Hierarchy Of Spaces Research Articles

ПРЕДЫСТОРИЯ СОВЕТСКОГО ТИПА ЖИЛИЩА: ПРОЕКТЫ И ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the conditions for the formation of the new concepts of urban planning and the process of searching for new types of habitation in pre-revolutionary Russia. The author investigates the prerevolutionary theoretical and practical experience in the urban planning and housing policy of the first years of Soviet power. The article examines aspects of urbanization in Russia and analyzes the complex of problems that arose in the field of urban development and housing planning by the beginning of the XX century. In the context of the problem, the specificity of the living conditions of the urban population in the capital and provincial cities of the Russian Empire, types of housing and projects for solving the housing problem are investigated. The article touches upon the problems of the hierarchy of urban space and the revolutionary redistribution of housing in the first years of Soviet power. The article considers the key concepts that influenced the development of domestic urban planning ideas: the idea of a garden city, housing cooperatives, low-rise types of habitation, and communal houses. Based on specific examples from the history of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yaroslavl, the experience of the development and implementation of these concepts in pre-revolutionary Russia, as well as the experience of their transformation and adaptation in the soviet urban planning policy of the first years of Soviet power, is investigated. The experience of the domestic theory and practice of urban planning is studied in the aspect of socio-economic and socio-political factors that determine the trends and tasks of developing new forms of settlement, types of housing and methods for solving the housing problem in pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia in the first quarter of the XX century. The factors of the emergence of the phenomenon of a communal apartment as a type of housing specific for Soviet Russia and its relationship with sociocultural practices of the previous period are investigated.

АРХИТЕКТУРА СКВОЗЬ ПРИЗМУ КУЛЬТУРНОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА

The need to establish links between cultural space and architecture, as a way of its existence throughout the history of mankind determines the relevance of the study. The purpose of the paper is to analyze interaction and connection between cultural space and architecture in history, as well as to identify forms and methods of this connection from origin to modern times. The author presents the analysis of cultural space in modern cultural science, identifies basic structural components of cultural space: representations, meanings and values expressed in semiotic models and in the picture of the world; social relations and communications embodied in the system of social roles and attitudes; and activities that permeate all of the elements above, linking them together. Architecture is perceived as one of the ways of cultural space existence, which includes not only a model of the world, vertical and horizontal orientation in space, but also a way to express value attitudes through fixing value dominants in certain parts of a building or spaces. The study is to show that architecture acts as a way of self-identification of culture, society, social groups, individual subjects by defining their place in geographical space, the existence of external and internal spaces as a semiotic expression of “friend/foe” position. The author examines the role of different types of architectural structures, allowing fixing social hierarchy and political power in the cultural space of different eras. As a result, a connection between cultural space and architecture is established, act as the ways of forming and functioning in society throughout the history of human development.

"디자인에 기초한 어린이보호구역 교통안전 환경개선 연구 ; 도로 공간 시각 위계와 어린이 보행행동 특성을 중심으로"

"디자인에 기초한 어린이보호구역 교통안전 환경개선 연구 ; 도로 공간 시각 위계와 어린이 보행행동 특성을 중심으로"

A kernel approach to deconvolution of the complex modulus in linear viscoelasticity

The relaxation spectrum of a viscoelastic material holds the key to describing its relaxation mechanisms at a molecular level. It also plays a fundamental role in accessing the molecular weight distribution, and in modelling the dynamics of complex fluids. The relaxation spectrum cannot be measured directly, but it may be locally determined from experimental measurements of viscoelastic response at a macroscopic level. In particular, the relaxation spectrum is a continuous distribution of relaxation times which may be recovered, at least locally, from measurements of the complex modulus of the material. Although mathematical expressions for the continuous spectrum have been known for well over a century, these were inaccessible to numerical implementation for decades. Regularization methods for approximating discrete line spectra were first introduced in the 1980s, but it was not until 2012 that methods for recovering continuous spectra in a mathematical framework were proposed. In this paper, we analyze spectrum recovery within the framework of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces and identify such spaces as natural homes for the complex modulus and spectrum. Theorems are proved establishing the convergence of inverse operators expressed as series of derivatives of the complex modulus. This enables a detailed characterization of the native spaces of the real and imaginary parts of the complex modulus, and leads to a further theorem which identifies a hierarchy of trial spaces for the spectrum. Homeomorphic trial spaces for data and spectra are then specified in detail, and their efficacy demonstrated by means of a case study.

