Sour Passion Fruit Research Articles

Azamora penicillana occurrence in sour passion fruit in the state of Minas Gerais

Abstract Azamora penicillana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is popularly known as exotic passionflower caterpillar, passionflower web, cloak or pouch. It is considered an emergent pest of passion fruit crop due to damages caused to the plant and management difficulties related to insect habit. This species is recorded for the first time infesting passion fruit in the state of Minas Gerais attacking leaves, fruits and branches. Pest attacks have been widely reported throughout the orchard.

Responses of sour passion fruit (<i>Passiflora edulis</i> Sims) seeds from the third recurrent selection cycle during storage

Conflicting responses have been found for the period of conservation of passion fruit seeds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the response of the seeds of passion fruit progenies to a 24-month storage period. The sour passion fruit progenies from the third cycle of Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF intrapopulation recurrent selection program were grown in Itaocara- RJ and the progenies seeds were evaluated for: germination potential, germination first count, accelerated aging, first count of accelerated aging test, seedling and radicle size and germination speed index. The germination and vigor of the seeds of the full-sib progenies were assessed by analysis of variance and factorial arrangement with 3 progenies and 7 periods of storage and the averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Progenies 1 and 2 responded better to germination (92% for both progeny) and vigor test of accelerated aging (92% for both progeny), rootlet size (6.4 and 5.8 cm, respectively) and germination speed index (2.91 and 2.85, respectively) during storage. Variations were observed during the storage period in mean of progenies for germination (81-93%) and vigor for all traits, except accelerated aging (84-91%). At eight months of storage, the seeds presented increased vigor; at 16 months, they showed reduced vigor. The passion fruit seeds of the progenies under analysis can be stored for up to 24 months with high and uniform germination rate and no loss in vigor. The seeds from the passion fruit breeding program showed increases in the variables of germination and vigor during the selection process for fruit production variables, proving the efficiency of the breeding program.

Standard area diagram set for scab quantification in trilobed leaves of the sour passion fruit

ABSTRACT: The study aimed to develop and validate a standard area diagram set (SADs) to improve accuracy, precision, and reproducibility in the assessment of scab severity in trilobed leaves of the sour passion fruit. The SADs comprised six severity levels (1%; 3%; 6%; 11%; 21%; and 33%). The SADs increased the accuracy of the estimates by reducing the constant and systematic errors, and the tendency to overestimate the actual severity, limited the number of evaluators who presented this trend, in addition to increasing the bias correction factor. The inexperienced evaluators were the ones that benefited the most from the SADs use. Once the SADs was introduced, 80% and 100% evaluators gave estimates free from constant and systematic errors, respectively. The improvement in precision was verified by the increase in the coefficient of determination and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, by reducing absolute errors and increasing the reproducibility of the estimates.

Evidence of maternal effect on germination and vigor of sour passion fruit

Abstract The seminiferous propagation of Sour Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is the main kind of multiplication due to the ease formation of seedlings. However, the reduced number of productive and homogeneous cultivars reflects the need for genetic breeding. The objective of this study was to assess the maternal and reciprocal effects in vigor and germination of Sour Passion Fruit seeds. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in the factorial scheme, with two structure (hybrid and reciprocal) and ten crosses with four replicates (50 seeds) in trays containing inert sand in germination chamber. Before sowing, it was obtained the weight of 100 seeds, and at 28 days germination percentage, emergence speed index, total seedlings length, shoot length and main root length, number of normal seedlings and dry mass per seedlings were evaluated. The reciprocal effects tell us which genotype is most promising when used as the female or male parent for the trait studied. It can be inferred that there is maternal effect influencing the weight of 100 seeds, emergence, emergence speed index and the number of normal seedlings. There was influence of the parent on the expression of traits in seeds of Sour Passion Fruit. It is important to define the paternal and maternal parent to obtain seeds with high germination potential.

