Soft Spring Wheat Research Articles

High-quality variety of soft spring wheat Omskaya 44 for the conditions of Western Siberia and Omsk region

In 2015-2018 in the conditions of the Omsk region, a comprehensive assessment of the promising breeding material of soft spring wheat was carried out. A mid-ripening variety of soft spring wheat Omskaya 44 with a complex of adaptivevaluable properties and traits for cultivation in the forest-steppe zone of the Omsk region has been prepared for the state variety testing. Variety Omskaya 44 created by the method of intraspecific hybridization and directional individual selection from the hybrid population Lutescens 248/97-11 x Omskaya 38 (k-65566, Russia) was sent for the State Variety Testing carried out in 9, 10 and 11 regions of the Russian Federation in 2019. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the results of various types of tests of a new variety of soft spring wheat Omskaya 44 in the conditions of the Omsk region. The variety is high-yielding, of mid-season type, the growing season is 88 days, the average yield over the years of research in competitive variety testing is 4.47 t/ha, which exceeds the standard variety Duet by 1.51 t/ha (LSD05 = 0.33 t/ha), the maximum yield is 5.69 t/ha. The results of the production test showed that when sowing fallow, in 2018-2021 the yield was 4.65 t/ha on the average, for the standard variety Duet - 3.02 t/ha (LSD05 = 0.29 t/ha), after cereals − 3.43 t/ha, for the standard variety − 2.67 t/ha (LSD05 = 0.27 t/ha). The new variety Omskaya 44 significantly exceeded the Duet standard and the best variety in the forest-steppe zone Omskaya 38 in terms of yield. The parameters of ecological plasticity of the new variety have been studied: linearity regression coefficient bi = 1.13, stability factor sd2 = 0.25. The basic components of commercial value of the new variety Omskaya 44 are high and stable yield, resistance to leaf diseases and the formation of high-quality grain at the level of strong wheat. In 2021 the variety Omskaya 44 was included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use in the forest-steppe zone of the Omsk region.

Применение кальций содержащих техногенных материалов глиноземного производства в качестве мелиорантов

For utilization of sintering furnace gas purification facilities dust, in addition to the closed dust-turnover scheme, it is proposed to partially withdraw it from the electrostatic precipitators and direct it for use in agriculture. The fields of electrostatic precipitators of alumina production furnaces contain various chemical compounds, therefore it is advisable to use the dust, selected from 1-3 fields of electrostatic precipitators of sintering furnaces, containing more than 30% calcium oxide, as fine powder as ameliorant for deoxidation of soils. The positive influence of introducing wastes of gas-cleaning facilities of sintering furnaces into acidic soil on the increase of morphometric indicators of plant development, germination energy, germination rate, mass of sprouts of test cultures (garden cress and soft spring wheat) has been shown. Experimental studies have shown that plants that were grown in the soil with the addition of this dust have a more developed root system and stronger shoots. Keywords: ECOLOGY, SPECKING STOVES, ELECTROPHILTER DUST, AGRICULTURE, MELIORANT, ACIDIC SOILS

Spectral characteristics of leaves diffuse reflection in conditions of soil drought: a study of soft spring wheat cultivars of different drought resistance