Preservation of original appearance of Irkutsk

The article gives consideration to peculiarities and common factors of developing a three-dimensional structure of the city with due account for spatial development of the natural landscape and for historical heritage. The three-dimensional structure of the landscape presented through hierarchical relationships gives the opportunity to identify distinctive features that make the landscape different from the others. In addition, the three-dimensional structure allows specifying the least module of the landscape to preserve its visual characteristics. The generalized schematic diagram of the hierarchy of landscape spaces must be the tool to manage the development and preserve the original appearance of Irkutsk.

An adaptive [formula omitted]-refinement strategy with inexact solvers and computable guaranteed bound on the error reduction factor

In this work we extend our recently proposed adaptive refinement strategy for hp-finite element approximations of elliptic problems by taking into account an inexact algebraic solver. Namely, on each level of refinement and on each iteration of an (arbitrary) iterative algebraic solver, we compute guaranteed a posteriori error bounds on the algebraic and the total errors in energy norm. The algebraic error is the difference between the inexact discrete solution obtained by an iterative algebraic solver and the (unavailable) exact discrete solution. On the other hand, the total error stands for the difference between the inexact discrete solution and the (unavailable) exact solution of the partial differential equation. For the algebraic error upper bound, we crucially exploit the whole nested hierarchy of hp-finite element spaces created by the adaptive algorithm, whereas the remaining parts of the total error upper and lower bounds are computed using the finest space only. These error bounds allow us to formulate adaptive stopping criteria for the algebraic solver ensuring that the algebraic error does not significantly contribute to the total error. Next, we use the total error bound to mark mesh vertices for refinement via Dörfler’s bulk-chasing criterion. On patches associated with marked vertices only, we solve two separate primal finite element problems with homogeneous Dirichlet (Neumann) boundary conditions, which serve to decide between h-, p-, or hp-refinement. Altogether, we show that these ingredients lead to a computable guaranteed bound on the ratio of the total errors of the inexact approximations between successive refinements (the error reduction factor), when the stopping criteria are satisfied. Finally, in a series of numerical experiments, we investigate the practicality of the proposed adaptive solver, the accuracy of our bound on the reduction factor, and show that exponential convergence rates are achieved even in the presence of an inexact algebraic solver.

Developing the architectural image of Irkutsk in the current circumstances

The features and common factors of developing the spatial environment of the city based on the peculiarities of the natural landscape and historical heritage are considered in the research. Constructing three-dimensional model of the landscape as an element in the hierarchical structure will make it possible to determine the typical features of the landscape. Making the landscape unique the features will help to determine its smallest module, which visual properties should be preserved. The generalized schematic diagram of the hierarchy of landscape spaces should become a tool when trying to develop and preserve the original image of Irkutsk.

Building Hierarchies of Retail Centers Using Bayesian Multilevel Models

The perceived quality of urban environments is intrinsically tied to the availability of desirable leisure and retail opportunities. In this article, we explore methodological approaches for deriving indicators that estimate the willingness to pay for retail and leisure services offered by retail centers. Most often, because the quality of urban environments cannot be qualified by a natural unit, the willingness to pay for an urban environment is explored through the lens of the residential housing market. Traditional approaches control for individual characteristics of houses, meaning that the remaining variation in the price can be unpacked and related to the availability of local amenities or, equivalently, the willingness to pay. In this article, we use similar motivations but exchange housing prices for residential properties with property taxes paid by nondomestic properties to glean hierarchies of retail centers. We outline the applied methodological steps that include very recent, nontrivial contributions from the literature to estimate these hierarchies and provide clear instructions for reproducing the methodology. Using the case study of England and Wales, we undertake a series of econometric experiments to rigorously assess retail center willingness to pay (RWTP) as a test of the methods reviewed. We build intuition toward our preferred specification, a Bayesian multilevel model, that accounts for the possibility of a spatial autoregressive process. Overall, the applied methodology describes a blueprint for building hierarchies of retail spaces and addresses the limited availability of spatial data that measure the economic and social value of retail centers. Key Words: econometrics, retail geography, spatial statistics.

