Sour Cherry Varieties Research Articles

Pollen morphology reveals genetic diversity between some superior sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) genotypes; an opportunity for expanding breeding possibilities

AbstractPreservation of the genetic diversity of sour cherry in Iran is imperative for the development of improved cultivars tailored to specific ecological conditions. Addressing gaps in research concerning ecological adaptation, resource management and international collaboration related to sour cherry genetic resources in Iran is essential. Bridging these research lacunae can facilitate the implementation of sustainable cultivation practices, optimize production systems and enhance the global utilization of sour cherry genetic diversity. A comprehensive analysis of the morphology and ultrastructure of pollen grains from ten native sour cherry genotypes in Iran was conducted over a two-year period using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The examination revealed that all pollen grains were unipolar, radially symmetrical and tricolpate. The length and width of pollen grains varied among genotypes, with lengths ranging from 42.17 to 57.57 μm and widths from 20.28 to 28.13 μm. Furthermore, all genotypes exhibited prolate pollen grains, with differing colpus lengths. Examination of pollen exine revealed striate shapes with varying numbers of ridges, ranging from 18.5 to 8.5 furrows per 50 m2. The horizontal area of pollen grains varied from 333.28 to 1491.69 μm. Polar perspective analysis showed considerable variation in the distance between mesocolpium endpoints. Sour cherry displays significant genetic diversity in Iran, and the application of SEM has proven instrumental in characterizing this diversity. This understanding will aid in further breeding research aimed at enhancing sour cherry varieties and their adaptation to specific ecological conditions.

A new variety of sour cherry Shelangovskaya

The purpose of the research is the biological and economic evaluation of a new variety of sour cherry Shelangovskaya in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. Winter hardiness, productivity, the susceptibility of sour cherry varieties to coccomycosis, moniliosis, damage by aphids, and economic efficiency were evaluated according to the methodology of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. A comparative assessment of the biological and economic characteristics of the sour cherry varieties Krasa Tataria and Shelangovskaya showed that the new sour cherry variety surpasses the standard variety in productivity (8 kg), yield (5 t/ha), resistance to coccomycosis (1.9 points), moniliosis (1.5 points), flowering strength (4.6 points), self-fertility (24 %), fruit taste (4.2 points), profit from 1 ha of the garden (26.0 thousand rubles) and the level of profitability (13.1 %).

The behavior of some sour cherry varieties in the southern part of the country

The sour cherry species is of great economic importance due to the quality of the fruits together with the agrobiological particularities of the trees to capitalize on a great diversity of pedoclimatic conditions from the plains to the hills. A major contribution is made by the adaptability of varieties to specific growing conditions. The varieties Vrâncean and Crișana 2 showed very well developed roots at a depth of 40 cm, the roots absorbing soil fertilizers better, an aspect that helps the growth and development of the trees. We found a higher percentage of roots in Mocănești varieties 16 - 24.8%, Schattenmorelle - 22.5% and Vrâncean - 21.8%. The Rival variety stands out with a slightly shallower root system, however, the rooting depth as well as the way of branching is a genetic characteristic. The study of the root system of trees brings great support in solving some theoretical and practical problems.

Comprehensive evaluation of introduced cherry varieties cultivated in the submontane province of Dagestan

The study was conducted from 2019 to 2022 with sour cherry varieties cultivated in the conditions of the mountainous province of Dagestan. The research objects were 13 introduced acidic cherry varieties of different ecological and geographical origins. Productivity and assessing the fruit quality parameters were studied using standard methods of variety research and biochemical analysis. It was determined that the varieties Shaten Morel, Heyman Konservn, Vladimirskaia, and Basler Adler are characterised by the highest content of soluble dry matter (14.66–16.21%) and sugars (10.15–11.30%) in the fruits. The varieties Krasa Severa, Basler Adler, Shaten Morel, and Liubskaia proved to be the most valuable in terms of the mass concentration of vitamin C (8.95–10.43 mg%). Liubskaia, Shaten Morel, and Padus Maaki had a higher acid content than the reference variety Podbelskaia (1.24%). Varieties Krasa Severa, Chudo-vishnia, Heyman Konservn, and Basler Adler exhibited large fruit sizes (4.8–6.9 g). The sensory evaluation of the fruits was high (within the range of 4.8–5.0 points on a five-point scale) for the varieties Chudo-vishnia, Heyman Konservn, and Basler Adler. These same varieties demonstrated consistently high yields (5.21–7.66 t/ha) over the years of the study. The results of the comprehensive analysis of the cherry assortment allowed the identification of varieties that are most promising for cultivation on an industrial scale in the territory of Dagestan and use in breeding – Chudo-vishnia, Heyman Konservn, Basler Adler, Krasa Severa, and Shaten Morel.

