Source Text Research Articles

DOMINION OF KHWARAZMSHAH JALAL AL-DIN AND THE MONGOL RULE IN AZERBAIJAN

The period, spanning between 1220 and 1250s in the South Caucasus, as well as in Azerbaijan, is marked by significant events, such as the Mongol campaigns and Khwarazmshah Jalal al-Din's short rule in the region. The both Khwarazmshahs and Mongols established their rule here, having some similarities and differences of the governance. The Persian historical literature, as well as other textual sources contain various information concerning the period. The presented paper is devoted to investigating the mentioned issue, based on these sources. The study aims to examine the features of the Mongols and the Khwarazmshahs governing, and their consequences in the region. Azerbaijan became the target of Jalal al-Din’s campaign, after the fall Khwarazmshahs due to the Mongol conquest Jalal al-Din conquered cities such as Maragha, Tabriz, Ganja and compelled the Shirvanshahs to vassalage. As a consequence of the second campaign of the Mongol general Chormagan, Jalal al-Din withdrew from Azerbaijan, bringing the entire South Caucasus under the Mongol control. These historical events were scrutinized through a comparative analysis and interpretation of other textual sources and scholarly works. Examining these issues through contemporary sources enables the clarification and objective analysis of political events, as well as economic and social conditions in the South Caucasus during that era.

Translation by Evidence: A Form-based Approach to the Translation of Sacred Texts

This study suggests a form-based approach to the translation of sacred texts, particularly the Holy Qur'an. This approach is referred to as Translation by Evidence (TE). Drawing upon Sperber and Wilson's Relevance Theory (1986, 2002), TE suggests that any translation of the Holy Quran should be faithful to the source text (ST) in two ways: It should transfer all pieces of evidence that serve a particular function (1), and keep ST and TT receptors' processing efforts comparable (2). The study applied TE to the polar interrogatives in the translation of the Qur’an initiated with the particle [hal] (roughly translated as is or is there). The pieces of evidence in the Ayas were found to be suggestive of three speech acts, namely assertives, expressives and directives. The study argued that TE is a more adequate translation strategy as it producea a more faithful translation in terms of the cognitive effect of the translated Ayas processing effort by the TT receivers. Keywords: Translation by Evidence, Relevance Theory, the Holy Qur'an, Interrogatives, Faithfulness

What is disability history the history of?

This article has two connected aims. First, to contour the boundaries of modern disability history through outlining its development and second, to provide a new methodological agenda for disability history. The design model of disability has outlined an important new programme to integrate the social and medical models of disability by foregrounding materials. Yet 'disability things' (to use Ott's memorable term) have been part of disability history's genesis since the material turn, which started the process of social historians recovering the lives of those not recorded in textual sources through objects, including prosthetics. From considering objects as things, the influence of Science and Technology Studies scholars pushed disability historians to further consider objects as agents and objects in use. These approaches have highlighted the differential levels of autonomy and power that objects and their users have in making history. However, this focus on materials has highlighted visible and recorded disability over 'invisible' disability, which has perpetuated its opacity and created definitional difficulties around disability demarcation. Medical history methodologies aimed at revealing the 'patient view' can help bring people back into focus but uphold the categories of patients and biomedicine in a way that impedes the aims of disability scholars. Focusing on exactly what is hidden is less useful than focusing on how it is hidden, and science and technology study methodologies can illuminate these processes.

Triplétoile: Extraction of knowledge from microblogging text

Numerous methods and pipelines have recently emerged for the automatic extraction of knowledge graphs from documents such as scientific publications and patents. However, adapting these methods to incorporate alternative text sources like micro-blogging posts and news has proven challenging as they struggle to model open-domain entities and relations, typically found in these sources. In this paper, we propose an enhanced information extraction pipeline tailored to the extraction of a knowledge graph comprising open-domain entities from micro-blogging posts on social media platforms. Our pipeline leverages dependency parsing and classifies entity relations in an unsupervised manner through hierarchical clustering over word embeddings. We provide a use case on extracting semantic triples from a corpus of 100 thousand tweets about digital transformation and publicly release the generated knowledge graph. On the same dataset, we conduct two experimental evaluations, showing that the system produces triples with precision over 95% and outperforms similar pipelines of around 5% in terms of precision, while generating a comparatively higher number of triples.