Quick and accurate nondestructive methods of water deficiency detection prior to the appearance of visible symptoms of plant deterioration as well as estimation of photosynthesis parameters are needed to effectively control conditions of plant growth, to manage crop productivity and to implement programs of "smart farming". The aim of our investigation was to analyse spectral characteristics of leaves diffuse reflection as evident in soft spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) of different drought resistance in optimal conditions and under the impact of soil drought; another objective was to determine the reflection indices that could serve as criteria in the phenotyping of genotypes according to their photosynthetic apparatus capacity and the efficiency of light use as well as in the forecasting of genotypes potential productivity and their drought resistance. Wheat plants of 4 drought-resistant and 4 non-resistant cultivars were grown under controlled conditions in the protected ground. In the vessels with simulated soil drought, the moisture content was 30% of total field capacity, while in the control sample it was 80%. Spectral characteristics of radiation reflected from the leaf surface were recorded with the spectrometer HR2000, and then reflection indices were calculated whose value is closely related to the activeness of the photosynthetic apparatus. The experiments conducted showed that in the system of interaction between the soil, the plant and the effective layer of the atmosphere all analysed diffuse reflection indices changed with the emergence of water deficit. The index of photosynthetic apparatus capacity (ChlRI) is less susceptible to short-term soil drought than the indices of the efficiency of light use in the process of photosynthesis (R<sub>800</sub>, photochemical reflection index (PRI<sub>mod</sub>) and flavonoid index (FRI<sub>mod</sub>)) which change significantly, so that the degree of their change may be a reliable enough indicator of plant stress caused by water deficiency. It is advisable, however, when estimating and comparing the reaction of various plant cultivars, lines and new forms to the developed water deficiency, to include in the array of plants examined those cultivars whose optical properties and the range of their variation resulting from water deficit are known. This will ensure a more reliable ranking of analysed genotypes according to their drought resistance and will enhance the accuracy of the diagnosis.

Оценка влияния добавок пылигазоочистных сооружений в почву на посевные качества и морфометрические показатели тестовых культур

The positive effect of the introduction of waste gas treatment facilities of heat-power plants of alumina production in acidic soil on the increase of morphometric indicators of plant development, germination energy, germination rate, sprout mass of test crops (garden cress and soft spring wheat) has been shown. Experimental studies have shown that plants that have been grown on the soil with the addition of dust from electric filters of various furnaces of JSC «RUSAL Achinsk» have a more developed root system and stronger shoots. Keywords: GAS WASTE, SOIL, GROWTH ENERGY, MORPHOMETRICAL INDICATORS, ECOLOGY, TOXICITY

Assessment of the effect of a colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles on the sowing quality of seeds

The article presents the results of laboratory studies to assess the effect of a colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles on the sowing quality of wheat seeds of the Novosibirskaya 15 strain recommended for cultivation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and an assessment of its influence on its seed productivity. It was found that the use of a colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles in the processing of seed material of the Novosibirskaya 15 soft spring wheat strain significantly increases the rate of seed growth, raising it from 63% in the control to 87% in the variant with a 50% solution of silver nanoparticles. It was found that the colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles did not affect on the indicators of seed germination and their germination energy.

Роль генов RDR, AGO, DCL системы РНК-интерференции в формировании защитного ответа растений пшеницы к обыкновенной черемуховой тле Rhopalosiphum padi L.

The mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) and small RNAs are currently being intensively studied and considered as important regulators of gene expression reprogramming in plant immune responses and pathogen or pest virulence. At the same time, the problem is the lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of RNAi functioning in insect and plant cells during their interaction. In this work, we studied the bird cherry aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L., which is ubiquitous and is an oligophage. Check of antibiosis and endurance showed that samples of some species wheat with different levels of ploidy T. monococcum k-39471 and T. timopheevii k-58666 from the Vavilov wheat collection and soft spring wheat variety Zhnitsa were resistant against R. padi. Cultivars Omskaya35 and Salavat Yulaev showed strong and moderate susceptibility against R. padi, respectively. The genes of the RNAi system were upregulated much more in susceptible genotypes than in resistant samples. Transcriptional analysis of the RNAi system enzyme genes and transcription factor (TF) genes showed that AGO4 and DCL2 presumably may be of decisive importance in the regulation of the protective response against R. padi colonization through the influence on TF of the salicylate and ethylene signaling pathways.

ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА ЗЕРНА СОРТОВ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ С ФИОЛЕТОВОЙ ОКРАСКОЙ ЗЕРНА В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦРНЗ

The article presents the results of the study of the baking qualities of grain of three varieties of soft spring wheat characterized by by purple grain colouring, and the red grain standard of Zlata in the conditions of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone. The years of the study were characterized by contrasting meteorological conditions – excessively humid year 2020 and arid year 2021. Protein content was determined using a spectrophotometer. Gluten was washed manually. Bread baking was carried out according to the modified methodology of the State Commission for Testing and Protection of Breeding Achievements. The allelic composition of high molecular weight glutenins was carried out by electrophoresis according to Singh et al., (1991) in the modification of Branlard et al. (2001). It has been found that all varieties of spring wheat with purple grain colouring are not inferior in quality to the standard, differing from it by two alleles of high-molecular glutenins, affecting the stability of manifestation of baking qualities by year. The quality of the grain is highly dependent on the meteorological conditions of the growing season. All the studied varieties of spring wheat with a purple grain colouring are able to form a grain suitable for baking in the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone. The quantitative protein and crude gluten content in grain varies by year, but is not inferior to the standard. The quality of gluten varied within groups I and II. At the same time, the gluten was stronger under drought conditions. All varieties showed a high potential of bread volume yield – at or above the standard. The low score of the general bakery evaluation is explained by inclusions of purple bran particles, which caused a darker colouring of the crumb. The positive correlation between the volume yield of bread and the protein content was stronger in the year with reduced protein content in grain.

Spring wheat productivity when using Megamix liquid fertilizers

At present, the attention of scientists is increasingly attracted by the study of the effect of stimulating preparations on agricultural plants. They have a rich composition of macro-, meso- and microelements in an easily accessible form for plants, the use of which has a positive effect on plant development and, as a consequence, contributes to improving the quantity and quality of crop production, including in the specific climate of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. In this connection on the fields of Scientific Research Laboratory “Korma” of Samara SAU the work to identify the impact of application of stimulating preparations Megamix in the form of liquid fertilizer mixtures in pre-sowing seed preparation and treatment of crops during the growing season of spring wheat was carried out during five years (2017-2021). The paper presents the results of research on the effect of stimulating preparations on the development of soft spring wheat agrophytocenosis at different seeding rates (4.0; 4.5; 5.0 mln germinating seds/ha). The analysis of the influence of the use of Megamix preparations on the indices of photosynthetic activity of plants, indices of yield structure and yield of spring wheat was carried out. It was found that the use of liquid fertilizers Megamix during seed treatment and in the growing season has a positive impact on the index of photosynthetic potential of crops. This indicator increases with the use of Megamix. It reaches its maximum value in the experimental variants, where seeds are treated with a stimulating preparation Megamix Seeds − 2 l/t, followed by treatment of spring wheat crops with Megamix Profi − 0.5 l/ha (in the phase of tillering (29BBCH)) + Megamix Nitrogen − 0.5 l/ha (in the phase of the flag leaf (39BBCH)), which forms the maximum yield of 3.98 t/ha.

The effectiveness of the use of biostimulants of growth in the technology of growing spring wheat in the Northern Forest-Steppe

Research goal. Determination of the effectiveness of growth biostimulants in the technology of growing soft spring wheat in the northern forest-steppe of Ukraine to obtain high yield and grain quality. Methods. Field, laboratory research, mathematical and statistical analysis. Results. Under the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of Ukraine the effect of the complex application of elements of adaptive technology of cultivation, in particular, mineral fertilizers, protection system and biostimulants of plant growth on the productivity of soft spring wheat variety Nedra was established.The cultivation technology, which provided for the application of N45P90K90 before sowing and by N45 during IV and VIII stages of organogenesis against the background of ensiling the by-products of predecessor and integrated crop protection in combination with the use of biostimulants in the average years of research, received the highest yield of spring wheat - 4.08 t/ha. Yield increase with this technology compared to the control was 2.03 t/ha. Crude protein content under these growing conditions was 16.3 %, crude gluten – 32.8 %, which corresponds to the 1st class of grain quality according to DSTU 3768: 2019. At low production costs for purchase and application of biostimulants of growth (only 200 UAH/ha) the economic effect of their use varied from 0,85 to 1,6 thousand UAH/ha in different fertilization technologies of growing soft spring wheat of Nedra variety. The cost of 1 ton of grain was reduced by 0,20–0,57 thousand UAH. Conclusions. The average yield increase of spring wheat from biostimulants application was 0.2–0.35 t/ha depending on fertilization level in growing technology. иThe use of biostimulants in combination with mineral fertilizers, to a greater extent, influenced the increase in the weight of 1000 grains. At technology, which provided the introduction of mineral fertilizer in a dose of N45P90K90 before sowing and by N45 on IV and VIII stages of organogenesis on the background of encroaching by-products predecessor and integrated system of protection received the highest economic effect of biostimulants application – 1.6 thousand UAH/ha, for reducing the cost of producing 1 ton of grain at 0.33 thousand UAH.