COMPARISON OF THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FRUIT DRYING METHODS ON THE CONTENT OF SELECTED BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES

The aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of hot air and infrared drying on the content of total polyphenols and anthocyanin dyes in selected types of small fruits. In the work we used chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa Michx.) variety Nero, elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) variety Haschberg, sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) variety Fanal, red currant (Ribes rubrum L.) variety Lake, black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) variety Triton, cherry elaeagnus (Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) variety Heritage and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) variety Bluecrop. Drying was performed in a Concept S1060 hot air dryer and a Yden CI IR D5 infrared dryer. The analysis of the content of anthocyanin dyes was performed by the pH differential method, the determination of the total content of polyphenols was performed by the Folin - Ciocalteu method. By analyzing fresh fruits, we found the highest content of anthocyanin dyes in the fruits of chokeberry (3036.97 mg.100 g-1 DM) and the lowest in the fruits of cherry elaeagnus (83.86 mg.100 g-1 DM). The total polyphenol content ranged from 726.07 mg GAE.100 g-1 dry matter (cherry elaeagnus) to 7895.61 mg GAE.100 g-1 DM (chokeberry). After drying in a hot air dryer, the content of anthocyanin dyes decreased by 62.20% (in elderberry) to 72.52% (in cherry elaeagnus) and the content of total polyphenols by 45.16% (in chokeberry) to 53.34% (in red currant). After drying in an infrared dryer, the decrease in the content of anthocyanin dyes was 50.41% (in elderberry) to 71.22% (in cherry elaeagnus) and total polyphenols 41.05% (in chokeberry) to 47.89% (in sour cherry).

The Effect of Low-Growing Rootstocks on the Adaptability and Productivity of Sour Cherry Varieties (Prunus cerasus L.) in Arid Conditions

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), having a rich composition of biologically active connections and antioxidants, is gaining increasing popularity among agricultural producers. Increasing the production of sour cherry fruits requires the introduction of modern technology, one of the elements of which is low-growing rootstocks. For many cultures, the use of low-growing rootstocks has been widely studied, but there is very little information on their use in cherry plantations. We studied new varieties and rootstocks of cherries in the conditions of the dry steppe zone, where this issue had not been studied before. Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) varieties—Toy, Memory of Zhukova, and Loznovskaya—are the most adapted to the conditions in which the experiments were conducted. Russian breeding forms (Krymsk, Krasnodar region), which were taken as rootstocks, are widely used for sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.), but are practically never used for sour cherries (Prunus cerasus L.). The influence of rootstocks on such parameters as drought resistance, heat resistance, winter hardiness, and productivity was studied in variety–rootstock combinations. The study showed that they had the greatest drought resistance, and accordingly affected the grafted variety with rootstock, in the pedigree of which there are wild species. These rootstocks were of the VSL and RVL series. The study of the productivity of variety–rootstock combinations showed that in the grafted varieties the most rapid entry into the fruiting season and the greatest increase in the yield was facilitated by the rootstock forms of VSL-1 and VSL-2 (K5) which made it possible to obtain a yield of 5.8–8.1 kg/tree, depending on the variety grafted onto them. However, it is necessary to continue the research that has been started in order to fully determine the possible qualitative and quantitative parameters of the studied variety–rootstock combinations and to identify the most promising ones for further introduction into industrial production. This work was carried out within the framework of the topic of the state task of the Scientific Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences No. 0713-2019-0009: “Theoretical foundations, creation of new competitive biotypes of agricultural crops with high productivity, quality, sustainability and varietal technologies based on the latest methods and technological solutions in a changing climate, including seed breeding and nursery breeding”.

Winter resistance of sour cherry and sweet cherry flower buds in extreme winter 2009-2010 and 2020-2021

This article is devoted to the problem of field winter hardiness of sour cherry and sweet cherry flower buds as the main element of winter hardiness of fruit plants in the Oryol region. The issue is considered from the point of view of winter hardiness in extremely cold winters of 2009-2010. and 2020-2021, which allow you to more accurately determine the level of winter hardiness of each individual variety, which is rarely possible in mild comfortable winters. More than 30 varieties of sour cherries and sweet cherries from the gene pool of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding were taken as objects of study. In both cultures, a number of varieties with high winter hardiness of flower buds were identified – sour cherry varieties Griot Ostgeimsky, Volochaevka, Otrada, Shokoladnitsa, Otrada, Uifekhertoy Furtosh and sweet cherry varieties – Zarya Vostoka and Orlovskaya Yantarnaya.