RENDERING AL-MAFUL AL-MUTLAQ IN QURANIC TRANSLATION:A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE MALAY VERSIONS

The maintenance or modification of the language style of a source text in its translated version is one of the aspects that is often observed in the study of style analysis or translation strategy. Al-Quran as a holy book that is rich and loaded with its own styles of language has caused polemics among scholars of translation of sacred texts from time to time such as differences of opinion and approach between them regarding strategies, methods, styles or techniques of translating the diversity of language styles of this holy book of all Muslims. Al-Maful al-Mutlaq which is one of the aspects of language style in the syntax of the Arabic language has seen a variety of strategies and ways of translation in its translation versions. Starting from that, this study aims to identify the holy verses of the Quran that contain the language style of al-Maful al-Mutlaq, analyze the verses containing al-Maful al-Mutlaq from morphological and syntactic aspects.and compare the translation strategies used when translating the three types of al-Maful al-Mutlaqin the three versions of the Malay translation of the Quran which is the sample of this study Terjemahan Al-Hidayah, Terjemahan Pimpinan Ar-Rahman Kepada Pengertian Al-Quran and Terjemahan Kompleks Percetakan al-Quran Raja Fahad. This study uses a qualitative approach by means of contrastive content analysis by comparing the syntax of Arabic and Malay regarding the concept and structure of al-Maful al-Mutlaq through the texts of selected verses of the Holy Quran. This study finally concludes that there are several discourse markers used by translators when translating al-Maful al-Mutlaq into Malay. This study is expected to be able to provide understanding and guidance to students of the Quranic language to recognize the style and strategy of translating al-Maful al-Mutlaq found in the Quran into the Malay language.

Translating Engagement Resources in English Political Texts Into Arabic

This study sheds light on the translation of 'Engagement Resources' in political texts from English into Arabic. It aims to specify and analyze the 'Engagement Resources' in English political texts and their renditions into Arabic texts by comparing and contrasting them based on Martin and White's Engagement System, which is part of Appraisal Theory (2005) to check whether the translators convey the same effect of these resources or make shifts. If shifts are found, how are those resources shifted in the translation process? The data of this study draw on two texts collected from the ‘Voice Section’ of British online newspapers ‘Independent’ two versions released in English and Arabic. This study hypothesizes that the failure to catch some Engagement resources of the source text (ST) led to violating the Engagement positioning in the target text (TT). After analyzing the two texts, four methods of translation led to a shift in Engagement: addition, omission, modulation, and couplet methods. This study has concluded that the real functions of these resources are depleted. Moreover, translators may convey the Engagement Resources while failing to convey the exact subcategories of these resources.

Construct representation and predictive validity of integrated writing tasks: A study on the writing component of the Duolingo English Test

This study examined whether two integrated reading-to-write tasks could broaden the construct representation of the writing component of Duolingo English Test (DET). It also verified whether they could enhance DET’s predictive power of English academic writing in universities. The tasks were (1) writing a summary based on two source texts and (2) writing a reading-to-write essay based on five texts. Both were given to a sample (N = 204) of undergraduates from Hong Kong. Each participant also submitted an academic assignment written for the assessment of a disciplinary course. Three professional raters double-marked all writing samples against detailed analytical rubrics. Raw scores were first processed using Multi-Faceted Rasch Measurement to estimate inter- and intra-rater consistency and generate adjusted (fair) measures. Based on these measures, descriptive analyses, sequential multiple regression, and Structural Equation Modeling were conducted (in that order). The analyses verified the writing tasks’ underlying component constructs and assessed their relative contributions to the overall integrated writing scores. Both tasks were found to contribute to DET’s construct representation and add moderate predictive power to the domain performance. The findings, along with their practical implications, are discussed, especially regarding the complex relations between construct representation and predictive validity.

