Socio-economic Ones Research Articles

The potential for development of Russian-Polish cross-border region

The problems of the formation of international regions on the borders of Russian Federation and EU countries after the deterioration of relations between them in 2014 became more complicated due to the reduction of mutual economic, social, political and other cross-border ties. However, such links remain, especially at the local level, as both sides benefit from them. Polish and Russian authors are trying to find common approaches in assessing the situation and explaining the need in the development of relations between cities, territories and businesses located on both sides of the border, which contributes to the formation of cross-border regions. The authors use literature, materials of cross-border cooperation programs and their own research experience, identifying factors and features of cross-border interactions at the Russian-Polish border. The article presents a SWOT analysis of the formation of the Russian-Polish cross-border region – a comparison, on the one hand, of strengths and weaknesses, and on the other, opportunities and threats to its development. It is shown that in 2014–2019 political factors prevailed over socio-economic ones, which negatively affected the development of the regions along the border. Nevertheless, in 2018 the implementation of joint projects within the framework of the Russia-Poland cross-border cooperation program co-financed by the EU and both countries continued. Although the number of mutual crossings of the border has decreased, it remains quite important. In Kaliningrad, there is a Polish visa center that promptly issues Schengen visas, free of charge for scientists and teachers, students and some other categories of the population. In the summer 2019, free electronic visas were established in Kaliningrad region, which increased the influx of tourists, including Polish. The authors hope that the objective laws of the world market will lead to the intensification of mutual relations and the formation of the Russian-Polish cross-border region, which would contribute to increasing the international competitiveness of its parts on both sides of the border.

Insustentabilidad de la producción de quinua en Bolivia

Objetivo: analizar los cambios que el bum de los precios de la quinua ha venido ocasionando en la zona Intersalar del altiplano boliviano. Se trata de la principal zona de producción de quinua de Bolivia y centro de una de las variedades más demandadas en el mercado mundial, que ha sufrido importantes transformaciones ecosistémicas y sociales en el lapso de un par de décadas. La peculiaridad radica en varias características relacionadas, entre otras: las propiedades alimenticias del grano que lo ha llevado a ocupar un lugar destacado en los movimientos por alimentación saludable; el proceso de repoblamiento de la zona, contrario a muchos otros casos donde la mecanización ha desplazado productores; y, el relativo monopolio ecosistémico de determinadas variedades que ha levantado la expectativa de considerar a la quinua dentro del criterio de soberanía alimentaria. Metodología: a partir del concepto de función ecosistémica se elaboran indicadores cuantitativos y cualitativos que permiten analizar datos obtenidos de tres trabajos de campo, de una amplia revisión bibliográfica y de la sistematización de estadísticas nacionales e internacionales. Resultados: se destaca una tendencia a la insustentabilidad de la producción en la zona, cristalizada por la contaminación y el deterioro de los cuerpos de agua y del suelo en una zona de delicado equilibrio ecológico, y por el surgimiento de nuevos conflictos sociales centrados en la propiedad y formas de tenencia del suelo. Limitaciones: el periodo de un par de décadas no permite establecer si la degradación del suelo y cuerpos de agua es irreversible. Conclusión: los cambios ecosistémicos en conjunción con los socio-económicos pueden ser irreversibles de no presentarse una política pública que desarrolle una estrategia integrada.

Positive coping with retirement among retired teachers in Makueni County

ABSTRACT
 This paper is based on an ongoing PhD study, it looks at the adaptive ways that retired teachers in Makueni County applied in adjusting to their retirement. Retirement is a period that has been associated with a myriad of problems ranging from physical, psychological to socio-economic ones. A number of researches in Kenya have focused on the challenges of retirement however limited studies have examined how retirees contend with retirement. This study sought to find out how retired teachers in Makueni County were adjusting in their retirement in spite of the challenges associated with this period. The study was guided by the following theories: Social Construction Theory by Berger (1966), Disengagement Theory by Cumming and Henry (1961) and Life Cycle Perspective by Elder Jr (1960).The research sample consisted of 249 respondents (173 males and 76 females) who were selected through purposive and snow ball sampling techniques. Moreover, questionnaires, face to face interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Qualitative data was thematically coded and analysed through content narrative analysis while Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) was used in getting simple tables. The research concludes that retirement is a time of freedom when retirees can invest their time, wealth and energy constructively in ways that bring prosperity to themselves and the society. The study recommends that employers need to continually train workers in preparation for retirement, and pension should be paid in time.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНОГО ТУРИЗМУ ЯК СУЧАСНОГО НАПРЯМКУ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ РІВНЯ ФІЗИЧНОЇ ТА СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДОСТУПНОСТІ ЛІКІВ В СВІТІ