GROWTH RHYTHM OF INTRASPECIFIC FORMS OF WHEAT

In this article, in order to increase the gross grain yield in the Republic of Uzbekistan, which has different agro-ecological zones, a wide range of varieties that differ in physiological, genetic, biological and economic characteristics, most suitable for cultivation in certain soil-climatic zones There was a talk about the need to create. It is almost impossible to create by selecting such varieties. In this regard, it is important to choose hybridization and promising directions, which are the most effective ways to obtain varieties that meet the requirements of modern plant growing. The data obtained on the study of the growth rhythm of intraspecific forms of wheat showed that the duration of the period from germination to emergence into the tube varies less. This is explained by the dominance of this trait in the direction of the accelerated development of plant forms. However, at late sowing dates, the linear growth of the aboveground part of the plants began after the emergence of seedlings. therefore, the duration of the period from germination to the first measurement averaged 22 days[1]. But over time, the speed of wheat plants in all variants slows down slightly, but the highest growth rates are characterized by forms F-1 and F-2. It should be noted that the period of growth and development of wheat from booting to heading differ little from each other and the difference varies within forty days. Thus, the results of the studies carried out show that the rate of growth processes of intraspecific forms of soft spring wheat varies depending on the genotype and environmental conditions during the growing season of plants. The results of the studies showed that both the parental samples and the studied forms of wheat are characterized by instability of growth processes depending on the growing conditions, which is explained by the significant dependence of genotypes on growing conditions [4].

Different origin soft spring wheat varieties and lines comparative analysis

This work is devoted to the study of spring soft wheat samples collection material. Eighty collection specimens were evaluated, divided by their origin into four groups. The assessment was carried out according to the limiting characteristics for spring wheat: high productivity, stable over the years, resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. A two-year field test made it possible to compare different groups in terms of yield, and to identify the most promising varieties and lines for the conditions of the Central Non-Black Earth Region. The evaluation of the collection samples of origin various groups showed that the varieties and lines of their own selection were the most adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem region. The new lines of spring wheat, along with a high level of yield, showed resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. Varieties of foreign selection are distinguished by a strong non-spreading stem, high density of the stem, as well as high resistance to the most harmful leaf diseases. Of particular interest are the varieties of the Belarusian selection Darya, Dalech, Viza, Rostan with a high yield potential at the level of 5.0-6.0 t/ha.

Model of integrated resistant variety spring wheat for soil-climatic conditions of the Kurgan region

In the conditions of resource-saving or “zero” soil cultivation, when a mass of plant residues remains on the surface of the field, the phytosanitary situation for many leaf diseases of wheat, the primary infection of which hibernates on straw, as well as root rot, has become extremely aggravated. The complication of the phytosanitary situation, especially concerning septoria and pyrenoforosis, was also facilitated by the predominantly chemical strategy of plant protection. In this situation, the selection of wheat varieties for complex resistance to leading pathogens and unfavorable environmental factors acquires relevance. The introduction of new resistant varieties into the agroecosystem allows for a change in biological diversity, expansion of the ecological niche of antagonists, and the prevalence of the stabilizing type of natural selection in pathogen populations. In this regard, the work aimed to develop a conceptual model (idiotype) of a complex resistant wheat variety to the main pathogens with traits that are responsible for optimizing the relationship of plants with pests. The main objectives of the study were to identify the immunogenetic mechanisms of local spring wheat varieties that reduce the biotic potential of harmful organisms. and restraining the rate of their adaptive population variability; development of a conceptual model of a comprehensively resistant variety and methods for selecting resistant forms of plants. For the first time, an assessment of all immunogenetic barriers can effectively and long-term protect plants from the effects of infectious and non-infectious agents. unfavorable abiotic environmental factors, as well as the analysis of the information available in the scientific literature on the mechanisms and parameters of plant resistance, a conceptual model of a variety of soft spring wheat, was developed for the conditions of the Southern Trans-Urals with resistance to a complex of phytopathogenic fungi and moisture deficit. resistance should be focused primarily on pyramiding a block of resistance genes (polygenes) with the use of appropriate techniques, on the formation of complex resistance to stressors of different childbirth. Such models have no analogs since research in this direction in regional research institutes (Kurgan Research Institute of Agriculture, Chelyabinsk Research Institute of Agriculture, etc.) has not previously been carried out.