Degree Level of Publicness Through Meaning of Public Sphere In Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia

Bandung city public area at this time is experiencing a rapid growth due to economic growth and the influence of globalization. The development of public spaces that tend to be limited to the people who live in them, makes it difficult for the public to enter the area of its public sphere. Public sphere are formed based on the economic, political, cultural, developmental, and changes that occur in the area of today’s public sphere, making it limited and inaccessible to the public at large. This is caused by the hierarchy of public space formed by the changes of the functions, forms, and meanings. This study focused on the relationship between form, function, and meaning of public sphere to the degree level of public spaces of the city of Bandung.The purpose of this study is to reveal all the relationships that exist between the concepts of public space and its influence on the degree level of publicness in the space of the city of Bandung in the context of its change.This research is descriptive-analytical and interpretive based on structuralist approach and empirical evidence obtained from study cases. This approach is used to read public sphere in Bandung’s urban spaces to get a reference to the interpretation of relationships from an empirical condition. The degree level and its meaning in Alun-alun Bandung Square with surrounding buildings has been changed and has blocked the accessibility to some buildings and their facades.

Hierarchy of restorative space required for different types of dental implant prostheses

BackgroundManagement of the full and partially edentulous arch requires an understanding regarding the amount of vertical and horizontal restorative space that is needed for different types of dental implant prostheses. Failure to design a prosthetic construct without considering space issues can result in a rehabilitation with diminished stability, poor esthetics, and inadequate contours. Therefore, available restorative volume must be computed before initiating therapy to ensure proper prosthesis design. Types of Studies ReviewedThe authors searched the dental literature for articles that addressed space requirements for different types of dental implant prostheses and found a few on this subject. ResultsThe dental literature indicates there is a 3-dimensional hierarchy of restorative space necessary for different types of implant constructs. The minimum amount of vertical space required for implant prostheses is as follows: fixed screw-retained (implant level): 4 through 5 millimeters; fixed screw-retained (abutment level): 7.5 mm; fixed cement-retained: 7 through 8 mm; unsplinted overdenture: 7mm; bar overdenture: 11 mm; and fixed screw-retained hybrid: 15mm. These dimensions represent the minimal amount of vertical rehabilitative space that can accommodate the above implant prostheses. With respect to horizontal space, computations are needed to account for the discrepancy between an implant and tooth position. Conclusions and Practical ImplicationsRestorative spaces for each type of prostheses are restoration specific and should be considered during treatment planning to facilitate proper case selection and enhance patient satisfaction.

Spatial Solution for Lower Class Vertical Housing. Case Study ‘Rusunawa’ Tambora, Jakarta, Indonesia

The construction of lower class vertical housing is a solution provided by Jakarta government to solve the problem of slums and densely populated settlements. Residents were relocated to the apartment unit that was built with the aim of providing a comfortable residence, but many residents who complained about the flats could not accommodate their activities. In residential design, the activities and needs of residents must be accommodated in the dwelling so that it can function optimally. This research is aimed at finding spatial arrangements that are suitable for the needs of residents in simple rental apartments. This research was conducted in ‘Rusunawa’ Tambora, which was completed in 2015, by examining one unit of each tower within three towers. Research uses qualitative methods with data collection through observation, and is written descriptively to describe more detailed results. The results showed that the spatial system and existing layout were still not suitable, especially in terms of space hierarchy, and in terms of space facilities, so it needed adjustments to make spatial arrangements that could facilitate the needs of residents.

How does the hospital environment communicate?

Objectives: Analysis of literature and physical spaces on the perception of hospital environments and "non-places", their use by patients and operators. Methodology: selection, examination, analysis of some major essays on the subject and in-depth semiotic and sociological study. Results: evaluation of the use of environments. Conclusions: in view of the results, a revision of the hierarchy of spaces would be appropriate.

