South Urals Research Articles

Fauna and biotopic distribution of Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) in the Shaitan-Tau State Nature Reserve, Russia

Research on taxonomically diverse groups of insects are an important component of studying biodiversity in Protected Areas of various ranks. Based on the results of original studies (2017–2020), this paper presents for the first time data on the Chrysomelidae family and its species composition in the Shaitan-Tau State Nature Reserve, Russia. The study area is located in the south of the forest-steppe zone of the low mountains of the Southern Urals in the Orenburg Region, Russia. Currently, this Chrysomelidae fauna is one of the most studied ones in Protected Areas of the Southern Urals. In the study area, 180 Chrysomelidae species have been registered, which is 51% of the Chrysomelidae family in the Orenburg Region. In addition, 86 recorded species were found for the first time in the Shaitan-Tau State Nature Reserve, including eight species recorded for the first time in the Orenburg Region. A new species of the genus Altica was discovered in the study area. In terms of the level of species richness, the Chrysomelidae family of the Shaitan-Tau Nature Reserve is comparable with or noticeably richer than other local faunas of the Protected Areas of the Southern Urals. At the same time, this Chrysomelidae fauna has fewer species than of other state nature reserves and national parks in the forest-steppe zone of the Volga Upland. Features of the zoogeographical structure of the Chrysomelidae family in the Shaitan-Tau State Nature Reserve include quite a high number of West-Palaearctic species (23 species; 12.8%), many of which are located there on the eastern limit of their natural ranges, and a low proportion of Central Palaearctic species (3.9%). At the same time, two Siberian species were discovered (Labidostomis sibirica and Gonioctena flavicornis), which are located on relict island sites of their ranges in the Urals. These findings noticably distinguish the studied fauna from the Chrysomelidae of the steppe Protected Areas in the south of the Orenburg Region, where a considerable proportion are representatives of the Kazakh-Turanian genesis. The studied Chrysomelidae fauna is characterised by a set of rich groups of steppe, meadow-steppe, nemoral and, to a lesser extent, boreal forms (a large part of which are located on the lomits of their ranges in the study area), as well as a pronounced spatial mosaic of biotopic complexes (e.g. forest, steppe, floodplains). In general, the data presented in this study objectively characterise the Chrysomelidae fauna of the Shaitan-Tau State Nature Reserve as a reference for the Ural oak forest-steppe ecosystem, which emphasises its important role for the conservation of natural complexes, as well as the knowledge of the current state and historical stages of the formation of biota of the western macroslope of the South Urals.

Геоархеология и археологическая минералогия «во всем пространстве сего слова»

The paper presents the information about the Annual All-Russian Conference with international participation named after Professor Victor V. Zaykov “Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy”, which has been held since 2014 at the South Ural Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology UB RAS in Miass, Chelyabinsk Region. The main topic of the Conference is devoted to the analysis of technologies and raw material base of ancient and medieval societies. The scientific reports consider the topical problems of geoarchaeology and archaeometry, the practice of applying mineralogical and geochemical research methods to study archaeological monuments and artifacts, GIS, analysis of the use of rocks and stone material processing techniques in ancient societies, key issues of analysis of ancient ceramics, archaeometallurgy and metal production. In recent years, one of the key areas of the Conference has been the study of migrations, individual mobility and the food system of ancient communities by analyzing the isotopic composition of C, N and Sr.

Development of a closed-type shot model from composite materials at the South Ural State University.

Development of a closed-type shot model from composite materials at the South Ural State University.

Актуализация ОБРАЗОВ И стереотипов ОБЫДЕННОГО и профессионального СОЗНАНИЯ в устных рассказах о челябинском метеорите

The article is devoted to the analysis of images and stereotypes of everyday and professional consciousness represented in oral stories about the Chelyabinsk meteorite. The stories include various linguistic means for describing and considering the unique phenomenon that occurred on the morning of February 15, 2013. For the first time in the world history a large space body (in scientific terms an asteroid, meteoroid or bolide) flew and exploded over an industrialized and densely populated region, causing considerable destruction. The article views the stories of people who witnessed the event. Some of these stories were recorded in different years and stored in the folklore archive of the South Ural State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, others were published in the popular science book “Chelyabinsk Superbolide” and the newspaper of Chelyabinsk State University “University Embankment.” The authors of the article consider that the stories reflect the subjective image of the objective world, largely due to the experience of people. The basis for the storytellers’ describing and interpreting what they saw and experienced includes either ordinary images and stereotypes (fire, car headlights, fireworks, building noise), or images and stereotypes characteristic of professional consciousness (shock wave, inversion trail, welding arc radiation, etc.) A certain part of the oral stories about the Chelyabinsk meteorite demonstrates the transition from the use of images and stereotypes of everyday consciousness to understanding the event in line with the folklore tradition. The analysis proved that a person’s cognitive activity relies on existing knowledge schemes, on the one hand, and is focused on the conceptual system of a particular individual, on the other hand.