 
 
 According to the results of studies, it was found that the term «medical tourism» is used in the specialized literature to define a number of measures related to preserving life, human health, improving the appearance, etc. The term «pharmaceutical tourism» is not defined in the specialized literature. The systematization of modern experience in the functioning of medical tourism in the leading countries of the world indicates that this social phenomenon is a consequence of the implementation of various factors, including socioeconomic ones. One of the most important of these factors is the low availability of medical and pharmaceutical assistance to the population. We defined the concept of «pharmaceutical tourism", determined the forms of its implementation, objects, subjects, and also presented the main functions (medical- pharmaceutical, socio-economic, social, humanistic, market function, stimulating, foreign economic) in the healthcare system in the context of strengthening humanistic principles for the development of society.
 
 

Multi-criteria Decision-Making Approaches to Agricultural Land Suitability Classification of Malda District, Eastern India

Land suitability classification (LSC) is an approach of land evaluation, which measures the degree of appropriateness of land for a specific land use. LSC is governed by a myriad of factors at the local and regional level including physiographic, pedologic and a host of socioeconomic and infrastructural determinants. This has called for the application of different multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques in agricultural LSC. The present study has attempted and compared various MCDM-based agricultural LSCs for Malda District in Eastern India. The study is based on multiple parameters governing agriculture, considering not only the physiographic and pedological attributes (e.g., relief, slope, soil fertility, soil organic carbon, etc.) but also the socioeconomic ones (e.g., the percentage of people engaged in agriculture, cultivator–labor ratio, degree of electrification, etc.). Four major MCDM algorithms have been applied, i.e., composite ranks, composite Z-scores, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted principal component analysis (WPCA). The results were also compared with the crop productivity-based agricultural efficiency. It was observed that about 15.44% of the area of Malda District is highly suitable for agriculture, whereas limited suitability is displayed by about 12.68% of area. The remaining part falls under moderate and marginal suitability classes. Furthermore, WPCA and AHP are superior to the nonparametric techniques of MCDM, namely composite ranks and composite Z-score. Moreover, the results of WPCA are superior to those of AHP. Due to the inherent limitations of the AHP approach, this study proposes the use of WPCA in the domain of agricultural LSC.

The post-stroke upper limb improvement effort survey (IMPETUS): a survey of individuals with chronic stroke

ABSTRACTBackground: There is a considerable literature on arm/hand dysfunction post stroke, but little information on the participants’ opinions about perceived and desired arm/hand strength, recovery, and function.Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the perceptions of individuals with stroke about arm/hand function and training devices.Methods: A 69-item survey was developed addressing: activity before and after stroke, involved arm/hand function, willingness to use a training device, and important device characteristics. The survey included items from the Hand Function and Strength Subscales of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS). Face validity was established by physical therapists and individuals with stroke. The survey was administered via phone and online.Results: 852 registry participants were recruited. Ninety-seven responded; 83 completed the survey. Subjects were 51 males, 31 females; mean age: 65 (25–95); meantime since stroke: 13 years (1–34; SD 6.678). There was a statistically significant difference between perceived and desired arm/hand strength, recovery, and function p<0.0001. Impairment factors, such as weakness and spasticity were greater barriers to recovery than socio-economic ones. Most participants (94%) were willing to use a device; functional gains during/following use were the most important characteristics.Limitations: Participants had greater arm impairment and were more chronic than other studies.Conclusions: Participants desired more arm/hand strength, function, and recovery that they perceived they had achieved. Impairment – level factors posed more barriers to arm recovery than socioeconomic ones. Most participants were interested in using arm/hand training devices; the most important device characteristic is functional gain.