Source for the breeding of soft spring wheat in the conditions of Kirov region

In the conditions of the Kirov region, 375 samples of soft spring wheat of various ecological and geographical origin (from 30 countries) of the Federal Research Centre N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) collection were studied. The assessment of the source material by yield, duration of the growing season, plant height, lodging resistance, productivity of the ear and plant, 1000-grain mass is presented in the form of a 9-point system of the severity of the trait for three years of field study. As sources for breeding, varieties that combine high yield (5.0...9.0 points) with a high level of economically valuable traits (7.0...9.0 points) were identified. The maximum average point (9.0) for yield capacity was noted by the variety Karabalykskaya 91 (Kazakhstan). The optimal height (53.9...74.0 cm) and lodging resistance were noted in the varieties: Estivum 155 (Russia), Kvorum (Ukraine), Epos, Ethos, Nandu, Schenk and KVS Akvilon (Germany), AC Phil and PT-741 (Canada), Hybrid (Mexico), Leguan (Czech), PS-133 (China) and SSL 25-2 (USA). Early maturation was distinguished in the domestic varieties Skala and Iren (80...87 days). The samples Line 3691h, Izida, FPCh-Ppd-m, Gerakl, Sibirskaya 16 (Russia), Kvorum (Ukraine), Attis and Nandu (Germany), Musket (England) were distinguished by the length (7.3...8.8 cm) and the number of grain of the main ear (32.1...39.9 pcs.). The varieties Voronezhskaya 16, Gerakl, Saratovskaya 72, Saratovskaya 73, Sibirskaya 16, Serebristaya, FPCh-Ppd-m and Ekada 6 (Russia), Anshlag and Kvorum (Ukraine), AC Gabrieland Hoffman (Canada), Attis and Nandu (Germany) were distinguished by a high grain weight per ear (1.28...1.58 g). The varieties Zakamskaya (Russia), Rassvet (Belarus), AC Cadillac (Canada) and PS-95 (China) are recommended as sources of high protein content. It is shown that the wheat yield in the region is closely related to the plant height (r = 0.67), the ear and plant productivity elements (r = 0.24...0.41), the protein content (r = -0.49) and does not depend on the 1000-grain mass (r = 0.04). Sixteen samples were identified with complex resistance to dominating fungal diseases. Samples Altajskaya 110, Kinelskaya 61, Line 2, Lutescens 30 and Estivum V313 (Russia) combined high yield with aluminum resistance. Varieties Altajskaya 100, Baganskaya 95, Line 3691h, Novosibirskaya 20 and Estivum 155 (Russia), Klein Vencedor (Argentina) and NOS Norko (Germany) were characterized by high yield and drought resistance. Based on the obtained results, a bank of sources of economically valuable traits was created, which allows to involve genotypes adapted to the conditions of the region in the breeding process.