Rare-earth minerals in carbonaceous shale of the Kumak gold deposit, South Urals, Russia

Rare-earth minerals in carbonaceous shale of the Kumak gold deposit, South Urals, Russia

Pragian conodont biostratigraphy of the western slope of the Southern Urals (Mindigulovo section)

Research subject. Pragian conodonts from the Mindigulovo section on the western slope of the South Urals. Aim. Conodont-based biostratigraphy of the Pragian deposits. Materials and methods. This study is based on the biostratigraphic method: identification of conodonts using conventional techniques, recognition of Pragian conodont associations, zonal scale proposal and correlation. Results. The Pragian beds in the Mindigulovo Section in the latitudinal flow of the Belaya River are characterized using conodonts for the first time. The following conodont-based subdivisions at the rank of beds with fauna are recognized (from bottom to top): Beds with Gondwania irregularis, Latericriodus steinachensis, Beds with Pelekysgnathus serratus, Beds with Gondwania profunda, Pseudogondwania kindlei and Beds with Polygnathus cf. pireneae. Conclusions. The recognized conodont-based units can be directly correlated with the standard zonal scale of the Pragian. The conodont assemblage studied contains taxa characterizing the Gondwania irregularis–Gondwania profunda, Pseudogondwania kindlei–Eognathodus zeravshanicus, Polygnathus pireneae lineage, also known in the Pragian successions of Australia and the South Tien Shan. The co-occurrence of the deep-water family Eognathodidae and the shallow-water Icriodontidae in the Mindigulovo Section enables the correlation of different facies sections.

Geochemical features of host rocks of the Porokhovskoe tungsten deposit (South Urals) and their role in concentration of ore matter

The article contains the results of statistical processing of geochemical data for rocks of the Porokhovskoe tungsten deposit (South Urals) obtained during systematic geological exploration. Statistical samplings were formed for various types of host rocks: andesites and their tuffs, shales, metasomatites (including sericite-quartz, epidote and chlorite-bearing) and skarns. It is established that all rocks of the Porokhovskoe deposit are characterized by increased contents of W and Mo and, to a lesser extent, Be, Cu, Li, and Zn and by stable groups of correlated elements, both associated with greisenization process and those inherited from the
 protolith. No zoning is revealed in the distribution of elements in relation to the Yugo-Konevsky leucogranitic pluton, which is considered the ore-generating for the deposit. No correlation between W and Mo was identifed in all types of host rocks. A number of statistical methods is proposed for the identifcation of promising areas with unclear W-Mo mineralization in rocks.

Additions to the composition of the ural beryls and inclusions of syngenetic minerals in them

In addition to the data of predecessors, the chemical composition of zoned or zoned-sectorial beryl crystals from pegmatites of the Mariinsky and Kvartalny deposits of the Urals emerald mines in the Central Urals, granitic pegmatite of mine no. 242 of the Ilmeny State Reserve and Svetlinsky pegmatite quarry in the South Urals is characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis. The light peripheral zones of prism and pinacoid in crystal sections differ in variations in Al, Fe and Mg contents from the inner zones or areas. The presence of fractures and regenerated fragments of early beryl indicates synmineralization tectonics. In beryl from the Mariinsky deposit, the previously unknown syntactic ingrowths of bavenite and zones of parallel columnar aggregates of co-crystallization of beryl and bavenite, as well as late pyrite, fuorite, gismondine-Ca and tobermorite, are identifed. Beryls from mine no. 242 of the Ilmeny State Reserve are yellowish-greenish and bluish with a peripheral white zone and syntactic microingrowths of annite and syngenetic inclusions of columbite and Ta-Nb rutile. Muddy bluish-white beryl regenerated by colorless beryl from the Svetlinsky quarry hosts numerous syntactic inclusions of muscovite, gahnite, calcite, quartz and quartz-muscovite microaggregates with pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, siderite, calcite, and micropores. The syntaxy of mica, quartz and gahnite with beryl is revealed for the frst time.