Regional Features in the Legislation of the Republic of Mordovia on Education

Introduction. Education is of priority interest for the state. The future of Russia, its economic development, and the level of welfare in the society largely depend on its quality. Therefore, identification and study of the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the right to education in the regions of Russia is a relevant topic. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the legislation of the Republic of Mordovia on education, to identify whether consideration is given to socio-economic, national, geographical, ethnocultural, demographic and other features of the region when laws are made. Materials and Methods. The rules of the current legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Mordovia on education were used as the materials for the study. Open data from municipal budgetary educational institutions of the Republic of Mordovia formed the information base of the research. The study employed the method of systemic and structural analysis, that of comparison, as well as the formal logical method. Results. The study has revealed the peculiarities of the region taken into account in the Republic of Mordovia in the process of rule-making in the field of education: the ethnic, economic, geographical, and socio-economic ones. It has been established that in the Republic of Mordovia additional guarantees are provided for the realization of the constitutional right to education: material support is provided to orphans and children left without parental care whose tuition is paid for from the federal or republican budget. Discussion and Conclusion. The research results made it possible to draw the conclusion that consideration of the peculiarities of Mordovia in regional legislation on education is at the appropriate level. Further research may be associated with identifying the regional features and introducing them into the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The data obtained will be useful to regional authorities and administrations of municipal districts when drafting regu­lations and drawing up programs for the development of education in the region.

Neural network modelling methods for creating digital twins of real objects

The new approach to the development of digital twins model of physical objects is presented. In the previous papers, we proposed two approaches. The first is based on the unified process of constructing approximate neural network solutions of boundary value problems for equations of mathematical physics. The second approach is based on the construction of multilayer models using differential equations, which makes it possible to dispense with the time-consuming procedure for training neural networks. This paper proposes a third approach based on the construction of multi-row differential equations. We are confident that the approaches we have proposed allow us to significantly simplify and unify the creation and adaptation (keeping up to date) of the digital twins of real objects of various kinds, e.g.technical, biological, socio-economic ones.

“My mom works in a restaurant here at the market, so she doesn’t need Czech”: managing the (non-)acquisition of the majority language in an ethnolinguistic minority community

For immigrants, linguistic competence in the national or minority language is frequently viewed as a tool for emancipation, protection, and integration. However, in contexts where immigrants primarily work in ethnic-economy blue-collar professions, language acquisition is less likely to function as a solution to adaptation-related problems. This paper addresses one such case: the Vietnamese in the Czech Republic. Attention is devoted to the questions of whether and how 1st-generation Vietnamese acquire Czech, and whether and how their language acquisition and use is influenced by state policy, represented by the CEFR A1 examination requirement for permanent residence. Using the language management approach (Fairbrother et al. in The language management approach: a focus on research methodology, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, 2018), which reflects connections between the management of language issues and the management of socioeconomic ones, we consider the activities of the relevant actors, state institutions and individual immigrants, in relation to the problem of ‘insufficient Czech’ on the part of 1st-generation Vietnamese. Based on the analysis of semi-structured interviews, it is revealed that the A1-level exam does not fulfill its intended aims. It neither enables easier communication with state offices nor supports integration. Individuals only acquire minimal job-related vocabulary, for other needs they use language brokers, upon whom they become dependent. Post-exam, they stop learning and use Czech only minimally. Overall, the time-consuming jobs done by the Vietnamese, the minimal language requirements for these jobs, and the network of available language brokers mean that these individuals design different adjustments to the problem of ‘insufficient Czech’ than the other relevant actors.

Fundamental Rights and Merit Goods: The Case of the VAT Exemptions in the Public Interest

AbstractThis contribution aims at providing both a current example of how a collaboration in tax matters between economists and lawyers could be highly beneficial in tax matters and how fundamental values can step up in this conversation. In particular, the following analysis focuses on the exemptions for public interests listed in Article 132 of the EU Value Added Tax Directive (from now on VAT Directive) which refer to some of the traditional merit goods as so considered by economists. The same exemptions could be also read under the light of the European Fundamental Rights Charter which covers not only civil and political rights but also socio-economic ones. Moreover, since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, we can find “social justice” as one of the core values that the Union is committed to promote and which therefore should guide the Union’s policies. However, economic studies have shown that there might be some downsides to the adoption of VAT exemptions, especially in terms of social and redistributive goals. VAT exemptions aimed at ensuring those merit goods/fundamental rights might erode the tax base and backlash on the wider goal of social justice. From a legal perspective, they lead to several interpretative issues. In spite of its theoretical interest and practical importance, there is still not too much literature on this topic and none addressing this issue from a fundamental rights and values perspective. The purpose of this paper is to be a starting point for further discussions on how economic and legal studies together can provide better solutions on how to handle merit goods in VAT by keeping in mind the broader picture of a fair tax system and legal principles, such as those enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

