South Urals Research Articles

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLICE IN THE COUNTRY CITIES OF THE URALS IN THE 60S AND 80S OF THE 19TH CENTURY

The historiography of the Ural police originates from the studies of the city police, which began in the second half of the 1990s at the same time in the South Urals and in the Vyatka Cis-Urals. Furthermore, some generalizations of the development of urban police institutions in the 19th century took place exclusively within the South Urals and Vyatka Cis-Urals, a generalizing work on the city police of the entire region has not yet been published. The object of this study is the transformation of the city police of the Urals in the 60s — 80s of the 19th century. The relevance of the study for historical science, on the one hand, is due to the fact that in the urbanized space, the processes associated with modernization were particularly active and the timeliness of police reforms was of particular importance here. As research methods, there were used the “classical” ones: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological. The resulting part examines the measures taken by regional and central authorities to strengthen the police of country cities in the second half of the 19th century. A comparison of pre-reform and new police states is carried out. Based on the above data, it can be concluded that the reforms were controversial. The main reason for the shortcomings of both the reform of 1887 and subsequent ones lay in the contradiction between the real need of cities for police forces and the lack of city funds to meet these needs. Thus, the reform of 1862 somewhat weakened the city police forces, and the general growth of the urban population and the lack of reforms until 1887 further intensified the crisis phenomena.

Preliminary results of diatom analysis of bottom sediments from Lake Maloe Miassovo (Cheluabinsk Region, Russia)

Abstract. In this study the diatom results of analysis a 510 cm long continuous sediments core from Lake Maloe Miassovo (South Urals, Russia) are presented. The core was collected in July 2018 from central part of the lake from a depth of 7 m. Diatom analysis of samples revealed 38 taxa, belonging to 29 genera and 18 family. The analysis of the ecological structure of the diatom flora of the sediment core sample from the lake under study shows that it is dominated by the Holarctic representatives of benthic and fouling organisms giving preference to the alkaline environmental conditions, which is due to the shallowness of the lake. The prevalence of Staurosira construens Ehrenberg diatom in sediments have been established. Diatom diagram has been divided into two diatom zones on the basis on changing diatom abundances and taxa composition Diatoms were found in low concentrations, or were absent in the lower part of the core of bottom sediments, which could be due to a lack of organic substances, as well as low air and water temperatures. The composition of diatom complexes almost unchanged in the upper part, but their concentration increases significantly.

Sun ower Seeds in the South Urals: the Beginning of History of Cultivation

Sun ower Seeds in the South Urals: the Beginning of History of Cultivation

Osteological and Spatial Patterns of the Seasonal Pastoral Sites: Results of the Ethnozooarchaeological Study of Present Livestock Enclosures in the South Urals (Chelyabinsk Region, Russia)

Osteological and Spatial Patterns of the Seasonal Pastoral Sites: Results of the Ethnozooarchaeological Study of Present Livestock Enclosures in the South Urals (Chelyabinsk Region, Russia)

Nomadic Burial with a Pack Flask from South Urals

Nomadic Burial with a Pack Flask from South Urals

РАЗВИТИЕ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ГРАМОТНОСТИ КАК НЕОБХОДИМОЕ УСЛОВИЕ СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНОЙ АДАПТАЦИИ ИНОСТРАННЫХ СТУДЕНТОВ

Financial literacy of foreign students is an important condition for their successful social and cultural adaptation. Universities should contribute to the transformation of foreign students into literate and active consumers of financial services by developing their skills in budget planning, savings plan creation, and financial opportunities usage in the country of study. These skills will allow foreign students to finance their study, to rent or buy a flat, to find a job. Unfortunately, insufficient attention is paid to the development of financial literacy of foreign students in Russian universities. The article presents the results of a sociological survey of foreign students of SUSU aimed to assess the level of their financial literacy. The results of the survey showed that the students had problems in managing personal finances and using financial opportunities in the country of study. Thus, the research aim is to identify the level of financial literacy of foreign students of the South Ural State University (SUSU) and offer a way for its improvement. The authors assessed the financial literacy of foreign students; revealed the demand for knowledge in the field of personal finance management; determined the sufficiency of training programs and forms of their implementation; offered a way to improve the financial literacy of foreign students. The authors developed a concept to increase the level of financial literacy of international students that is realized in the form of additional training integrated into the education process. The model offers various forms to improve students’ competence in effective management of personal finances. The originality of the study is in the design and testing of an integrated approach aimed at improving the financial literacy of foreign students that allows to increase the effectiveness of socio-cultural adaptation.