STINK BUG POPULATION FLUCTUATION AND CONTROL IN SOUR PASSION FRUIT ORCHARDS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

ABSTRACT Sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims, 1818) crops in Brazil are drawing attention due to the national production, and the increasing consumption of this fruit as fresh and processed products. However, fruit losses due to damages caused by stink bugs (Hemiptera: Coreidae) are concerning to fruit growers in southern Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population fluctuation and control of stink bugs in P. edulis crops grown in the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 crop seasons in Araquari, SC, Brazil, using natural and synthetic insecticides. The stink bug population was evaluated using the 0.25 m2 frame technique. The evaluations were carried out weekly during the two crop seasons. The species and distribution of stink bugs in the different parts of the plant were evaluated. The insecticides and rates used were: Neenmax (azadirachtin 1.0%) at 10 mL L-1; Orobor N1 (N-citric acid 1.0% + 0.20% B) at 2 mL L-1; and Decis 25 EC (deltamethrin 2.5%) at 1 mL L-1, diluted in aqueous solution. Specimens of three stink bug species where found: 86% Diactor bilineatus (Hemiptera: Coreidae); 13.5% Holhymenia histrio (Hemiptera: Coreidae), and 0.5% Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The D. bilineatus species presented higher frequency, constancy, and dominance during the evaluated crop seasons; 64% of the stink bugs were found on fruits, 18.5% on leaves, 7.3% on floral buds, 5.8% on flowers, and 4.4% on branches. The use of azadirachtin or deltamethrin was efficient to reduce the stink bug infestation and the number of P. edulis withered fruits.

Standard Area Diagram Set for Scab Evaluation in Fruits of sour Passion Fruit

Scab (Cladosporium spp.) significantly comprises the commercial acceptance of sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) because of the deformed and atrophied fruit appearance resulting from the development of the lesions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elaborate and validate a standard area diagram set (SADs) for the severity evaluation of scab in fruits of sour passion fruit. The SADs comprised eight severity levels (0.6; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 37; and 46%) and was validated by 20 raters (G1 and G3, inexperienced; G2 and G4, experienced). Initially, all raters performed a non-aided SADs evaluation of the scab severity. Afterward, G1 and G2 completed the second evaluation without the proposed SADs, whereas G3 and G4 performed a SADs-aided assessment of the disease severity. The accuracy and precision of the evaluations were determined by simple linear regression and by the Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient. Constant and systematic errors decreased with the use of the SADs, demonstrating an approximation between the estimated and the actual values. Precision increased with an increase in the coefficient of determination. Also, the absolute error reduced by 66% (G3) and 47% (G4). Therefore, 94.4% (G3) and 98.8% (G4) of the estimates had up to ±10% of errors, which corresponds to a 20.4% (G3) and 5.6% (G4) increment in the estimates with errors within this variation range. As a result, accuracy and precision were higher in the SADs-aided groups. Inexperienced raters were the most benefited by the use of the SADs. The accuracy and precision of the non-aided groups had a slight or no increase when compared with the SADs-aided groups.

‘SCS437 Catarina’: Maracujá-azedo de alta qualidade para o mercado de mesa

Abstract - The ‘SCS437 Catarina’ sour passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis Sims.) is the result of more than twenty cycles of breeding and population maintenance done by researchers of Epagri – Experimental Station of Urussanga, in partnership with agricultural extension agents and passion fruit producers, in the south coast of the Santa Catarina State – Brazil. The cultivar is highly adapted to the Santa Catarina coastline region and can be cultivated in southern Brazil, in areas with low risk of frosts. The average productivity of the orchards of this cultivar in the South of Santa Catarina is 24 t ha -1 . The fruits are large and oval and have yellow peel and orange flesh coloration. They are destined to the fresh fruit consumption and presents high quality and acceptance in the Brazilian market.