Lviv printings general professional assosiation of mutual assistance in 1856-1867. Analysis of activity

The attempt to analyze and show the important role of Lviv printers and to describe their role in the development of Galician society has been made in the article. This attempt has been made on the basis of documents, the principle of historicism, scientific and objective approach. The importance and problematic of the comprehensive study of the oldest history of the creation, formation and development of Lviv printers’ professional co-operation of mutual assistance has been highlighted, and the history and activities of this organization in stages have been described. In general, trade unions emerged as an independent united self-defense organizations and they were formed in the form of workers’ associations and mutual assistance funds. During the first half of the nineteenth century the crystallization of the activities of trade unions happened under the influence of various measures, hold by the administrations, the police and the authorities. This contributed to the further unification of labor and the creation of all-city union of printers in Lviv. It is quite logical that the basis of their actions was their desire to achieve and get the working solidarity, mutual support and assistance. The activities of the trade union were regulated by the statutes. First of all, the purpose of the establishment and operation of the organization was socio-economic, cultural and educational ones. Those purposes were approved by the relevant state authorities and, thus, prevented trade unions from participating in political life.The short period of the 1860-1880s can be considered to be a separate stage in the process of the formation of the mass trade union movement in Galicia. Together with the trade unions of printers, settlers, brokers, masons, carpenters, builders, tanneries, metal workers, doctors, pharmacists, tradesmen, postmen, civil servants, lawyers and many others united and became active partners of the region.The problem, which has been investigated in the article, has a valuable scientific significance as it allows to solve one of the most important issues: to get the historical understanding of activities of Lviv trade union organizations, which have not been thoroughly studied yet.

Changes in psychological well-being among older Lithuanian city dwellers: Results from a cohort study

Background/Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes of psychological well-being (PWB) in older Lithuanian city dwellers during ten years of follow-up, and to establish factors associated with it. Method: 7,115 men and women of age 45-72 years participated in the initial survey in 2006-2008. In 2016 the follow-up survey was performed among all 6,210 participants who survived. 4,266 individuals responded to postal questionnaires. PWB was evaluated by using CASP-12 questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by CES-D-10 scale. Quality of life, self-rated health, and social activity were evaluated.Socio-demographic, socio-economic factors were included into standard questionnaire. Results: PWB deteriorated in all age groups during 10-years follow-up. Poor quality of life, poor self-rated health, having depressive symptoms, and not being member of social organization are associated with lower PWB after 10 years in men and women. Employed-retired, retired, and not socially active women have higher possibility to have lower PWB over 10 years. Conclusions: PWB in older Lithuanian city dwellers deteriorates as many other socio-economic and psychosocial indicators during ten-year follow-up. Mostly psychosocial factors, but not the socio-demographic, and socio-economic ones predict PWB over 10 years. It is crucial to understand and promote predictors of PWB in older age.

The development of recreation science as the main theoretical fundamental of tourism integrations

