated to audiovisual, visual, and sound concepts. Additionally, any audiovisual product placed, for example, on YouTube can also be considered television or radio broadcasting.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> The article offers a professional perspective on the role and place of television and radio broadcasting as audiovisual media and arts in the modern information space. Specifically, it discusses that all linear or nonlinear audiovisual content created and transmitted over a distance using modern audiovisual signal delivery technologies (broadcast, satellite, cable, and online broadcasting) and capable of being received by subscribers/users through corresponding receivers or platforms: all of this constitutes television and radio broadcasting.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> TV and radio broadcasting as types of audiovisual media are classic media concepts, which, like classics, cannot be «outdated», «antiquated», «traditional» and so on. Through different media technologies they are being developed, modernised, and new forms and formats for creating and publishing content are being found.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical meaning.</em></strong><em> Video-sharing platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo, Facebook Live, Instagram Live, TikTok, and others may also be considered television and radio broadcasting due to the audiovisual content layout characteristic of these platforms, but these platforms are not media.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> TV, radio broadcasting, audiovisual content, audiovisual product, television and radio journalism.</em></p>