Ecological Survey of Pests and Natural Enemies in the Sour Passion Fruit Progenies

Aims: This experiment was to identify the major pests, natural enemies and verify the regarding the incidence of insect pests of progenies of Passiflora edulis to pests.
 Study Design: Experimental design was completely randomized blocks with twenty-three progenies and three replicates with four plants per plot.
 Place and Duration of Study: Experimental evaluations of the Federal University of Viçosa/Rio Paranaíba University Campus, Rio Paranaíba county, Minas Gerais, Brazil from May to September 2011.
 Methodology: The population fluctuation of insects, for characterization of their occurrence and identification of progenies with respect to their degree of resistance.
 Results: Among the monitored pests stood out, A. vanillae vanillae, D. juno juno e Dasiops sp. The correlation between the amount of Dione juno juno and the attacked leaf had a higher magnitude of occurrence in relation Agraulis vanillae vanillae.
 Conclusion: It was found that there were no differences between the sour passion fruit progenies and resistance to pests, and to verify that ants are important predators of pests of sour passion fruit.

Métodos de seleção de plantas de maracujazeiro-azedo para a produção de sementes

Abstract – The loss of characteristics of agronomic importance for sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.), for being self-incompatible allogamous, can occur in few years if the selection method of the fruits to obtain seeds is not performed in the correct way. This study shows selection methodologies for the conservation of the local genotypes, aiming at maintaining and increasing the allele frequency of the characteristics of economic interest of the cultivars, and the production of high-quality sour passion fruit in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Produção de mudas de maracujazeiro-azedo em ambiente protegido: dimensionamento e manejo do ambiente de produção

A produção de mudas de maracujazeiro-azedo em ambiente protegido é uma tecnologia diferenciada, que qualifica o setor produtivo a reduzir ou até eliminar o risco de disseminação de doenças e pragas através das mudas. Também proporciona a obtenção de mudas avançadas (maiores que 80cm de altura), que possibilitam antecipação de colheita e maior produtividade em áreas de ocorrência endêmica da virose do endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro, principal doença dessa cultura. Termos para indexação: Passiflora edulis; virose do endurecimento dos frutos; mudas sadias.

Genetic Variability of Passion Fruit Multispecific Hybrids and Their Respective Wild Parents Determined by Microsatellite Markers

The Passiflora genus comprises more than 500 species that are used for food, industrial, ornamental, and pharmaceutical purposes. The sour passion fruit (P. edulis Sims) has low genetic variability for disease resistance, and the use of wild species in the cross-breeding basis is a promising alternative for introgression of resistance genes. The objective of this study was to characterize multispecific hybrids and wild materials with potential to be used as parents in passion fruit genetic breeding programs, using microsatellite markers. Genomic DNA from 33 accessions was extracted and analyzed using 23 microsatellite markers, which were used to estimate the genetic dissimilarities among accessions. The genetic dissimilarity matrices were used to perform clustering analysis by dendrogram using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method as grouping criterion and by graphic dispersion based on multidimensional scale, using the principal coordinates method. Genetic distances between accessions ranged from 0.067 to 1.00. The markers indicated genetic variability among the studied accessions and also the efficiency of the recurrent genome recovery within the backcross program. The genetic structure among the accessions shows the clustering tendency between the wild accessions of P. hatschbachii and P. quadrifaria and the accessions obtained by crossing these species. The same occurred for P. incarnata and P. edulis accessions. The knowledge generated by the molecular characterization provides information on the diversity of accessions and contributes to the work of breeders in the selection of parents.

BREEDING PASSION FRUIT POPULATIONS - REVIEW AND PERSPECTIVES

Passion fruit tree belongs to the family Passifloraceae. The genus Passiflora is considered of great economic value, and the main species cultivated is Passiflora edulis Sims. Brazil is the largest world producer of passion fruit, with annual production of around 823 thousand tons. In order to meet the demand for fruits from both domestic and international markets, as well as from the fresh consumption market and industry, the genetic breeding of this species has proved to be the major connection between farmers and the consumer market. Therefore, the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro has been developing a passion fruit breeding program since 2002 and has recently launched a new variety – UENF Rio Dourado – which is already available to farmers. Aiming to overcome all obstacles for cultivation, the passion fruit genetic breeding program carried out by the UENF seeks to obtain the genetic progress of the crop and provide new cultivars even more productive and more resistant to the main pathogens of this species. Thus, this work aims to carry out a survey on the breeding of the crop and report future prospects made possible by the introduction of new techniques into the sour passion fruit breeding program.