Study of the characteristics of pavement elements made of reinforced soil with the use of secondary resources

The importance of using secondary resources on the basis of industrial waste is understood by both governments of developed countries and business (production of Portland cement using ground metallurgical slag as a mineral additive at Novotroitsk, Magnitogorsk, Sterlitamak, KatavIvanovsk and other plants in the South Urals). The use of secondary raw materials requires the creation of technological infrastructure for processing of secondary raw materials, the costs of which can be quickly recouped due to the cheapness and availability of industrial secondary raw materials and freeing the territory from environmental pollution. In order to recoup the costs of the infrastructure, it is necessary to guarantee full compliance of the quality of pavement elements with the requirements of GOST R 59120-2021. Secondary raw materials have a great variety and laboratory analysis of the quality of pavement elements is required in order to design compositions with the best quality, satisfying all regulatory requirements. In our work the authors present the results of laboratory research and evaluation of the possibility of using clinker-free lime-slag binder based on the mineral product of soda production and metallurgical slags to strengthen and stabilize soils for their use in pavement structures in the construction of roads for various purposes and climatic zones. It is experimentally shown that the addition of lime-slag binder in the amount of 8-10% of the dry weight of both cohesive (loamy soil, loamy sand) and non-cohesive (fine sand) soil allows to obtain reinforced soil with improved strength and elastic-deformative characteristics, which can be used instead of scarce natural crushed stone and gravel in the construction of underlying layers of pavements in the construction and reconstruction of highways. This technology can be used not only in the Russian Federation, but also in a number of other countries, including those with hot dry climates (e.g., the Republic of Egypt).

Investigation of the character of change of geometrical dimensions of a tubular billet at its deformation by rolling method

Obtaining bent pipe bends is an urgent scientific and technical task, for the solution of which it is necessary to determine the influence of the deformation process on the geometric dimensions of the billet. It is especially important to control the thinning of the outer wall of the bend, as this parameter is critical for the service characteristics of the bend. At the Department of Machine Building Technologies, Machine Tools and Instruments of South Ural State University (National Research University) works on studying the process of deformation of a tubular billet by the method of rolling with high tension are carried out. The article covers the influence of this deformation method on the wall thickness of the deformed billet, presents data on the character of wall thickness of a tubular billet when it is deformed by the method of rolling with high tension. The data on wall thickness change were obtained in two ways: computer modeling and measurements of experimental deformed pipe billet were carried out. Modeling was carried out using the software package MSC.Mars. The physical experiment on deformation of the tube billet was carried out on the laboratory installation for obtaining the experimental bent branch by the method of rolling with high tension. For the research work, a welded tube billet made of St2 steel, 57 mm in diameter and 4 mm wall thickness was used. In the course of modeling, calculated data on wall thickness change as a result of deformation into a tube bent branch were obtained. The wall thickness of the experimental bend was measured with an ultrasonic thickness gauge. Comparison of experi-mental data and modeling data showed a data discrepancy of 5–8 %. Such a discrepancy indicates the possibility of using computer modeling to predict the thinning of the outer wall in the process of deformation of pipe bends by rolling with high tension.

SEPTEMBER 4, 2018 KATAV-IVANOVSK EARTHQUAKE with ML=5.4, mb=5.5, I0=6.4

The instrumental and macroseismic data on the earthquake of September 4, 2018 at 22h58m19s UTC, ML=5.4, I0=6.4±0.3 near the city of Katav-Ivanovsk in the Chelyabinsk region (South Urals) are presented. This event with ML=5.4 mb=5.5 became the strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the Urals and had the highest macroseismic effect among the Russian earthquakes in 2018 (I0=6.4±0.3). For the first time in the practice of processing macroseismic data in the Urals, the Seismic Intensity Scale 2017 (GOST R 57546-2017) was used. For the first time for natural earthquakes in the Urals, an aftershock process was recorded, the active stage of which lasted about 11 months, while many aftershocks had a significant macroseismic effect. Taking into account the spatial orientation of the aftershock cloud, the focal mechanism solution was confirmed and the tectonic position of the source was substantiated.