The essence of recreation investigations is disclosed. The definition of recreation term is substantiated. The recreation system definition is proposed. The recreation system components are explored. The different types of recreational structures are highlighted. The different impact of environmental factors on the development of specialized recreation territories are presented. The influence of physical factors such as therapeutic mud, ozocerite, naphthalane, sand, clay, bischofite, metals, stones and minerals with therapeutic effect, therapeutic factors of fauna and its representatives on natural treatment is disclosed. Different types of natural treatment factors by treatment-physiological activity and pathogenesis are systemized. Types of natural treatment factors such as cryogenic influence, mud, naphthalane, mineral wax, clay, sand, paraffin, balneal factors by mechanism of treatment-therapeutics influence are explored. At once, the different types of natural treatment factors by mechanism of treatment-therapeutics influence as well as types of natural therapeutic factors by methods of physical effects on human organism are investigated. The formalized methods of complex recreation potential of the territory estimation are proposed. The different types of human recreation activities in recreation systems are defined. The different groups of most important social functions of recreation activities are revised. The most common cultural and spiritual needs of recreated person are systemized. The specific features of recreational activities that include recovery and development functions are observed. The main factors that effect on the development of recreational activities such as natural, demographic, socio-economic ones as well as social and psychological factors are investigated. The different factors of recreational system economic-geographical location are researched. The different internal factors of recreational activities development are disclosed. The main practical goal of the recreational activities is substantiated. The main models of recreational system regional development proposed by I.V. Zorin, E.A. Staroselets, B.I. Melnikas, E.S. Oleynikov, A. Pentz, V. S. Preobrazhenskyi etc. are described. The different models of optimal placement of recreational systems at different hierarchical levels are observed. The model for optimal allocation of resources for implementation of the recreational system development projects is substantiated. The programming model for the optimal organization of the recreational system functioning as well as model of recreational value is disclosed. The different principles of the state policy in the recreology sphere and resort development are characterized. The essence of resort and its role in recreation concept development is explored. The division of resorts at recreation-preventive ones, rehabilitation or health improvement as well as at medical for treatment ones is proposed according to their health improvement specifics.

Sectores costeros más vulnerables entre Lurín y Pucusana ante un posible aumento del nivel del mar como consecuencia del cambio climático: Adaptación y aplicación del índice de vulnerabilidad costera de Gornitz

This article identifies the most vulnerable locations in the beaches south of the city of Lima, between Lurin and Pucusana, caused by a potential increase in sea level as a result of climate change. The research was based on the adaptation and application of the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) of Gornitz et al. (1991). Originally, CVI index focuses on physical variables. However, human variables were also included because the study zone is a densely populated area with constant growth in commerce, services, industries and urban constructions projects. The coastal zone south of Lima hasn’t been studied thoroughly before, so to address it systematically, six variables were identified. The following three physical variables were considered: slope, geomorphology and coastal line variation; as well as the following three socioeconomic ones: distance to infrastructure, land use and population density. The integration of the six variables in the IVC allowed the study to categorize four different degrees of vulnerability of the coastal sector (very high, high, moderate, low, and very low). The results of this investigation showed that, from the thirteen spatial units of analysis evaluated, those with very high vulnerability were: Senoritas, Embajadores and Pucusana and those with very low vulnerability were Lurin, Quebrada and the Roca sector. The application of these two types of variables showed that the socioeconomic factors contribute to the increase of vulnerability of the coastal zone while the physical variables contributes to the decrease of it.

Mountain environment and population in Georgia: case study of Upper Svaneti

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the presented research is to identify local community opinions toward ecological problems in one of the mountainous region of Georgia (Upper Svaneti), to analyze how population ‘perceive, experience, and interpret’ the social, and ecological issues.The paper is based on the results of Upper Svanet ipopulation’s survey which was carried out by the authors of presented paper during the August of 2015 and 2016.The questionnaire was elaborated taking into account the peculiarities of the region. Stratified-cluster selection method was used for selection of respondents and database compilation. For statistical analysis of polling data the SPSS package was used.Based on the statistical analysis of survey results, the following issues have been studied: the most important ecological problems, environmental problems with respect to socio-economic ones, information sources on ecological problems, people’s trust in environmental issues, awareness level of the population on environmental policy, their personal contribution in environmental protection, ways to solve ecological problems, implemented environmental measures.The obtained results are important to foster mountain population’s active participation in processes that contribute to decision-making processes, planning and implementing programs for sustainable development.

Comparing Climate Change Policy Adoption and Its Extension across Areas of City Policymaking

Public policies increasingly address complex problems such as climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation that require forging connections across existing areas of policy activity. Despite the emerging prominence of these types of policymaking challenges, more research is needed to understand policy responses to them. In this paper, I use survey responses from 287 cities and a hurdle model to comparatively examine the factors that underlie the adoption of climate change mitigation and adaptation as issues influencing city policymaking and their extension across areas of city policymaking. I find evidence that while social change, crisis, and conditions supporting nascent coalitions were associated with adoption, extension across areas of policymaking was associated with the city?s prevailing political economy as well as the resources for expanding communities of interest. In the process, I offer empirical evidence for existing similarities and differences in cities? considerations about climate change mitigation and adaptation; particularly that the number of policymaking areas influenced by mitigation was associated with financial factors while the number influenced by adaptation was associated with socioeconomic ones.