Standard area diagram set for quantification of septoriosis in fruit of sour passion fruit

Standard area diagram set for quantification of septoriosis in fruit of sour passion fruit

Standard Area Diagram Set for Bacterial Spot Quantification in Entire-Margined Leaves of Sour Passion Fruit

This study developed and validated a standard area diagram set (SADs) to aid in the estimation of bacterial spot (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae) severity in entire-margined leaves of sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims). The SADs consisted of eight severity levels (3; 6; 12; 25; 50; 77, and 88%). For its validation, 20 raters, who initially estimated the disease severity without the aid of the SADs, were divided into groups (G1 and G3, inexperienced; G2 and G4, experienced). Subsequently, G1 and G2 performed the second evaluation without the SADs, and G3 and G4 completed the second evaluation using the proposed SADs. The accuracy and precision of the assessments were determined by simple linear regression and by the Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient. The increase in accuracy was confirmed by the 80% constant error-free estimates (G3 and G4) and 100% (G3) and 80% (G4) systematic error-free estimates when the SADs was used. Precision increased with the increase in the coefficient of determination, the reduction in absolute errors, and the increase in the reproducibility of the estimates between pairs of raters. Inexperienced raters benefited the most from the use of the SADs. The increase in the accuracy and precision in the non-aided groups, when present, was less pronounced than those increments observed in the SADs-aided groups. The Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient confirmed the increased accuracy and precision detected by the linear regression analysis and indicated increased agreement between the estimated and actual values of disease severity in the SADs-aided groups.

Molecular and Aggressiveness Characterization of Isolates of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. passiflorae Associated to Passion Fruit Wilting

This work was carried out with the objective of performing a molecular and aggressiveness characterization of F. solani and F. oxysporum f.sp. passiflorae collected in the Pantanal, Cerrado and Amazon biomes. We selected the most aggressive isolates for use in breeding programs aiming resistance to Collar Rot and Fusariosis. For inoculation of the isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. passiflorae the washed root method was used. The molecular characterization of the isolates was carried out by partial sequencing of the Transcribed Internal Spacer of the rDNA region. The isolates of F. solani formed two distinct groups in relation to aggressiveness. Among all isolates, FSUNEMAT 40 and FSUNEMAT 46 were the most aggressive. The model with K=2 was taken as the best model to explain the genetic structure of the F. solani populations, with clear combinations of genes from both gene pools. There were three groups with respect to the aggressiveness of the isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. passiflorae, with the isolated FOUNEMAT 22 being the most aggressive. In view of these results, the isolates of F. solani collected in P. edulis in the state of Mato Grosso presented a high molecular variability independent from the biome of origin, and this was also observed in the tests of aggressiveness. The results indicate the need to consider the molecular variability and the aggressiveness of the pathogens in the evaluation of genotypes of sour passion fruit in programs of selection of resistant cultivars.

Estimates of Genetic Parameters and Selection Strategies in F1 Progenies Obtained from Endogamic Lines of Sour Passion Fruit

Estimates of Genetic Parameters and Selection Strategies in F1 Progenies Obtained from Endogamic Lines of Sour Passion Fruit

Sour passion fruit hybrids with a low photoperiod and temperature requirement for genetic improvement in higher-latitude regions

Sour Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) breeding programs search for genotypes with photoperiod insensitivity that can develop cultivars better adapted for higher-latitude regions by increasing the harvest period. This work aimed to characterize flowering and fruiting in sour passion fruit hybrids based on low photoperiod and temperature requirements. The hybrids were obtained by crossing plants with normal photoperiod and temperature requirements and inbred lines with a low photoperiod and temperature requirement. The hybrid plants and cultivars were evaluated on a weekly basis by counting the flowers and fruits on each plant. The collected data were then examined via descriptive statistical analysis. Hybrid plants showed flowers throughout the experimental period during the winter season, from May to August, with reduced photoperiods and temperatures. Nonetheless, the sour passion fruit cultivars had indiscernible flowering and fruiting traits during this winter period. This study identified sour passion fruit hybrids that produced flowers and fruits under low photoperiod and temperature conditions.