Quality Characteristics and Inhibitory Xanthine Oxidase Potential of 21 Sour Cherry (Prunus Cerasus L.) Varieties Cultivated in China.

This study aims to analyze the physicochemical characteristics and activities of 21 sour cherry cultivars in China. The evaluated accessions differ in several quality traits including weight, moisture, color, total soluble solids, and total acids. Glucose and malic acid were the predominant individual sugar and organic acid in all accessions. The potassium (K) and iron (Fe) were of the highest contents in Érid jubileum (453.887 mg/100 g FW) and Meili (2.988 mg/100 g FW), respectively. The contents of total phenolics (TP) were from 9.309 to 24.118 mg GAE/g DW, and total flavonoids (TF) were 8.935–27.198 mg RE/g DW, which were highly positively correlated (r = 0.892, p < 0.001). M-15, Érdi fubileum, and Érid jubileum showed the highest inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase, and the IC50 inhibitory were 2.619, 3.117, and 3.940 mg/ml, respectively. This work evaluated the quality and nutritional characteristics of 21 sour cherry cultivars grown in China and explored their potential as an innovative food ingredient for hyperuricemia by evaluating the inhibitory effects of xanthine oxidase. And these results provide valuable data and new ideas for the future sour cherry breeding program as well as a processing guide.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF POLLEN FERTILITY OF SOME CHERRY FORMS BREEDING OF THE RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FRUIT CROP BREEDING

Fertility of pollen grains is their ability to induce full fertilization. This parameter is one of the most important in the selection of pairs when crossing all fruit crops, including sour cherry. The determination of this parameter in selected and elite forms of sour cherry is an urgent direction in breeding. The purpose of these studies was to determine the fertility of pollen in four selected and elite forms of sour cherry breeding in the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crops Breeding (RRIFCB). The studies were conducted at the laboratory of cytoembryology over 2 years, from 2019 to 2020, and their results are preliminary. As objects of research, 4 selected and elite forms of sour cherry, with high taste and marketability, were taken. The sour cherry variety Turgenevka, obtained at RRIFCB, was chosen as a control. The collection of pollen from cherry forms to determine fertility was carried out during the period of mass flowering of trees in the first ten days of May. The anthers removed from the flowers were dried at room temperature, opened, and the spilled pollen was poured into parchment paper bags and stored in a desiccator over calcium chloride. Fertility was determined by the method of pollen staining with acetocarmine. According to the research results, it was established that, on average, over 2 years of research, cherry accessions 84847, 84854, 84735 stand out for a high degree of pollen fertility (more than 58.64 % in almost all forms), which makes it possible to recommend them for use in crosses to obtain new hybrids . The highest degree of fertility was observed in pollen of the control variety Turgenevka — it was 76.80 % on average over two years. The lowest fertility was observed in the sour cherry form 84595. In this case, it was only 29.61 %.

Identification of Sakura interspecific hybrids in Prunus collections

The use of IRAP and ISSR markers for the genetic analysis of Cerasus and Padus samples from the NCFRCHVW collection made it possible to establish the collection genetic structure and identify interspecific hybrids of cherry trees. Clustering of genotyped samples revealed 4 main clusters: 1) Bird cherry; 2) Cherries; 3) Interspecific hybrids of sakura; 4) Sakura. Most of the hybrid forms of sakura and cherries have formed a separate group, which is different from both sour and sweet cherry varieties, and from the classic sakura varieties. Also, some samples were identified that were assigned to groups that were not typical for them. These samples include the genotype of the Sibirskaya krasavitsa bird cherry, AI72 rootstock, Podbelskaya cherry, Polskaya sakura and ornamental cherry Rexii. In general, ISSR and IRAP markers have demonstrated their effectiveness as tools for genetic analysis of Prunus collections and identification of genotypes arising in the course of interspecific hybridization.