Koncepcja wykorzystania interaktywnych prezentacji kartograficznych jako narzędzia w procesie edukacji geograficzno-historycznej

Cartographic documents in the form of maps and atlases are one of the forms facilitating communication in the relation between the teacher and the pupil in the process of knowledge transmission, mainly in the fields of geography and history. Spatial information on places, phenomena and events, both natural and socio-economic ones, taking place currently and in the past is presented on maps in the form of cartographic signs. New possibilities of using the maps appeared together with the development of computer technologies. Th e present article approaches a few important aspects of the subject, namely how the process of using the maps as a means of communication should proceed at different levels of education, how technological achievements affect the improvement of the map, and how this influences the potential effectiveness of education and the possibility of the pupils using the acquired abilities in the further out-of-school practice. A geographical or a historical map, both in its traditional, paper form and in a multimedia edition, is an effective tool of communication after having fulfilled a few conditions, e.g. compatibility of the map’s content with the curriculum and the information capacity of the scale in which it is presented as well as the map’s graphics prepared according to the principles of cartographic semiotics. Both these conditions – the first related to the map’s content and the other connected with its graphics – are closely related to the user’s features. In the case of the receivers of school maps, the users are characterized by different perception and experience, depending on age. Different requirements concerning the cartographic form of communication are imposed by pupils with eye defects (visually impaired, blind). At the first stage of teaching both geography and history, the teacher, who teaches how to interpret the map through discussion and explanation, plays a key role in the process of communication between the map and the pupil. On the high school level, communication in the relation between the map and the student acquires a direct dimension and it does not require the teacher’s participation any more.

Economic and socio-cultural determinants of agricultural insurance demand across countries

Abstract This paper aims to identify the determinant factors in using agricultural insurance and to provide evidence that matters of religion, besides the socio-economic ones, play an explanatory role in demand for agricultural insurance in American and European countries in the period 2000–2012. The study adopts a logistic regression modeling technique with 276 cross-section observations. The research results show that the agricultural insurance demand is a multidimensional function, which depends on: (i) the premiums of agricultural insurance, (ii) the subsidies of agricultural premiums, (iii) cultivated surfaces; (iv) the education level of farmers, (v) yield risks, and (vi) religion.

Quality of Care for Work-Associated Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

To evaluate the quality of care provided to individuals with workers' compensation claims related to Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and identify patient characteristics associated with receiving better care. We recruited subjects with new claims for CTS from 30 occupational clinics affiliated with Kaiser Permanente Northern California. We applied 45 process-oriented quality measures to 477 subjects' medical records, and performed multivariate logistic regression to identify patient characteristics associated with quality. Overall, 81.6% of care adhered to recommended standards. Certain tasks related to assessing and managing activity were underused. Patients with classic/probable Katz diagrams, positive electrodiagnostic tests, and higher incomes received better care. However, age, sex, and race/ethnicity were not associated with quality. Care processes for work-associated CTS frequently adhered to quality measures. Clinical factors were more strongly associated with quality than demographic and socioeconomic ones.

Evolution of land use-change modeling: routes of different schools of knowledge

Although much has been published on land use-change models (LUCMs), no study has comprehensively dealt with the evolution of land use models based on schools of knowledge. The primary objective of this paper is an explanation of the progress and growth of LUCMs concerning their main ontological, epistemological, and methodological origins. Five main paradigms, i.e., positivism, post-positivism, constructivism, participatory, and pragmatism approaches, are discussed in order to assess the current orientations of LUCMs. Given the complexities of LUCM components, the study concludes that one paradigm cannot adequately address all methodological aspects. Accordingly, it is necessary to combine quantitative and qualitative paradigms to create mixed-method approaches within a systemic framework. Such systemic approaches could shape the most probable future generations of LUCMs, which would be able to cope with the complexity of various subsystems, including biophysical and socioeconomic ones.