'Re-thinking Squatter Houses with Wacquant; Social and Spatial Transformation in the Spaces of Hope

Özellikle ikinci dünya savaşı sonrasında neredeyse bütün dünyada yapısal, ekonomik ve politik değişimler neticesinde adı ve niteliği ülkeden ülkeye değişen, kentsel mekânın en alt hiyerarşisinde kalan mahalleler ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkiye’de gecekondular; bir dizi yapısal dönüşüm neticesinde sürecin zorunlu bir sonucu olarak kentlerdeki önlenemez yükselişini günümüze kadar taşımıştır. Bu çalışma, Loic Wacquant’ın araştırmalarıyla bağlantılı olarak “Gecekonduların” bir konumlandırmasını içermektedir. Çalışmanın amacı; kent yoksulluğunun oluşum süreçlerini ve temel dinamiklerini politik ve ekonomik dönüşümler ışığında anlamaya çalışmaktır. Bu doğrultuda yapılan araştırma ile; göçmenlerin kırdan kente göç süreci, umut mekânı olarak gecekonduların inşası, sınıfsal pozisyonları, göçmenlerin toplumsal, mekânsal ve kültürel dönüşümleri gecekondulular gözünden ele alınmıştır. Nitel araştırma tekniğinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, 30 kişi ile derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Veriler MAXQDA 11 programı aracılığı ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; tarihsel, toplumsal ve politik şartlara bağlı olarak kentin “marjinalleri” yoksulluk ortak paydasında buluşsa da ülkeden ülkeye önemli farklar göstermektedir. Türkiye’de gecekondular göçmen açısından kente tutunmanın mekânsal tezahürü olmuştur. Dayanışma ağları ve hemşerilik kente tutunmanın ilk adımı olan gecekonduların inşasında ve kentte var olabilmelerini sağlayan ekonomik girişimlerde en önemli etken olmuştur. Gecekondulular için apartmanlarda yaşama en önemli hedeftir. Kentsel dönüşüm süreçleri neticesinde hedeflerine ulaşan gecekondulular bir yandan kentin orta sınıfları haline gelirken bir yandan beklemedikleri ve arzu etmedikleri kültürel ve toplumsal sonuçlarla yüzleşmek durumunda kalmışlardır.

Complicit in Victimage: Imagined Marginality in Southern Communication Criticism

Tragic twenty-first century events linked to southern identity prompt reflection on regional identification in rhetoric’s critical literature. Doing so reveals the same “imagined marginality” seen in the broader public discourse, of counterpublic rhetoric that circulates an identification of exclusion from dominant identity. Southern regional theory and critical regionalism together reveal that topoi of space, historical consciousness, and insider-outsider hierarchy create relational identity. From the Agrarians’ victimization to the still pernicious redemption of early U.S. public address critics, up to accommodation by late twentieth century and contemporary critics, the record shows the complicity of the field in southern marginality discourses.

SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT: CULTURAL BASED METHOD IN BUILDING GURUSINA SAO IN FLORES-NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Traditional house (Sao) in Gurusina Flores is a building designed based on local wisdom by considering the concept of cultural sustainability, the balance of ecosystem (human and nature), and the concept of green building. One of the aspects that becomes the basic concept of environmentally friendly architecture and affects sustainability of a building is the concept of building a traditional house. This study aims to find the concept of sustainability applied by the Gurusina community as they build their traditional houses through cultural aspects that are believed to be inherited through the concept of inner space hierarchy, the space form, and the construction system. The research method is conducted through field observation, measurement, and interview. The results of this study reveal that traditional community of Gurusina has implemented the concept of sustainability in the form of cultural sustainability which has been applied in the phases of building Sao from planning, development and design, as well as construction. Nevertheless, sustainability aspects of the balance in ecosystem, the health and comfort and the waste reduction should also be taken into account in order to achieve the concept of total sustainability. </span></p></div></div></div><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Keywords: Sustainability, Vernacular, Traditional house, Gurusina Sao </span></p></div></div></div>

DESAIN RUMAH BUDAYA PASAR GEDHE HARDJONAGORO SEBAGAI DESTINASI PARIWISATA KOTA SOLO

This article is the research result of Interior Design Pasar Gedhe Hardjonagoro: Tourism Destination that Represents Cultural House in Solo City. This research is about an effort in rehabilitation program to maintain cultural heritage building that function as Traditional Market with the best featured products. The zoning and grouping are not well planned that it causes problems to the hierarchy of space. The circulation provides less accessibility for visitors, traders, distribution of goods, and waste. The research uses descriptive analytic method and design approach as design solution. The results achieved are: The concept of interior design revitalization of Pasar Gede Hardjonagoro aims to re-mapping the needs of interior design patterns for traders and visitors and provide an alternative offer of a functional, attractive design that resulting in increase of sales ratio. To achieve this goal, the design idea refers to functional, effective and efficient aspects that aesthetically adopt some architectural elements of Pasar Gede Hardjonagoro as a thematic approach. Keywords: Pasar Gedhe Hardjonagoro Revitalization, Tourism Destination, functional design, Cultural House.