The results of the study in the conditions of the Orel region of sour cherry varieties of breeding of the Tatar research institute of agriculture

The article presents the results of a long-term study in the conditions of the Orel region of seven varieties of sour cherry, bred in diff erent years in the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture: Naumovskaya, Zarya Tatarii, Pamyat Sakharova, Truzhenitsa Tatarii, Tveritinovskaya, Shakirovskaya and Sevastyanovskaya. The varieties were graft ed in stone fruit stands of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crops Breeding (RRIFCB, Orel) in 2009. The study was conducted in order to determine the suitability of growing of indicated varieties in the conditions of the Orel region and the possibility of its recommending as sources of economically valuable traits for breeding. The RRIFCB Businka variety was used as a control accession. The study was started in 2010 and lasted until 2018 inclusive. According to the results of research, it was found that all the studied varieties in general correspond to the natural conditions of the Oryol region and can be successfully cultivated in this region. Individual varieties were positively distinguished by a number of parameters. The varieties Pamyat Sakharova and Naumovskaya had the highest fl owering among all the studied accessions. The maximum general degree of fl owering and fruiting stood out for the Truzhenitsa Tatarii variety. Among the studied accessions, all showed a high degree of resistance to the main fungal diseases of this zone – coccomycosis and moniliosis – and did not show a lesion stronger than 2.0 points. Winter hardiness was also relatively high among all the studied accessions, but the varieties Tveritinovskaya, Pamyat Sakharova, and the control variety Businka showed themselves best on this trait. Varieties Sevastyanovskaya and Pamyat Sakharova showed the highest degree of general condition. The variety Pamyat Sakharova, which showed the most positive results in the majority of the studied parameters, can be recommended for cultivation in the production conditions of the Orel region and for further breeding research on sour cherry.

Effect of the timing of embryo isolation on the output of seedlings of sour cherry varieties when cultivated &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;

The breeders are faced with the task of the fastest breeding of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L) varieties, which will be able to fill a niche among the insurance stone fruit crops, complementing the existing assortment. It is practically impossible to speed up this process without the use of in vitro culture. In this regard, the purpose of the present study was to identify the most favorable timing for isolating embryos of sour cherry varieties and hybrids with sweet cherry for embryos active development and growth in vitro. Analysis of the literature data and the results obtained in this study allows a conclusion that the timing of embryos isolation for their introduction into in vitro culture plays a very important role for the entire breeding process. Due to the discrepancy in defining the timing, a certain starting point is proposed, which is the date of fertilization (artificial pollination), or mass flowering in the case of free pollination. The parameters (height and width) of sour cherry seeds, which depend on the period of pollination, are given. Together with the cotyledons, the embryos of sour cherry varieties on the 14th day of their development correspond to sizes from 1.2 × 0.4 mm to 1.6 × 1.0 mm and, in the case of normal fertilization, increase in size from 6 .5 × 5.1 mm to 7.2 × 6.3 mm by day 28-30, on an average. At the same time, the seed with the embryo of hybrid sour cherry varieties (dukes) reaches higher values, e.g., 11.3 × 8.1 mm. When introducing cherry embryos into culture, one should focus on their size, as well as on the period that has passed from pollination. It was found that the periods of isolation, both early on day 14-19 and late on day 44-52, negatively affect the development of embryos: they stop their development, and the number of the obtained seedlings decreases. It has been experimentally proven that the most optimal timing of fruit picking for growing cherry hybrids in vitro is the period from day 28 to 32 after pollination of flowers: active development was observed in them on days 10-15 in test tubes, and most of them (83-85%) began to germinate 40 days later (on day 39-47 after the introduction into in vitro culture). In general, this leads to the efficient hybridization and accelerated obtaining of seedlings in the same year.

Formation of technological and commodity qualities of sour cherry fruits in the conditions of the South of Russia