Outstanding Local Historian of the South Urals (to the 100th Anniversary of B.T. Utkin’s birth)

In the article devoted to the famous bibliographer and local historian Boris Timofeevich Utkin (31.07.1923—21.09.1996), his contribution to the development of Russian bibliographic thought, bibliographic technologies, compilation work, to the popularization of bibliographic work, to the study of the history of libraries of the Urals is considered. Utkin’s school, which emerged in the 1970s, is still active. The methodology of bibliography of local history documents developed by him is used by specialists in creating branch and subject bibliographic resources. B.T. Utkin became the first historian of librarianship in the Urals. Thanks to his publications a number of modern researchers appeared, new facts and events were found, unknown names of librarians-activists were discovered. B.T. Utkin’s popularizing activity in the field of bibliography has no precedents. In the book “Amusing Bibliography”, written together with I.G. Morgenstern, a multidimensional professional image of the bibliographer is presented. The memory of the scientist and practitioner is preserved in the libraries of the region and the Chelyabinsk State Institute of Culture.

EXPERIENCE IN PREVENTING PROFESSIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL DIFFICULTIES OF FUTURE TEACHERS

The article discusses the problem of professional and pedagogical diffi culties of future teachers and overcoming them. The results of a survey of senior students about the reasons that make it diffi cult for them to communicate with students are analyzed, which confirmed that one of the most important reasons for professional and pedagogical diffi culties is the lack of developed pedagogical communication skills among future teachers. The article presents the results of a survey of 4th year students of the Faculty of Foreign Languages of the South Ural State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University who completed teaching practice. The authors of the article also analyzed the diaries of student interns, presented based on the results of industrial (teaching) practice in the 4th year. The authors identifi ed and presented in the text of the article the diffi culties that students encountered during their internship. The article describes the experience of working with students in the format of a workshop, which is educational in nature and aimed at preventing professional and pedagogical diffi culties of future teachers. The content of optional educational meetings with students, aimed at gaining them new knowledge about the features of communication between various subjects of education and applying this knowledge in practice, is described in detail. It is stated that the introductory stage of the workshop contributed to the formation of a positive psychological climate in the group and the development of self-presentation and self-presentation skills, the main stage of the work made it possible to introduce students to modern technologies of effective psychological-pedagogical interaction in theory and practice, and the fi nal stage, dedicated to micro-teaching, contributed to the deepening of methodological training future teachers and developing their self-reflection skills. It is concluded that the work carried out will allow future teachers to skillfully build relationships with various subjects of the educational process and overcome professional and pedagogical diffi culties. The authors consider the activation of such forms of work with students as the analysis of problem situations and microteaching as the most promising areas for using the experience of preventing professional and pedagogical diffi culties of future teachers.

Formation and development of the judicial system of the Russian Empire in the South Urals in the 1720s – 1750s

The change in the political and administrative status of the Southern Urals, which had been part of the Ufa province since 1719, was accompanied by the renewal of the system of justice authorities, adapted to the socio-political and ethno-cultural conditions of the region. At the stage of its integration into Russia and the transformation from an external to an internal province of the empire, the plurality of jurisdictions that were sanctioned by the supreme power, pluralism in law enforcement corresponded to the diversity of the population of the region, contributing to the protection of corporate and private rights and interests, growth the authority of the state and the role of law in the regulation of social relations, and finally, the formation of a regional society.
 For citation: Voropanov V.A. Formation and development of the judicial system of the Russian Empire in the South Urals in the 1720s – 1750s. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.3, pp.31–45. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-3.31-45 (In Russian)

EVIDENCES OF MINERAL MELTING IN THE ORES OF THE SVETLINSK GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTH URALS, RUSSIA

For the large Svetlinsk gold deposit (South Urals) evidences of partial melting of minerals and possible participation of polymetallic melts in the concentration and redistribution of gold and other metals are given. Finding of bismuth and antimony minerals in ores, among which there are gold minerals new to the deposit (pampaloite, montbrayite and aurostibite), specific mineral intergrowths (polymineral Sb–Bi–Pb–Te–Ag–Au drop inclusions), enrichment of early sulphides with Low-Melting-point Chalcophile Elements (LMCE), high formation temperatures for ore assemblages (up to 400°C), as well as the occurring metamorphism of amphibolite facies indicate the possibility of the formation of such melts. Polymetallic melts at the deposit could be formed both by partial melting of early sulphides and directly from hydrothermal fluids. The signs of melting also include simplectites of calaverite and native gold in the marginal parts of the large montbrayite grain.