ПРОЕКТНО-МОДУЛЬНОЕ ОБУЧЕНИЕ СТУДЕНТОВ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

Innovative teaching technologies in higher education are aimed at economists who have digital literacy in the field of business informatics, are able to think flexibly and creatively, can understand world-class research. The contradictions that arise between the high requirements of modern society and the insufficiently developed methods of instruction for English for Specific Purposes language for economists have led to the need to develop a new teaching technology. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of module and project-based teaching on the academic performance of economists during the study of English language. The article reveals the key aspects of module and project-based teaching of foreign language at the Higher School of Economics and Management of the South Ural State University. On the basis of theoretical (analysis of modern scientific and methodological literature) and empirical (Internet survey, questioning, mathematical processing of the data obtained) methods, a model of module and project-based teaching was developed, the level of academic progress of students was assessed, a comparative analysis of two terms of study was carried out, the level of students’ satisfaction with the training was analyzed. The results show that module and project-based teaching had a positive impact on students’ performance and increased students’ satisfaction with the educational process.

Саки Приаралья и формирование общества кочевников Южного Приуралья VI—V вв. до н. э.

The Saka of the Aral Sea region are considered as one of the components of the communities of the nomads of the Southern Urals. A sample of 192 anthropological analyses was studied to determine the nature of the migration of the cattle-breeding population of the Aral Sea region to the Southern Ural steppes. The analysis showed the absolute quantitative predominance of male burials in the late 6th–5th century BC and an equal number of men and women in the burials of the late 5th — 4th century BC. This ratio suggests that the initial development of the steppes of the Southern Urals was carried out mainly by male cattle-breeding teams. The occupation of the steppes could become the basis for the growth of the number of cattle grazed and an increase in the nomadic populations. The further successful functioning of the society was possible with the normalization of its social structure, which was achieved, in particular, through the inclusion of women into the cattle-breeding groups. Thus a society with a complex social hierarchy was formed. This process probably occurred during the 5th century BC and was completed by the 4th century BC. One of the probable reasons for the occupation of the steppes of the South Urals by cattle-breeding groups from the Aral Sea region with their transformation into a society with a hierarchical structure was the expansion of the Achaemenid state to the borders of the territory of the cattle-breeding tribes of Central Asia with their involvement in the system of socio-economic relations with this Empire.

Международное заседание круглого стола «Искусство, наука, образование: актуальные вопросы современности и перспективы развития» (Россия, г. Челябинск, 7 апреля 2022)

The round table is held on the basis of the topic- based platform of Tchaikovsky South Ural State Institute of Arts within the framework of the Inter- national Scientific Cultural and Educational Forum “Eurasia - 2022: social and humanitarian space in the era of globalization and digitalization” (April 6-8, Chelyabinsk, 2022). The structure of the meeting is represented by several semantic blocks in the form of searching for answers to topical issues of our time related to the current state and prospects for developing art, science, education in the context of the fruitful development of man, society, and the state on the basis of dialogical relations between them. Art, science, and education are considered not as separate social institutions and cultural phenomena, but in interaction with all spheres of public life: economic, political, social, and spiritual.

Development of equipment for experimental study of digital algorithms in nonstationary signal processing problems

The article deals with the issues of improving the quality of information using ultrasound, as well as existing analog and digital methods of its processing. The characteristics of signal filtering are analyzed depending on the signal-to-noise ratio. A number of modern applications in medical diagnostics are subject of high requirements for accuracy, noise immunity, reliability, continuity of operation and other quality indicators with a high dynamics of changes in non-stationary signals characterizing the functional state of the human body. On this basis, an algorithm and a device capable of extracting the informative components of noisy non-stationary signals are developed. In this paper, an algorithm of processing non-stationary signals of an ultrasonic transceiver is proposed. At the same time, three modules are developed and manufactured: 1) ultrasonic receiver module; 2) ultrasonic noise transmitter module (AM modulation); 3) an ultrasonic signal transmitter module (AM modulation) and an information processing algorithm based on a wavelet-forming function (wavelet threshold) consisting of the Coiflets 5 basis using a heuristically determined threshold value of the wavelet expansion coefficients. In this paper, the wavelet decomposition is carried out up to the 4th level. Based on the analysis of the obtained data, it was concluded that the second decomposition level is the most optimal for filtering non-stationary signals. As the decomposition level increases, the output signal-to-noise ratio decreases, and at the level N = 4, the output signal-to-noise ratio almost does not exceed the input one, therefore, filtering becomes inefficient. As a result of the synthesis of effective parameters of filtering electrocardiosignals, it is found that the maximum degree of signal processing from noise occurs using the Coiflets 5 wavelet using a heuristically determined threshold value. Experimental research is carried out in the training and production laboratory of electronics (FabLab), FSAEI HE “South Ural State University (National Research University)”.