Falsehood and False Prophets in Jeremiah

Abstract This article explores the use of שֶׁקֶר in MT-Jer, and the manner in which the Septuagint (LXX) and Peshitta (P) read it. In that regard, the article also discusses lying, falsehoods (ψευδής, ψεῦδος, ἄδικος, µάτη, ܫܘܩܪܐ, ܕܓܠܘܬܐ), and false prophets (ψευδοπροφήτης, ܢܒܝܐ ܕܓܠܐ) in LXX and P. As such, it pioneers the examination of P-Jer’s perspective on false prophets. The article demonstrates that the translators of LXX and P approached the Hebrew source text in a manner that was not strictly literal, aligning with the nuances of the target language. It is argued that both LXX-Jer and P-Jer illuminate the polysemy inherent in the Hebrew lexeme שֶׁקֶר. In addition, both versions demonstrate a degree of textual liberty and interpretative renderings. Finally, the article demonstrates that unlike LXX, which labels Hananiah as a false prophet only once (LXX-Jer 35:1), P systematically designates him so throughout P-Jer 28. Consequently, the article also adds weight to the argument opposing a direct textual influence of LXX on P.

The impact of text type on Chinese-English translation effort: an investigation with reference to translation entropy

Various factors affect translation effort. This research aims to explore the impact of source text type on Chinese-English translation effort with reference to translation entropy. An eye-tracking and key-logging experiment was conducted. Thirty-one student translators translated four text types, namely legal, advertising, news, and poetic texts. Data analyses show that there is a significant difference in participants’ effort of translating the four texts, which can be seen in such indicators as subjective ratings, fixation, pause, translation time, and edits. We further studied participants’ translations and calculated the translation entropy for each text type, which is a measure of uncertainty in translation. Analysis shows that there is a significant difference in translation entropy among the four text types, which provides evidence that source text features affect translation uncertainty and, hence, translation effort to search for appropriate options. The discussions are intended to provide further insight into the impact of text type on the translation process, and the result confirms the reliability of translation entropy as a predictor of translation effort.

Harmonizing Biomass Co-Firing with the Green Economy Paradigm: A Sustainable Approach for Indonesia's Energy Landscape

Objective. To explore the implementation of Biomass Co-Firing in Indonesia, the objective encompasses an analysis of how policies, practices, and investments in Biomass Co-Firing can support desired sustainable development goals. Design/Methodology/Approach. This research utilizes the Library Research methodology, which examines literature, legal documents, and other textual sources to investigate the integration of Biomass Co-Firing into the Indonesian Green Economy. Results/Discussion. The development of renewable energy using biomass and co-firing in power plants offers significant potential for reducing carbon emissions and addressing challenges in clean energy development in Indonesia. With a strong legal foundation as outlined in Article 2 of Law No. 30 of 2007 concerning Energy, the government has provided a solid basis for renewable energy development. However, implementation still faces challenges in permitting regulations and cross-sector coordination. A significant drawback is the lack of specific incentives from the government for biomass co-firing projects, along with uncertainties regarding biomass certification and standardization. To overcome these challenges, concrete steps are needed, such as providing fiscal and financial incentives for industry players and enhancing coordination among the government, private sector, and other stakeholders. Conclusions. The development of renewable energy with biomass and co-firing in power plants promises a reduction in carbon emissions and supports clean energy development in Indonesia, despite facing challenges in permitting and cross-sector coordination. Originality/Value. The harmonization of Biomass Co-Firing projects with the Green Economy paradigm in Indonesia emphasizes resource efficiency, environmental impact reduction, and sustainable economic growth.

‘This is the fate I choose’: Elsinore and thoughtful choice in Shakespeare games

Abstract Interactivity is one of, if not the most, crucial factor in video game adaptations of literature. The 2019 point-and-click adventure game Elsinore makes the most of its interactivity by building its narrative and gameplay around structural and thematically relevant aspects of the source text, Hamlet. Specifically, the combination of knowledge and motivation, central to the philosophy of prohairesis or thoughtful choice, is also an essential element of a fulfilling game experience. Additionally, it is meaningful that Elsinore leverages its focus on choice to make Ophelia their player-character. In short, this article argues that interactive genres, specifically video games, are a natural fit for the Early Modern fixation on thoughtful choice, especially representations of characters infamous for their lack of choice. Furthermore, these adaptations continue to represent an encouraging future for the commercial success of such works and future scholarship in adaptation theory.