Motion Based Inference of Social Circles via Self-Attention and Contextualized Embedding

Extracting knowledge from human mobility data is an important task for many downstream applications such as point-of-interest recommendation, motion trace identification, and personalized trip planning. A specific problem that has recently spurred research interest is the so-called Social Circle Inference from Mobility data (SCIM), aiming at inferring relationships among users based on mobility data and without any explicit structured network information. The existing methods either require partial social ties or fail to model the implicit correlations between user links, thereby suffering from critical inference bias. We present a novel SCIM framework, called SCIM via self-Attention and Contextualized-embedding (SCIMAC) - a methodology capturing multiple aspects of users' check-in behavior and complex motion patterns of different users. Instead of directly applying the recurrent model on training user trajectories, the proposed method introduces a new module for context-aware check-in representation learning by adaptively incorporating the internal states of the recurrent layers, which is more effective than the context-independent check-in embedding used in existing social circle inference approaches. To model the underlying correlations between labels, SCIMAC leverages a more sophisticated label embedding technique to adjust the penalties for correlated users, enabling a better understanding of the user's hierarchy in the label space, and alleviating the inference bias. We empirically demonstrate that our SCIMAC model significantly outperforms several state-of-the-art baselines on real-world datasets.

КРИТИЧНА ПЕДАГОГІКА \ НАРОДНА (ПОПУЛЯРНА) ОСВІТА: ВІД ДЕМАРКАЦІЇ ДО КОАЛІЦІЇ

КРИТИЧНА ПЕДАГОГІКА \ НАРОДНА (ПОПУЛЯРНА) ОСВІТА: ВІД ДЕМАРКАЦІЇ ДО КОАЛІЦІЇ

Systematization as a Method of Description in Medieval Islamic Geography

The paper discusses the ways of systematization used by medieval Islamic geographers to create images of earthly space. To this end, a comparative analysis of Arab geographical works of various genres created in the 9th—14th centuries was carried out. As a result, it was found that the system of dividing the earth’s surface into latitudinal climatic zones, inherited from antiquity, turned out to be very productive in Islamic geography. It was used not only to organize information, but also to interpret it, including its value characteristics, when it turned into a social tool for dividing ecumene into zones of barbarism and civilization, which allowed to build a hierarchy of world space. The theory of climates was transferred from astronomical geography to descriptive geography, due to which a new type of geographical description was formed — zonal-climatic in form and cultural-historical in content.

Doing Memory. Parisian Hotels’ Portraits with Old Migrants

Parisian hôtels meublés are traditionally short-term accommodation where migrants, first from French provinces, then from abroad – especially Maghreb, and more specifically Algeria – where living in poor conditions. From the ‘golden age’ in the interwar period where they housed around 11% of the Parisian population until current times, the sector has decreased, and become more and more stigmatised. Nevertheless, they can be considered as post-colonial ‘milieu de mémoireʼ of migrations belonging to different generations, contexts and origins. Thanks to a composite approach, ethnographic (observation and interviews) and literary (study of a large corpus of novels related to hotels meublés), the chapter shows that those places are emblematic of specific regimes of memories, both dominated and unconventional, suffering and creative. The first part is dedicated to describing the hotels as ambiguous and complex places, where the subtle hierarchy of spaces makes the co-habitation possible, and can be considered as support for memories. The second part deals more precisely with ‘doing memoryʼ: Both oral histories and literary works are embraced as interpretative constructions reformulating experiences. The last part shows categories and assignments at work in the hotels, where narratives are calling for both a right to the city and a certain acknowledgment of the subalterns beyond disruptions, displacements and silences.