Two new associations of the order Agropyretalia intermedio–repentis in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals, Russia

In 2017–2020, in the territory of the Southern Urals (the Republic of Bashkortostan, Orenburg and Chelyabinsk Regions), we studied the synanthropic communities of transport routes. The syntaxonomic analysis resulted in the description of two associations of the order Agropyretalia intermedio–repentis, the class Artemisietea vulgaris, which are new both for science and the Southern Urals region: Lactucо tataricaе–Psathyrostachyetum junceae ass. nov. and Sisymbrietum volgense ass. nov. They are found in the steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Orenburg and Chelyabinsk Regions, along the roadsides of transport routes, less often in wastelands in settlements. Communities dominated by Psathyrostachys juncea are encountered along the roadsides and slopes of highways in the southern part of the Trans–Urals region of the Republic of Bashkortostan. A characteristic feature of the communities of the association Sisymbrietum volgense is the dominance of the invasive Sisymbrium volgense, which settles actively along the transport routes throughout the entire South Urals region. The DCA ordination of the communities of the order Agropyretalia intermedio–repentis confirmed the results of the syntaxonomic analysis and demonstrated significant differences in the ecology of various cenoses by the following ecological factors: moistening, soil texture and structure, soil fertility, and the thermo-climatic factors. The described syntaxa form the most xerophytic branch of the order Agropyretalia intermedio–repentis in the Southern Urals.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНО-ОРИЕНТИРОВАННОГО МОДУЛЬНОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ ИНОСТРАННОМУ ЯЗЫКУ НА УРОВЕНЬ УДОВЛЕТВОРЕННОСТИ СТУДЕНТОВ УЧЕБНЫМ ПРОЦЕССОМ

The development of the education system in Russia is considered as one of the most important strategic goals of the society. The professionalization of teaching a foreign language at the universities is a global trend. ESP (English for Specific Purposes) has become increasingly important as there has been an increase in vocational training and learning throughout the world. The article reveals the key theoretical and practical aspects of the system of modular learning in the South Ural State University, the Higher School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, as a new design for the teaching and learning cooperation. The principle of modular organization of educational material involves the organization of training in the form of professionally-oriented modules. The paper defines the term “module”, describes the criteria for selecting educational material, outlines the structure of a module and a set of exercises. The aim of our research was to study the satisfaction level of students with the quality of education and to analyze the implementation process of the modular learning. The following tasks were solved: the experience of using modular learning in educational process was analyzed, the level of students’ satisfaction with the quality of education system was evaluated. Theoretical (analysis of modern scientific and methodological literature) and empirical (questionnaire, mathematical processing of the obtained data) methods are applied in the study. The research shows that the implementation of modular learning had a positive impact on students' outcomes and the level of students` satisfaction with the education process increased.

Синтаксономия ксеропетрофитной растительности Южного Урала: союз Elytrigion pruiniferae all. nov.

Синтаксономия ксеропетрофитной растительности Южного Урала: союз Elytrigion pruiniferae all. nov.

«ТОКСИЧНОЕ» ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЩЕНИЕ: АНАЛИЗ СОСТОЯНИЯ, ПРИЧИНЫ И ПРИЗНАКИ

Changes in socio-pedagogical interaction between a teacher and a student in the university, should be carefully analyzed and monitored, because they have a direct impact on the quality of higher education. The relevance of the research is dictated by the attention-grabbing situations of “toxic” communication in a higher education institution. Thе authors analyze pedagogical communication in terms of its “toxicity”. The respondents are the teachers of the Department of Foreign Languages of the South Ural State University and their students. The authors defined the concept of pedagogical communication in the university in relation to the presence of “toxicity” issues in pedagogical interaction; analyzed the concept of “toxic” communication and its characteristics; and identified the causes and preconditions of “toxic” communication between teachers and students. “Toxic” communication is caused by the features of digital generation of students, poor communication skills due to the impact of digitalization and information society on students’ personality, social and cultural differences of teachers and students. The authors used the methods of literature analysis, observation and created an anonymous questionnaire for the teachers of the Department of Foreign Languages and the 1st and 2nd year undergraduate students of SUSU. The results show that there are no critical deviant tendencies in educational-pedagogical interactions. Nevertheless, to prevent possible manifestations of “toxic” communication, the authors, suggested the idea of teaching-pedagogical interaction modeling within the developed system of educational (extracurricular) work of SUSU Department of Foreign Languages, implemented by the teachers in foreign language classes and in extracurricular activities through department educational events. The authors believe that educational (extracurricular) activities of teachers and students aimed at developing personal qualities and communicative skills are the favorable learning environment for eliminating errors in pedagogical communication, thus increasing the quality of the educational process.