There are presented the results of comparative evaluation of sour cherry varieties of different ecological-geographical and genetic origin on the main biochemical parameters of fruits, condioning the taste of the fruit: dry substances, sugars, vitamins, anthocyanins. It was revealed the dynamics of content of biochemical parameters in fresh fruits depending on weather conditions of year, stresses of various type and biological peculiarities of cherry varieties. According to the obtained data in the conditions of southern horticulture (the Kuban zone of fruit growing of Krasnodar Territory) in the fruits of sour cherry varieties on average 14.5-17.0 % of dry substances, 6.4-8.4 % of sugars, 7.0-8.0 mg/100 g of vitamin C, 117.5-160.1 mg/100 g of substances with P-vitamin activity, 207.8-275.3 mg/100 g of anthocyanins accumulate. It was determined that fruits of sour cherry-sweet cherry hybrids and varieties of local breeding are characterized by higher content of biochemical parameters. It was established that the influence of a number of stresses – high positive temperatures, long periods of drought, surplus of rainfall during the period of fruits formation – causes an increase or decrease in content of some biochemical parameters, a decrease in weight, and deterioration in taste. It was determined that domestic varieties Kazachka, Kirina, Shalun`ya and Igrushka are distinguished by a high content of soluble solids (16.0-17.9 %) and carbohydrates (8.4-9.1 %). Cherry varieties Vstrecha, Alexa and Nord Star are characterized by an increased vitamin C content (8.3-9.7 mg/100); cherry varieties Kirina, Kazachka, Nefris, Vstrecha and the Shalun`ya – by a high content of anthocyans (247,0-333,8 mg/100) and P–vitamin activity (187.0-201.0 mg/100); varieties Alexa, Kirina, Shalun`ya and Igrushka are characterized by relatively large fruits (5.5-6.5 g). According to the optimal and harmonious combination of biochemical parameters, high taste (tasting score 4.6-4.8 points) and to the commodity qualities of fruits, sour cherry varieties Kirina, Alexa, Shalun`ya and Igrushka were recommended for laying raw plantings and production of fresh fruits and various types of processing in the conditions of southern horticulture.

WILD SOUR CHERRY SPECIES OF THE CAUCASUS, CENTRAL ASIA AND THE FAR EAST AND THEIR USE IN BREEDING

Expedition activities of VIR and its experiment stations greatly broadened the collected diversity of stone fruits with valuable plant material that can be used in breeding. Wild sour cherries from the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Far East introduced in the 1970–80s had a range of such important traits as immunity to fungal diseases, winter hardiness, drought resistance, restrained growth, vegetative reproduction ability, and were later used by Russian breeders for the development of new varieties and clonal rootstocks for growing cherries in various ecological and geographical areas of the country. The study of sour cherry samples collected in vivo helped in some cases to clarify some questions related to the range of polymorphism, taxonomic discrepancies, and the number of sour cherry varieties ( Cerasus spp.) of Microcerasus prostrata (Labill.) Roem., Microcerasus incana (Pall.) Roem. and others. In general, this work contributed to the revision of the genus Cerasus Mill. by reducing the number of species in it, eliminating the extensive synonymy and the misidentified taxa. The breeding work aimed at creating new varieties and rootstocks for stone fruit crops is carried out in Russia at 4–5 institutions and employs wild species with important traits as source material. The future of effective breeding of resistant sour cherry varieties is impossible without the involvement of wild species with important breeding characteristics.

Study on the changes of sugar and acid in fermentation process of different varieties of cherry wine

This paper studied the changes of nutrients such as total sugars, total acids and pH values in the process of 7 sweet cherry and 5 sour cherry varieties. The results showed that the changed trends of total sugar contents of sour cherry varieties were basically the same. The sugar content decreases rapidly in the first 8 days of fermentation, and gradually stabilized in the later stage. The sugar content of “Meizao” and “Zaohongzhu” decreasesd rapidly, with a advantage of short brewing cycle compared with other sweet cherry varieties; While changing, the total acid content of sour cherry was significantly higher than that of sweet cherry, among which “Meizao” had the lowest acid content; The pH values of 12 kinds of cherries showed a tendency of decreasing in the early stage and increasing in the later stage. The pH value of “Meizao” was significantly higher than that of other cherry varieties during the brewing process, and the pH value of “Russian sour cherry” was the lowest. Although with different cherry varieties, the pH values in the brewing process were quite different, the final pH values were maintained between 3.6 and 4.5.

Полиморфизм микросателлитных локусов сортов вишни (Prunus cerasus L.) современной селекции Всероссийского селекционно-технологического института садоводства и питомниководства