Enhancing Post-Editing Machine Translation Skills Among Iraqi Undergraduate Students

Post-editing machine translation often results in discrepancies between industry expectations and the actual quality of the final product. Despite the usually, low-quality outcomes associated with machine translation, it remains underutilized, even when there are opportunities for improvement through post-editing jobs. This study focuses on the impact of technology-assisted training on English proficiency among students. It investigates a standard error observed among Iraqi students during the post-editing of machine translations using Google Translate deciding whether to edit the machine translation output or to translate from scratch and understand the source text. This research involved 20 undergraduates from Al-Mustansiriyah University and employed a mixed methods approach, collecting data through an online questionnaire completed by students in the undergraduate translation program. The findings indicate a significant improvement in the frequency of post-editing skills among Iraqi students, serving as a distinguishing factor between the two groups. It also highlighted differences in translation abilities among students in Iraqi higher education, with notable improvements observed in the experimental group. In summary, this study supports previous research from the last five years, indicating a more favourable attitude toward machine translation and suggesting that post-editing is considered an essential sub-competency in translation education.

Lost in Adaptation: Exploring the Phenomenon of Over-Translation in Arabic Translations of English Movies

This study examines the process of Arabic translations of English movies, focusing on their impact on cultural and linguistic fidelity. It uses comparative, textual, and linguistic analysis and audience perception surveys to understand the differences between the original English source material and the Arabic translations. The comparative analysis reveals significant differences in cultural references and humour between the two languages, with over-translation being a significant theme. However, the study acknowledges instances where fidelity to the source text is maintained, showcasing the translators’ success in preserving cultural authenticity. The textual analysis highlights occasional deviations from the original text due to cultural and linguistic adjustments, impacting the overall translation quality. The linguistic analysis examines translators’ strategies to bridge linguistic gaps, highlighting cases of over-translation and substantial deviations. The study also highlights translators’ challenges in conveying humour, wordplay, and cultural references within subtitles and dubbing constraints. Audience perception surveys reveal instances where translations fail to convey specific cultural nuances, indicating a minor loss of impact and understanding. The findings highlight the need for a refined and culturally sensitive approach to audiovisual translation to enhance the quality and authenticity of cross-cultural narratives.

Teori Psikodinamika : Perspektif Multikultural Dalam Trend Pendekatan Psikodinamika

The psychodynamic approach includes a deep understanding of the complex interactions between culture and individual psychological aspects. This approach combines elements of psychodynamics, such as unconscious conflict and psychosexual development, with sensitivity to the role of culture in shaping a person's identity and thought patterns. The aim of this research is to understand in depth the multicultural view in the psychodynamic approach. By using literature study research methods which involve collecting, reviewing, and synthesizing information from relevant text sources to answer research questions or develop arguments. This study supports the aspect of cultural integration in psychodynamic practice to understand mental dynamics in a multicultural context. Psychodynamics in multiculturalism tends to emphasize the importance of understanding the complexity of individuals by considering their cultural background. These conclusions indicate the need to integrate multicultural aspects in psychodynamic practice to understand and respond to the diversity of human experience more holistically

Explicitation of Conjunctions in Two English Translations of Luoyang Jialan Ji

The translation of Chinese classics is vital to promoting Chinese culture, gaining increasing attention from the academic community in recent years. This study selected Luoyang Jialan Ji, a representative of Chinese classics, as the research data. The study examines conjunctions in different texts by constructing comparable and parallel corpora of the source text and two English translations. The findings indicate that the frequency of conjunctions in the two English versions is higher than that in the Chinese version, which proves a tendency of explicitation in the translation process from Chinese to English. Notably, there are some differences between the two English versions in the use of conjunctions, especially conditional and causal conjunctions, which reveals the different styles of translators. Furthermore, the paper summarizes translation methods of conjunctions, offering insights into the translation practice of Chinese classics.