«Луч­шим памятником ученым предшествующих поколений станет развитие их идей…»: памяти Леонида Теодоровича Яблонского (1950–2016)

Research objectives: To consider the creative path and main views of L.T. Yablonsky, as well as his influence on ideas about the ethnic history of the Golden Horde population and theoretical problems of ethnogenesis. Research materials: The authors of the article were based on numerous publications by L.T. Yablonsky, as well as personal impressions from meetings with the researcher on expeditions and at academic conferences. Results and novelty of the research: The authors consider the formation of L.T. Yablonsky as a unique specialist who combined archaeological training and professional study of physical anthropology. This allowed him to draw important conclusions about the formation of the Golden Horde population. Later, he resorted to this method to study the early nomads of the Aral Sea region and the South Urals. His works became an event in the research field, since they positively differed from others not only by an interdisciplinary approach to the problem under study – at the junction of archaeology and ethnogenetics – but also by the wide use of anthropological materials. Prior to these works, all information about the population of the Jochid ulus was fragmentary and unsystematic, and he was the very researcher who first connected the data of paleoanthropology and the analysis of the burial rite in medieval burial grounds. He proved the fact that the Golden Horde population consisted of mixed population groups, and identified those population groups that, in his opinion, came from Central Asia. L.T. Yablonsky attached great importance to the methodology of research on ethnogenesis and ethnic history. He advocated an integrated scientific approach to their study and emphasized the huge role of paleoanthropology and archaeology in solving ethnogenetic problems. In his opinion, the rapid divergence of various scientific disciplines – ethnology, archaeology, physical anthropology, and genetics – was the main problem that hindered the development of scientific ethnogenetic research. L.T. Yablonsky, therefore, believed that expanding comprehensive research would help solve this problem.

Stistaites of the South Urals

Research subject. Rare minerals of tin and antimony – stistaites from natural lead plates from the Severo-Svetlinskaya placer in the Chelyabinsk region and from microspherules of intermetallic compounds in the products of erosion of granites of the Kisegach complex in the Ilmeny Mountains.Materials and methods. Electron probe analysis and laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma were used to study the composition of the predominant minerals of intermetallic compounds in lead plates extracted during the washing of a gold-bearing placer, as well as from metal microspherules in the sandy fraction of eroded granites.Results. Two types of stistaite were identified: lead and arsenic-lead. Lead stistaites is sharply predominant, with its average composition (wt %) being Sb – 47.39, Sn – 38.75, Pb – 13.24, Cu – 0.06. The average composition of arsenic-lead stystaite (wt %) was found to be Sb – 43.89, Sn – 41.06, Pb – 11.02, As – 3.05, Cu – 0.47. Tin-lead microspherules from the destruction products of biotite granites of the Kisegach massif (Ilmeny Mountains) occasionally contain crystals and spotted precipitates of lead stistaite with the composition (wt %) of Sn 53.54, Sb 38.45, and Pb 7.42.Conclusions. It is assumed that, in both cases, the formation of alloys of intermetallic compounds of tin, lead and antimony with inclusions of native copper and iron was associated with granite magmatism.

Neurodynamic predictors the effectiveness of cognitive activity of students ensuring healthy lifestyle

The paper presents the results of the assessment of neurodynamic characteristics and correlation of cognitive activity parameters of students with individual neurodynamic characteristics following the criteria of Sustainable Development Goal 3 "Good health and well-being" (SDG 3). The study was conducted in a cohort of female students aged 17-19 (n=111) of the South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University during the inter-sessional period. Diagnostics of neurodynamic characteristics of students was carried out using the hardware and software complex "NS–pSychoTest". Descriptive statistical analysis of data and correlation analysis were carried out in the environment of Statistica v. 7.0. The results of sensorimotor response presented in the article reflect the optimal level of adaptive regulation of the cerebral component of activity in the majority of the surveyed pedagogical university students in the conditions of their educational and professional activities, which is reflected in the relative stability of cerebral processes with average functional mobility and the optimal level of neurophysiological regulation of CNS activity in the conditions of sensory interference of the students of the cohort of the survey. The paper reveals the interrelationships of neurodynamic indicators with various characteristics of cognitive testing, which indicates the success of the development of educational programs.