Species of genus Prunus (peach, plum, apricot, cherry and almond) are of great economic importance. Peach ( P. persica ) is one of the most well studied representatives of the genus, for which a series of SSR-markers has been developed. These markers were subsequently successfully applied to study other Prunus species. Microsatellite markers have also been successfully used for certification and genetic diversity studies of the American tetraploid cherry collection, collections of cherry varieties from Latvia and Iran. However, it should be noted that there were practically no studies of the Russian sour cherry gene pool using modern molecular genetic approaches. Work on the phenotypic evaluation of sour cherry varieties bred in All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery is carried out for many years. As a result, for a number of varieties, obtaining identification passports using DNA markers became relevant. The aim of this work was the genetic diversity study of 10 sour cherry varieties bred in All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery and SSR genotyping on the basis of Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of Russian Academy of Sciences. Six SSR-markers were used for the analysis: UDP96-001 , UDP96-003 , UDP96-005 , UDP97-402 , UDP97-403 and UDP98-406 , for each of the markers stable, clearly reproducible results were obtained. As a result, 28 alleles were identified at six studied loci. The number of alleles per locus varied from 4 ( UDP96-001 , UDP96-003 , UDP97-403 ) to 6 ( UDP97-402 ), and on average was amounted to 4.7 alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) averaged 0,64. The selected markers proved to be quite effective for the study of the Russian sour cherry varieties genetic diversity. For each studied variety, a unique combination of alleles was detected that can be used to identify and certify these varieties. The results can also be used to preserve and maintain the genetic collection of sour cherry.

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ СОРТОВ И ГИБРИДОВ ВИШНИ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАТАРСТАН

The productivity of sour cherry varieties and hybrids in the Republic of Tatarstan was assessed. There is a strong variability in productivity among sour cherry varieties and hybrids. A weak positive correlation was found between productivity and hydrothermal coefficient over the summer period. The share of influence on the variability of the genotype productivity, the conditions of the year and the interaction of the genotype with the conditions of the year is determined. The most productive varieties and sour cherry hybrids are distinguished. In the gardening of Tatarstan it is recommended to use varieties of cherry Zarya Tatarii, Sakharov's memory, abundant and elite forms Amorel Tenkovskaya, Gilfanovskaya and Zonal; In the selection for productivity - varieties of Zarya Tatarii, Sakharov's Memory, Abundant and promising forms 21-20, Amorel Tenkovsky.

Personal subjectivity impact reduction in choice of sour cherry varieties for orchard establishment using fuzzy system

This paper analyzes the problem of multi-criteria decision making methods (MCDM) when selecting the optimal type of sour cherry for planting. Choice of varieties in agriculture is a very complex problem and is usually characterized by the interaction of a large number of factors, including often limited resources and uncertain information (price, time). In this context, mathematical models can represent valuable support for farmers when deciding on the choice of crops and plants for planting. An integrated MCDM method is presented, along with expert knowledge and Fuzzy Interference System (FIS) for sour cherry varieties choosing. The proposed approach assists decision makers in complex calculations and diminishes the impact of personal subjectivity and perception in order to define the overall evaluation. Data is incorporated in proposed fuzzy system and validated by a numerical example.

Anthocyanin composition, antioxidant efficiency, and α-amylase inhibitor activity of different Hungarian sour cherry varieties (Prunus cerasus L.)

Five Hungarian sour cherry cultivars were studied to determine their anthocyanin contents and their possible inhibitory properties. The water and methanol soluble antioxidant capacities were separately assessed by photoluminescence showing values ranged from 3.4μgmg−1 to 15.4μgmg−1, respectively. The “VN1” variety (selected from “Csengődi csokros”) showed the highest antioxidant capacity. The anthocyanin content, measured by pH differential method or isolated by solid phase extraction, was the highest also in “VN1”. Correlation was found between the anthocyanin content and the high antioxidant capacity. The main anthocyanin components were cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. The presence of malvidin-3,5-O-diglycoside was verified by MALDI-TOF MS. Sour cherry extracts and selected anthocyanins inhibited the human salivary alpha-amylase catalyzed hydrolysis competitively. The lowest IC50 value, 55μgmL−1 or 80μM, was measured for malvidin-3,5-O-diglycoside, for which possible binding modes within the alpha-amylase active site could be investigated in silico using molecular docking and molecular dynamics.

New wonder of an old hormone: Hungarian sour cherry varieties as natural melatonin sources

Agriculture has always been an important role in economy, food supplies, sustainability of society During our experimental work an effective extraction procedure has been developed for melatonin. Further chromatography was developed the quantitative and qualitative determination of melatonin. A compound that was equal to the standard was purified from the extract by preparative HPLC technique and the structure of the purified sample was confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS and NMR analysis. Based on our measurements, harvested in the state of biological maturity Hungarian sour cherry cultivars contain high levels of melatonin.&#x0D; Our results show that "VN4" variety has extremely high melatonin content, 9.893 ug g-1 and suggest that "VN4" which were selected from the "Bosnyák" varieties is melatonin accumulating. The average value of the melatonin content of Hungarian sour cherry cultivars is 2.319 ug g-1.