​Yield of Spring Wheat with the Combined Use of Sodium Selenite and Growth Regulators Depending on the Conditions of Water Supply

Background: Currently, technologies that provide the energy and nutritional value of agricultural crops under extreme growing condishions have the greatest advantage. Much research is devoted to the study of the effect of brassinosteroids and their analogs, as well as zircon, which have a multifunctional effect on the yield and the formation of elements of productivity of various agricultural plants. Also many studies have been carried out to study the effect of microelements on the formation of yield and adaptive ability of grain crops. However, some aspects of increasing the efficiency of growth regulation and microelements require further study. In this regard, studies were carried out to study the effect of the combined use of growth regulators and sodium selenite on the yield and the formation of productivity elements of spring wheat, depending on the conditions of water supply. The efficiency of the action of plants growth epin and zircon, introduced together with sodium selenit, on the yield and production process of spring wheat plants under conditions of optimal irrigation and short-term soil drought has been studies. Methods: The research was carried out in 2018-2019. In a vegetation experiment at the Russian State Agarian University-Moscow Agricultural Academy. The object of research was spring soft wheat of the Ivolga variety. The plants were grown in vessels with a capacity of 5 kg of soil. For the experiments, a soddy-podzolic medium loamy soil was used. The optimal conditions for water supply were created watering the vessels during the entire growing season. A short-trem drought was created by stopping irrigation duting the steming phase. The duration of the drought is 5-6 days. In experiments, growth regulations epin, zircon and sodium selenite were studied, which were used by treating seeds before sowing wich 0,01% solutions of preparations. In the studies, the yield of spring wheat ang the formation of productivity elements were determined. Result: Analysis of variance results for differences in the action of sodium selenite, zircon and epin, as well as their combination on various aspects of the production process of forming wheat yield. The stimulating effect of the combined use of sodium selenite and zircon on the reproductive organs of wheat was established, as a result of cariopses in an ear increased by 1.43 time. The activation of the attracting ability of the ear established when using the conscientious use of sodium selenite and epin. As a result, the wheat yield increased by 20% with optimal water supply and drought.

Influence of cultivation background intensification on spring wheat productivity in the subtaiga zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia

This paper presents the results of studying the role of cultivation background intensification in the formation of productivity and yield structure of spring wheat varieties Novosibirskaya 29, Novosibirskaya 41, Novosibirskaya 15 and Altayskaya 75 in the subtaiga zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia. The influence rate of crop rotation steam link using a full range of modern means of protection and fertilization on the elements of the yield structure of soft spring wheat and its variations were determined. The cultivation background providing the greatest positive response in crop productivity formation was also established. New varieties, in comparison with previously zoned ones, are able to use moisture, and also the elements of mineral nutrition and other factors of plant life are more productively. However, there are no universal varieties that are equally suitable for all backgrounds and conditions. Therefore, the identification of the productivity potential, the norms of new variety reaction to intensification factors in modern conditions of climate change, is the most important condition for the development of varietal technologies, improving the techniques and methods of grain crop productivity management. Under the conditions of the subtaiga zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, with the intensification of the crop rotation steam link, such productivity elements as the length of the main plant, the length of an ear and the number of spikelets in an ear of the studied varieties of spring wheat vary within weak and medium limits. Their variation coefficient ranges from 2-6% to 16-17%. It is best to intensify such indicators as productive tillering (Cv 14-38%) and the amount of grain in an ear (Cv 11-28%) within this zone. These elements respond well to the control of the phytosanitary state of crops using herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. The varieties of spring soft wheat Altayskaya 75 and Novosibirskaya 41, with the use of pesticides and ammonium nitrate, can increase the grain content of an ear by 2 times (by 17.7 pieces), and the number of spikelets in an ear by 1.5 times (by 5.7 pieces). The varieties Novosibirskaya 15 and Novosibirskaya 29, when applying nitrogen fertilizers and a full range of protective equipment, increase the productive bushiness from 1.1 to 2.2.