Number of carpels in the pollination efficiency of sour passion fruit

Abstract Passion fruit flowers usually have three carpels, but there are individuals with greater amount of carpels in their reproductive structures and little is known about the influence of this characteristic on this crop. Sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims, ‘BRS Sol do Cerrado’ cultivar) plants presenting flowers with three, four and five carpels were evaluated regarding the following characteristics: manual and natural pollination efficiency; frequency of different types of flowers in the orchard; and inclination of styles. Frequencies of flowers with three, four and five carpels were also evaluated in ‘BRS Sol do Cerrado’ genitors. There were no statistically significant differences in pollination efficiency among the different types of flowers, which presented averages above 90%, especially flowers with five carpels, with 100% efficiency. Flowers with three carpels are predominant in ‘BRS Sol do Cerrado’ cultivar, representing 88.93%, but flowers with four and five carpels did not show styles without inclination, whereas flowers with three carpels presented rate of 11.83%. Only the male genitor stands out for the rate of flowers with four and five carpels, being 37.33% and 7.33%, respectively. Thus, flowers with four and five carpels represent important characteristics for passion fruit breeding programs.

SBSE(EG-Silicone)-UFLC-MS/MS and HPLC-Flu Analysis of Norharman in Passiflora edulis Rinds

Previous studies on Passiflora edulis (sour passion fruit) rinds reported some biological activities and there is a growing interest on rinds flour as a possible functional food, but its alkaloid composition was not detailed investigated. This work reports on for the first time in the literature the identification of norharman in P. edulis rinds, by using stir bar sorptive extraction combined with ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry [SBSE(EG-Silicone)-UFLC-MS/MS)]. This β-carboline alkaloid is suspected to be neurotoxic. Therefore, another purpose of this study was to develop methods of targeted quantification of norharman in P. edulis rinds extracts using polydimethylsiloxane as stationary phase (SBSE(PDMS)) and a copolymer of polydimethylsiloxane and polyethylene glycol as stationary phase (SBSE(EG-Silicone)) combined with high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-Flu) and ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS). Norharman extraction by SBSE(PDMS) and SBSE(EG-Silicone) was optimized and compared, and the analytical performance of SBSE(EG-Silicone) method was superior to that of SBSE(PDMS). The analysis of a sample of dried P. edulis rind indicated (332.16 ± 8.43) pg g-1 of norharman.

Genetic Diversity of Sour Passion Fruit Revealed by Predicted Genetic Values

Core Ideas The sporophytic homomorphic self‐incompatibility system advanced the greatest diversity within populations. The phenotypic correlation network facilitates rapid observation of the relationships among groups of variables related to vegetative vigor, incidence of leaf diseases, and physicochemical properties of passion fruit. The correlation networks associated with the relative contribution of the variable can help in the selection of important variables. Sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is a highly suitable crop for small farmers because of its high market value and short time to maturity. However, passion fruit breeding programs need to provide cultivars to producers with quality, disease resistance, and production improvements. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity among and within improved populations of sour passion fruit (SPF) using predicted genetic values, select the most divergent accessions, and evaluate the relationships among groups of traits of vegetative vigor, incidence of leaf diseases, and physicochemical properties of fruits. Twenty‐three genotypes were selected and divided into five populations with variable numbers of accessions. Phenotypic data were transformed into genotypic values using mixed model restricted maximum likelihood‐best linear unbiased prediction. We tested the hypothesis that there is differentiation among populations and between their components and the accessions. Graphic dispersion of the genotypes around the centroids of five populations was performed. The Tocher method was used to group the accessions. The relative importance of the variables and correlation networks was evaluated. Populations showed genetic variability; the hybrid combinations involving the population I accessions 1 (B1 29 PL1), 2 (B1 41 PL3), 4 (B2 9 PL 3), 5 (B2 37 PL3), 10 (G1 B1 9), and 19 (BRS GA1) can be exploited in breeding programs to improve the quality of SPF. The correlation network facilitates the observation of the relationships among groups of traits and helps in the selection of variables when associated with the relative contribution.