Horse's hoof motif in the art of ancient nomads (genesis and symbolism)

Among the motives of the ancient nomads’s art, the horse’s hoof attracts special attention of specialists. The sign of hoof is reproduced in the form of a schematic image of a part of a leg (sometimes a pair of hind legs) or an abstract pattern of the hoof’s footprint. Several regional cultural and stylistic areas can be distinguished. The first area is located in the Sayano-Altai region and adjacent territories. The figurative element of the hoof here is presented mainly on ladles and less often on cheek-pieces, and the abstract element of the hoof’s footprint placed on petroglyphs and harness buckles. The second area includes the Dnieper region, the Kuban region, the Caucasus and Iran, where both depicted elements are placed on the cheek-pieces. The South Ural is considered as a buffer zone where European and Asian influences collided. The figurative element here adorns mainly the cheek-pieces, while the abstract element decorates the buckles. The Khakass-Minusinsk Hollow and Kazakhstan are special areas with specific sets of items. The hoof signs in petroglyphs were depicted from the end of the Bronze Age up to the ethnographic time. The hoof signs on items appeared in the second half of the 8th – first half of the 7th century BC. The earliest finds were found in Altai. Probably the Asian territories played the most important role in the development of the hoof’s motive. The disappearance of the horse hoof images from nomadic art occurred in the 3rd century BC. In the second half of the 7th century BC the motive penetrated the Middle East with the carriers of the ancient nomadic culture. The motive of the horse’s hoof transformed into an additional detail of the animal’s figure — a mouth or an ear. The horse hoof was associated with certain ideas among the ancient nomads. The image of a horse’s hoof in petroglyphs served as a pictogram, ethnic or social emblem. The motive depicted on the objects could also serve as a symbol of a certain group of people. Presumably, these were the royal Scythians, known by the «History» of Herodotus, — an association of nomads those played a significant part in the formation of the archaic Scythian culture.

Assessing relationship of degradation of coastal zones and phytoplankton species structure of Lake Uvildy and Lake Turgoyak (South Ural, Russia)

The current paper aims at analyzing the species structure of the phytoplankton community of two reservoirs on the territory of South Ural. The given water bodies are of different trophicity, namely, oligotrophic Lake Turgoyak and oligomesotrophic Lake Uvildy. Both lakes, being natural monuments, are subject to intensive recreational use. A large flow of tourists is a serious problem for the ecological state of the water bodies coastal areas. Also, tourist activities can affect the state of aquatic biocenoses. In this work, the degree of recreational degression of the selected study sites was assessed. The analysis was carried out according to the state of landscapes, vegetation and trampledness of the surveyed area. Based upon the research the current paper reveals spatial patterns in the distribution of recreational load on the coastal geosystems and the level of anthropogenic transformation of the territory. Mainly due to the high density of recreational centres and camping areas, the coastal area is characterized by a high degree of regression. Some signs allow forecasting changes in the species composition of phytoplankton communities and the trophic status of the lakes depending on the degradation of the coastal zones. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) have been dominant in plankton phytocoenosis of Turgoyak and Uvildy. At the same time, in the oligomesotrophic lake (Uvildy), the number of diatom species is significantly reduced in areas with a higher degree of regression. Thus, diatoms are sensitive indicators of anthropogenic impact on aquatic ecosystems. Green and blue-green algae biodiversity has grown in the water body. However, no relationship was found between their species diversity and the level regression. But the following tendency is observed for the oligotrophic Lake Turgoyak. The species diversity of green algae grows with an increase in the degression degree. To forecast the further state of the studied water bodies, the revealed patterns in the change of the phytoplankton species structure depending on the degradation level of the coastal territories can be used as eutrophication signs.

Microstructural Patterns of Ophiolitic Chromitite of the Kraka Massif, South Urals. I. Banded Disseminated Ores

Microstructural Patterns of Ophiolitic Chromitite of the Kraka Massif, South Urals. I. Banded Disseminated Ores