Mineralogy of Chromitites of Mount Poklonnaya of the Karabash Massif, South Urals

Mineralogy of Chromitites of Mount Poklonnaya of the Karabash Massif, South Urals

Кыпчаки Южного Урала. Череда культурных перемен

The paper is devoted to the problem of interpretation of written sources of archaeological materials of the high middle ages. The data discrepancy of numerous written sources on the the Kipchaks (Kimek-Cumans) history confederation had required systematization and comparison in order to identify real information on the early stage of the Cumans (Kipchak) history. New archaeological data regarding location of the Srostky culture sites in the Southern Urals (late 8th – 9th centuries) made it possible to confirm the previously expressed opinion about their correlation with the Kipchak (Cumans) stage. The fact of the appearance of Turkic-cultural nomads of the 8th-9th centuries in the Ural-Kazakhstan steppes has repeatedly been noted in various studies. In most cases, this information is based on written sources data of the late 9th – 10th centuries. New archaeological materials were obtained in the course of archaeological excavations of the Uelgi burial complex in the South Urals. It was made possible to identify a whole layer of complexes and materials of the Srostky type. They were attributed to the late 8th, 9th and early 10th centuries due to the comparative typological and radiocarbon dating. Thus, we can state the continuous development of the Srostky culture from the early (Inskaya) to the middle stages of this culture within the Southern Urals. The main study methods were comparative analysis of written sources, methods of comparative typological and radiocarbon dating. Thus, the obtained new archaeological materials of the Uyelgi burial complex allow us to assert that the Kipchaks (Cumans) component in the Uyelgi complex appears at the earliest stage of the existence of the Srostky culture (Inskaya) and subsequently is present here as well as in other South Ural sites.

Methodological approaches to teaching biological disciplines in a pedagogical university

Modern teaching of the disciplines «Histology» and «Human Anatomy» in pedagogical universities is characterized by the introduction of new methodological approaches, the use of both traditional and innovative forms and methods of teaching, which makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of the educational process, develop cognitive and analytical abilities of students, form personal and professional qualities of students. For the rational use of the hourly fund allocated to the study of biological disciplines, it is necessary to update the content, forms and methods of classroom training, as well as independent extracurricular work of students. The article presents the experience of implementing modern methodological approaches (problem-oriented, health-saving) using innovative forms and methods (interdisciplinary integrated laboratory classes, subject conferences, round tables, quizzes) of teaching students of pedagogical university disciplines «Histology with the basics of embryology» and «Human Anatomy». The resources of the interfaculty technopark of universal pedagogical competencies and the pedagogical technopark «Quantorium» of South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University were used in the classroom for greater visualization of the educational material on the studied disciplines. The effectiveness of the conducted training sessions using innovative forms and methods of teaching is evidenced by the results of testing students and improving the quality of academic performance in these disciplines.

Radiolarians of the Kungurian Stage of the Lower Permian in the South Urals of Russia

Radiolarians of the Kungurian Stage of the Lower Permian in the South Urals of Russia

Модернизация железнодорожного транспорта Южного Урала в конце XIX – начале XX вв.

The article reveals the problem of formation of the railway system of the Southern Urals in connection with its intensive industrial development in the late XIX – early XX centuries. New railway lines connected Ural metal-lurgical plants with coal and iron ore deposits, opening new exits from the Urals to Siberia, the Volga region and the western provinces of Russia. The author has revealed four main stages of development of the railway system of the Southern Urals: at the first stage lines were built to serve Zlatoust artillery factories, at the second stage the construction of approaches to the Siberian railroad through the Southern Urals was carried out, at the third stage the construction was connected with the resettlement policy of P.A. Stolypin, at the fourth stage long lines were built in a short period of time, connected with the strengthening of delivery of raw materials to de-fense factories in the conditions of the First World War. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that in the South Urals the struggle of two concepts of transport development of the region was most sharply manifested – the Urals as a transit corridor between European and eastern regions of the country and the Urals as a self-sufficient transport system, satisfying, first of all, the demands of the local economy and population.