The influence of the cultivar and foliar treatment with micronutrient preparations on the yield, economics and energy efficiency of grain production of spring soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Spring soft wheat is an important food crop, which requires good mineral nutrition, including microelements. The present investigation was conducted during 2019 at the Mordovian Research Institute of Agriculture, Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the North-East (Russia). Earlier, on leached chernozems of the Republic of Mordovia, conflicting data had been obtained on the effectiveness of complex micronutrient preparations in grain crops. There are interesting reasons for the low effectiveness of individual drugs, given their large market share and the presence of positive reviews from some scientists. The work is devoted to the study of productivity and economic and energy efficiency of spring wheat cultivation on leached chernozem, depending on the variety and separate and joint use of micronutrient preparations of manganese, copper, molybdenum, and Ultramag combi. The novelty of the study is that concerning the conditions of the Republic of Mordovia, the most effective combination of microelements when combined as a fertilizerstimulating agent in foliar feeding was substantiated. The varietal response to the preparations used has been studied. Paired and triple mixtures of trace elements of manganese, copper, and molybdenum were studied in comparison with the complex fertilizer Ultramag combi. We used sulfate salts of copper and manganese, as well as ammonium molybdate, chelated with Na2EDTA in a molar ratio of 1:1. It was found that the best productivity parameters were formed in the Yoldyz spring wheat variety. An optimal combination of microelements has been established that has a positive effect on the efficiency of spring wheat seed grain production. The best parameters of yield and production efficiency of spring wheat varieties Tulaykovskaya 10 and Tulaykovskaya 108 were formed with the foliar treatment of crops with a paired mixture of copper and molybdenum against a background of nitrogen, and the best parameters of Yoldyz variety were formed after treatment with manganese and copper, as well as manganese and molybdenum against a background of nitrogen. Foliar treatment with a multicomponent preparation Ultramag combi, as well as with separately applied nitrogen in the amide form, was less effective.

Прогноз развития корневых гнилей и перспективный материал яровой мягкой пшеницы селекции ФАНЦ Северо-Востока

Abstract. The aim of the study is to predict the level of damage to the root system of spring soft wheat by fusarium infection in the conditions of the Kirov region and to identify promising disease-resistant lines. Methods. The object of research was 146 lines of spring soft wheat of the FARC of the North-East selection, which were sown annually against an infections background of fusarium root rot. Results. As a result of many years of research (2004-2006 u 2009˗2020) it was found that a high level of infection of plants of spring soft wheat by root rot was observed in years with an average daily air temperature in the first decade of July in the range from 15 to 23 °C and precipitation in the first decade of august of 30 or more millimeters. A rectilinear regression equation was obtained that reflects the quantitative variability of the disease development indicator from the total year of the weather index. A retrospective analysis of the expected (according to the forecast) and actual development of fusarium root rot on spring wheat showed a fairly high level of coincidence of the date obtained (67 %). Among the promising spring soft wheat lines of the FARC of the North-East selection, 3 (E-310, U-163 and T-79) with resistance to root rot were identified. Combining high resistance to the fusarium root rot and the yield of significantly higher than the standards, the breeding line E-310 can be recommended for transfer to variety testing. The selected highly and moderately resistant lines can be used in further breeding as sources of resistance to the disease. The decrease in grain weight from 1 m2 in susceptible lines compared to resistant ones was on average 83.4 g. The degree of development of the disease in plants affected the yield and weight of grain to a greater extent (d = 15.3 and 11.0 % respectively). In midseason lines the damage and development of root rot was 77.5 and 82.9 % respectively, determined by the duration of the “stands – heading” period. In early maturing lines showed a positive significant correlation between the duration of the “stands – heading” period and the development of root rot (r = +0.66).

Effect of crop rotation on the incidence of soil-borne fungal wheat pathogens

Nine varieties of soft spring wheat (Altayskaya 70, Altayskaya 75, Krasnoyarskaya 12, Novosibirskaya 15, Novosibirskaya 16, Novosibirskaya 29, Novosibirskaya 31, Novosibirskaya 41 and Svirel) were studied in the field experiment using fallow as a predecessor and wheat as a predecessor both with and without nitrogen fertilizer for an incidence of root infection caused by Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp. and Bipolaris sorokiniana. Average by varieties and variants of experiment incidence of Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp. and B. sorokiniana was 7.5, 5.7 and 10.8%, respectively. Wheat as a predecessor statistically significantly increased average by varieties incidence of both Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp. in comparison with fallow. Nitrogen fertilizer statistically significantly increased average incidence of Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp. and B. sorokiniana. The incidence of fungal root infection and the effects of predecessor and fertilization statistically significantly depended on the variety.