Who is the language policy for? Translation discrepancies and their implications to (dis)trust

This paper investigates the impact of language policy translation as a discursive action on historical and political mechanisms of trust within the context of Indigenous language revitalization in Taiwan. Combining a critical discourse studies approach and translation theories, we examine the translation discrepancies between the Chinese source text and the English translation of Tawain’s Indigenous Language Development Act (2017). We focus on the analysis of the interpersonal meanings conveyed by two Chinese modal verbs (ying/應 and de/得), aiming to elucidate how Taiwan’s Government positions itself within both language versions. The findings suggest that the government constructs itself as more actively responsible for the Indigenous language development in the English version. This strategic move reflects the government’s commitment to enhancing Taiwan’s international reputation as the English version is meant for global audiences. Considering language policy is inherently ideological with the government’s political intentions, we discuss the implication of distrust created by the translation discrepancy. This study highlights that language policy translation can be recontextualized to suit a government’s political agendas and ideological appropriations.

Reconstructing historical road landscapes along the corridors of early 20th-century road networks in Northern Greece

The paper aims to reconstruct historical road networks, focusing on an area of South-Eastern Europe (specifically on a part of northern Greece) and to contribute to the research for cultural heritage landscapes promotion. By the proposed approach, ignored cultural corridors would be revealed, paving the way for significant management and the emergence of cultural landscapes. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) tools, textual references and historical maps are utilised to identify the historical roadways. The spatial information is mined from the historical maps, whilst the descriptive information is mined from both the textual sources and the maps as well. The combination of the maps and the narratives supported an integrated classification of the roads for all periods, according to the construction style/technique, allowing the interpretations of the historical roads’ landscapes. The suggested approach and the consequent maps could serve as a valuable contribution to the enhancement of heritage management of historical landscapes.

Hamlet/idézetek és -parafrázisok az Ulysses-fordításokban

In this paper, the author sets to analyse parts of James Joyce’s Ulysses from the perspective of translation studies, in the light of intertextualities that can be paralleled with Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In addition to the systematization of quotations and paraphrases of Shakespeare’s work identified in Ulysses, the author analyses passages that highlight an intertextual relationship between Ulysses and Hamlet. This observation occurs at different linguistic levels of the Hungarian language. For a scholarly approach to the practice of translation, the author recommends including translations from Shakespeare (Hamlet) in the discourse, highlighting the questions of translation and (re)translatability associated with it. The author’s curiosity lies in the linguistic, literary, and stylistic differences and equivalences between the source text and the target text. Keywords: retranslation, intertextual figures, cultural transfer, retranslation hypothesis, canon, stylistic imitation.

A potential relation trigger method for entity-relation quintuple extraction in text with excessive entities

In the task of joint entity and relation extraction, the relationship between two entities is determined by some specific words in their source text. These words are viewed as potential triggers which are the evidence to explain the relationship but not marked clearly. However, the current models cannot make good use of the potential words to optimize components of entities and relations, but can only give separate results. These models aim to identify the type of relation between two entities mentioned in the source text by encoding the text and entities. Although some models can generate the weights for every single word by improving the attention mechanism, the weights will be influenced by the irrelevant words essentially, which is not needed in enhancing the influence of the triggers. We propose a joint entity-relation quintuple extraction framework based on the Potential Relation Trigger (PRT) method to get the highest probability of a word as the prompt in every time step and join the words together as relation hints. In specific, we leverage polarization mechanism in possibility calculation to avoid nondifferentiable points of the functions in our method when choosing. We find that their representation will improve the performance of the relation part with the exact range of the entities. Extensive experiments results demonstrate that the effectiveness of our proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on four RE benchmark datasets.

Explicitation and honorifics in the Buddhist scripture translation

In translation, explicitation refers to something that is overtly expressed and redundant in the target text. The purpose of this research is to investigate explicitation in the Buddhist scripture translation and propose the inclusion of honorific forms as a type of explicitation. The sample in the research targets the Chinese-Korean translation of the Diamond Sutra. A literature review and a descriptive approach are applied to analyze the sample. The findings indicate that explicitation primarily occurs in the domains of amplification, connectives and honorifics by transferring explicit meanings. The Korean language is more developed than the languages of any other countries across the world. Although honorific forms of any language are less developed or do not exist in source texts, they are added in the target text of the developed language. Explicitation by honorific forms is related to the disparateness of language systems and features but can be attributed to external variables, such as social status, hierarchical relations of interlocutors, and kinship. This research suggests the inclusion of explicitation by honorific forms and highlights the need to investigate explicitation based on the specificity of individual languages.