Socio-political Views Research Articles

Система персонажей в фантастических драмах «Р.У.Р.» и «Бунт машин» К. Чапека и А. Н Толстого

The literary connections between these major writers have always been a subject of interest and study by researchers. In the works of foreign (I. Gaek, F. Burianek, I. Adamovich, etc.) and domestic (V. Shcherbina, O. M. Malevich, I. A. Bernstein, E. N. Kovtun, etc.) literary critics, the biography, the system of philosophical views, the creative path and the works of Karel Chapek and Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy have been thoroughly considered. However, the present paper is primarily focusing on research which deal with the comparative analysis of the work of these contemporary writers. There are few such works, and all of them are mostly discussing the influence of the socio-political views and positions of these two authors on their works. Out study will highlight and consider the main papers dedicated to the literary relations of K. Chapek and A. N. Tolstoy, summarizing and analyzing the views of researchers.

Коррупция в системе социально-политических ориентаций Аврелия Августина

Peter Kaufman, the professor of the University of Richmond, took interest in Augustine’s interpretation of corruption and, in his article with the characteristic title “Augustine and Corruption”, published in 2009, enters into controversy with several prominent researchers of late antiquity, including, for example, Ramsey McMullen, who are inclined to see in the views of the bishop of Hippo signs of indulgence and justification of the corruption. In our article, we again turn to the problems of perception in connection with the socio-political views of the great father of the church. The epistolary legacy of Augustine has become the basis of our analysis. In his letters, among the addressees who are in high-ranking areas of general authority, judges, and fellow bishops, there is an ambivalent attitude towards the choice of personal contacts, the power in protecting the property rights of individuals and the whole church organisation, allowing to do ambiguous conclusions regarding support or denial of corruption ties as a solution to issues having socio-political values. Augustine has a completely rational attitude towards the property. He understands the significance of material goods for existence in the conditions of the Earthly City. Being a person realising managerial functions, he cannot but defend the property rights of his organisation as its determination is based on them. At the same time, the analysis of Augustine’s correspondence data allows us to discover a brand new approach to the perception of corruption in comparison with the well-known one. For him, venal practice does not consist in form, but in essence. He considers bribery and venality to be a complete evil, but he is ready to use connections with influential people for beneficial purposes, even if outwardly they may bear signs of abuse of influence and connections in the interest of third parties.

Ethno-confessional and socio-political views of indigenous and non-indigenous Muscovites (sociological experience)

The article deals with the problems associated with the intensification of migration processes in the largest megacities. Both positive and negative consequences of uncontrolled large-scale migration flows are determined. The focus of this article is concentrated on the study of the nature and degree of manifestation of tolerance/intolerance in the ethno-confessional and socio-cultural interaction of various groups of indigenous and non-indigenous population (with varying degrees of involvement in assimilation processes) Moscow; based on a comparative analysis of religious, socio-cultural and socio-political views of the indigenous residents of the capital and migrants. The results of monitoring by ISPR FCTAS RAS and IDR FCTAS RAS prove that uncontrolled migration processes contribute to the development of social risks. Ethno-confessional interaction is marked by the attitudes of the capital's indigenous inhabitants towards ethnocentrism, national and confessional exclusivity ("adherence to mono-national and mono-confessional marriages"). A significant difference in the socio-political, patriotic and confessional orientations of the typological groups studied ("indigenous" Muscovites and "newcomers") was revealed. Thus, the results of a sociological survey show that native Muscovites are more optimistic about the socio-economic and socio-political situation in the country, the political reform of society compared to migrants. In addition, when comparing assessments of the role of religious organizations and, in particular, the ROC in modern society, a group of "newcomers" Muscovites is less tolerant than a group of "indigenous" residents of the capital. The revealed consequences of the negative phenomena of the uncontrolled migration process (for example, the illegal involvement of migrants in labor relations contributes to the growth of the shadow economy and corruption in the labor market, etc.) indicates the relevance of studying the integration, assimilation of migrants and tolerance/intolerance in the ethno-confessional and socio-cultural interaction of indigenous Muscovites and newcomers. It is noted that taking into account "social risks" in the practice of national policy can help minimize the potential of interethnic and interfaith tensions in the metropolitan metropolis.