Impact of mineral fertilizers on yield and grain quality of spring wheat cultivar Marsianka

The article gives the results of studies on the effect of mineral fertilizers on yielding capacity and grain quality of a new variety of soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Marsianka. The research objectives included the study of mineral fertilizers impact on plant growth and development, ripening terms, yield structure, productivity, grain quality and economic efficiency of Marsianka cultivar. Field observations and laboratory assays of the obtained data confirmed that mineral fertilizers make a significant effect on plant growth and development, on yield components (the amount of productive stems, grain number per spike, thousand-grain weight) of the new variety. Resulting from the studies it has been established that the application of fertilizers rated for the planned yield 4.0 t/ha provides max. productivity 3.43 t/ha of good-quality grain containing crude protein 15.9 % and gluten 35.0 %. In terms of economic efficiency, the lowest prime cost of 1 t grain (5171.0 and 5242.1 rub.) and high payback level were obtained with N30 and N60 application. In these options, the cost recovery of 1 kg a. s. fertilizers was 11.6 and 10.7 kg of grain, respectively. The greatest pure income 15.2 thous. rub/ha was provided in the variant using N60P60K60. The further increase of fertilizers application rate leads to products overpricing and decline in economic indicators when cultivating the new spring wheat cultivar Marsianka.

Resource potential of soft spring wheat varieties for the conditions of Western Siberia and Omsk region (analytical review)

The article is devoted to the review and analysis of varietal resources of soft spring wheat cultivated in the conditions of Western Siberia. For 2020, 261 varieties of this crop are included into the State Register of the Russian Federation, including 97 varieties (36.8 %) created by breeders of 15 institutions in the West Siberian region. In the Omsk region, depending on the climatic zone, the largest areas are occupied by the following varieties: mid-early – Omskaya 36 (242.16 thousand hectares), Pamyati Azieva (59.94 thousand hectares), Boevchanka (48.27 thousand hectares), Novosibirskaya 31 (36.3 thousand hectares); mid-season – Omskaya 38 (82.91 thousand hectares), OmGAU 90 (52.84 thousand hectares), Sigma (49.99 thousand hectares), Altaiskaya zhnitsa (35.2 thousand hectares); mid-late – Uralosibirskaya (145.72 thousand hectares), Melodiya (59.53 thousand hectares), Omskaya 28 (57.41 thousand hectares), Pavlogradka (67.31 thousand hectares), Element 22 (65.87 thousand hectares), Omskaya 35 (41.7 thousand ha). The joint creation of varieties with scientists from the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences made it possible to use, along with collection samples and selection varieties, alloplasmatic introgressive lines of soft wheat carrying the cytoplasm of the cultivated barley Hordeumvulgare L. As the result, there have been developed Sigma, Uralosibirskaya 2, Ishimskaya 11 and Sakmara varieties with a high level of resistance to stem and leaf rust and a medium level to powdery mildew. Due to the massive increase of the leaf and stem rust, varieties with a high level of resistance to these pathogens have been created and recommended for cultivation – Omskaya 38, Sigma, Uralosibirskaya, Uralosibirskaya 2 and Element 22. In the main grain-growing soil-climatic territories of the Omsk region, 15 droughts have been recorded over the past 45 years. Thus, a method for in vitro testing of drought resistance has been developed. Varieties with increased drought resistance and high level of stem rust resistance (Omskaya 37, Omskaya 38, Uralosibirskaya and Omskaya 42) in drought-specific and epiphytotic 2020 exceeded the standard varieties by 0.90-1.74 t / ha in yield. Of special interest among new varieties are Omskaya 42, Uralosibirskaya 2, OmGAU 100, Stolypinskaya 2, Lider 80 and Omskaya 44. It is concluded that close cooperation with Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other scientific institutions is necessary in order to create varieties that combine increased productivity with resistance to unfavorable biotic and abiotic environmental factors.