SOCIO-POLITICAL VIEWS OF THE CONSERVATIVE 
 PUBLICIST AND WRITER V.P. MESHCHERSKY

The article is devoted to the consideration of the socio-political views of the Russian publicist and writer V.P. Meshchersky. V.P. Meshchersky was a supporter of right-wing views, assessed as conservative and protective. His views were expressed for the most part in his letters, journalistic articles in the magazine "Citizen" and in novels. In his activity, he was characterized by the desire to prevent the impending crisis of state power in Russia by protective measures: the preservation of autocracy, the support of the nobility, the priority of Orthodoxy. Evaluation of V.P.'s activity Meshchersky for a long time wore an exclusively negative coloring, which is not entirely fair. Some of his ideas (the prevention of wars and international conflicts, the union of monarchical states) were true and fair.

Relationships between Spirituality, Religious Fundamentalism and Environmentalism: The Mediating Role of Right-Wing Authoritarianism.

According to past research, religious attitudes can strongly influence individuals’ beliefs and behaviors. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships between spirituality (the Scale of Spirituality; dimensions include religious spirituality, expanding consciousness, searching for meaning, sensitivity to art, doing good, and sensitivity to inner beauty), religious fundamentalism (the Religious Fundamentalism Scale), support for right-wing authoritarianism (the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale), climate concerns (the Environmental Concern Scale), and pro-environmental behavior (the Pro-Environmental Behavior Scale). The cross-sectional study involved 512 Poles aged 18–63 (M = 34.63, SD = 5.96; Mdn = 33), including 51% females. Multiple regression analysis revealed that two dimensions of spirituality (sensitivity to art and doing good) and religious fundamentalism are significant and opposite predictors of climate concern and pro-environmental behavior. Spirituality appeared to foster increased climate concern and caring behavior, while religious fundamentalism negatively predicted the same variables. Mediation analysis revealed that the relationship between religion and environmentalism could be explained in part by differences in support for right-wing authoritarianism (authoritarianism itself was negatively related to environmental outcomes). In addition, analysis of variance revealed that believers (70% of participants in the study were Catholic) showed significantly lower scores regarding climate concerns and pro-environmental behavior than non-believers, yet the inclusion of support for right-wing authoritarianism as a covariate in the equation reduced intergroup differences to statistical insignificance. The data obtained suggest that religious attitudes and socio-political views may play important roles in solving environmental problems.

Konstantin Leontiev against the Background of Byzantism and “the Eastern Confederation”

The article is devoted to the biography and socio-political views of K. N. Leontiev, the great Russian notionalist and publicist of the second half of the nineteenth century. The article discusses the evolution of Leontiev’s views. The emphasis is put on Leontiev’s ideas about byzantism as the foundation of Russia’s potential historical “longevity” and about “the Eastern Union” — a confederation, which, from his point of view, should include Orthodox and Slavic peoples, as well as many peoples of the Asian continent. The methodology of this review paper is based on the principles of science, historicism and objectivity. The research was based on the methods of comparative historical analysis, immersion into the ideological atmosphere of the time in which K. N. Leontiev had lived, and biographical analysis with elements of psychological research, which allowed to understand and reveal some fundamental aspects of his socio-political views. The article reviews and analyzes the literary heritage of the notionalist, including his journalism, fi ction and letters. K. N. Leontiev was one of “the pioneers” who had introduced the concept of byzantism into the socio-political discourse of postreform Russia. He nurtured great hopes that the Byzantine principles would allow Russia to outlast Western Europe by a long time — ultimately for a whole cultural and state epoch, i.e. for 1000–1200 years. The notionalist had generated these hopes in the fi rst half of the 1870s. However, K. N. Leontiev stopped counting on such a long period of Russia’s historical longevity towards the end of his earthly journey. An appeal to the biography and views of this notionalist, to his ideas about byzantism, “the Eastern Confederation”, Orthodoxy and the problem of the Church allows us to signifi cantly more accurately, sharper and deeper assess the catastrophic results of the 20th century for our country, the civilizational, spiritual, metaphysical, historical essence and the signifi cance of revolutions that befell it, as well as the period of the communist rule, and to outline potential ways for Russia to get out of the diff icult situation in which it has found itself in the current post-Soviet years.

John Locke's Concept of Justice

The article explores the main ideas of the concept of justice by John Locke, one of the most prominent representatives of the social and political philosophy of Modern times. The article considers the contractual theory of the origin of the state and the concept of justice in the context of the relevance of the realities of the modern world. D. Locke's concept of justice is investigated in the light of the enrichment of this problem. The author considers D. Locke's views as a reflection of the realities of social life of this era and tries to identify in them ideas that can be used in the realization of justice in modern society. The author explores D. Locke's concept of justice from the point of view of a materialistic understanding of history, the unity of various spheres of public life, the relationship of causal and functional relationships, in the context of the dialectic of economics and politics, from the point of view of the relationship and interdependence of needs, interests and moral values. The concept of D. Locke is considered as a pronounced contractual theory. The socio-political views of D. Locke in the light of the concept of justice seem interesting and original. The concept of D. Locke has its merits, for example, the position on the priority of the idea of the public good over the private selfish interests of an individual, the position on the need to correspond to the mind of individual interests and freedom. The unconditional merits in his research can be attributed to the further enrichment of contractual theory, his interpretation of the concept of fair equality and property rights. This interpretation was a reflection of new historical realities. D. Locke's ideas remain relevant in the context of modern socio-political realities and require further research.

On the Socio-political Views of V.I. Dahl through the Prism of Service Activities in Nizhny Novgorod (1849 - 1859)

Based on a wide range of archival and published sources, the article examines the activities of the famous lexicographer V. I. Dahl in Nizhny Novgorod. This period, which replaced historical eras (the reign of Nicholas I and the reforms of Alexander II), is of particular importance for characterizing the public position and personal qualities of the future author of the «Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language». For ten years, holding the position of manager of the Nizhny Novgorod appanage office, V.I. Dahl played a prominent role in the socio-political life of one of the most important provinces of Central Russia. The authors analyze in detail the relationships between V.I. Dahl and the Nizhny Novgorod provincial administration, including the military governor A.N. Muravyov, a conflict with whom was one of the reasons for the resignation of the lexicographer from public service. Particular attention is paid to the ideological position of V.I. Dahl on the peasant question, in connection with the preparation for the abolition of serfdom. A number of circumstances of the Nizhny Novgorod period of the biography of V.I. Dahl were studied for the first time.

Is There A Link Between Climate Change and Human Health?

According to the final report of the Lancet panel on climate change [1,2], " climate change is the biggest global danger of the 21st century". The world's climate has permanently changed over time. Some regions of the Earth that are presently relatively warm were once covered in ice millions of years ago. In more recent decades, average temperatures have cycled up and down due to variations in solar radiation or the recurrent eruption of volcanoes [3]. There is broad scientific agreement that Human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are a vital contributor to global warming that is currently taking place. Global carbon dioxide emissions are rising, reaching a new high last year. Indonesians seek to fight the risk of poverty being undermined by climate change. Its effects are escalating the dangers and vulnerabilities that face the poor, adding to the strain on their already overworked coping mechanisms. Infectious diseases, malnutrition, stunting, degenerative diseases, cancer, autoimmune disease, maternal and perinatal mortality, and many more having close connection with climate change. Natural disaster to be more prevalent and aggravates the bad impact. It is need to addresses the effects of climate change on health, contemporary sociopolitical views, and the need for public health and climate change policy that places a strong emphasis on the advantages to manage climate changes in reducing health impact in Indonesia and around the world [4].

SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATE POLICY AND DIPLOMACY OF MIRZO BABUR

In the years of independence, as in all fields, interest in studying the rich past heritage of our nation, including Mirza Babur's worldview, socio-political views and activities, significant progress was made by the standards of the present time. But despite this, we can observe a relatively small number of scientific studies on the study of the views of the great thinker and statesman on the science of politics and philosophy.

STOLYPIN PETR ARKADYEVICH AND THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF HIS PROGRAM MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA: BUILDING A LEGAL STATE AND CIVIL SOCIETY

The article provides separate facts of the biography of the great Russian reformer Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, some of the components of his program for the reconstruction of Russia stand out. Based on the results of research by L.Yu. Kazanina, which are based on an empirical and theoretical, historiographic approach to the study and analysis of the periodical press, which presented the main socio-political views of the early twentieth century; documents that make up the concept of reforms of P.A. Stolypin; programs of the main political parties of Russia of the specified period; materials of the I and II State Duma, the State Council of Tsarist Russia, containing the basic components of the modernization of Russia, developed by P.A. Stolypin. Emphasis is placed on certain provisions for building a legal state, civil society, which are part of the program for the modernization of Russia.

Russian citizens about life in the country: a sociological analysis of typological groups

The sociological monitoring measurement of Russians’ opinions about life in the country allows us to trace the dynamics of changes in the actual demands of the population on important aspects of life, to identify reserves and risks of socio-political consolidation and sociopolitical stability of society. The author’s research is based on the tools and empirical data obtained from the sociological monitoring "How are you, Russia" (ISPR FCTAS RAS, V. K. Levashov). The researchers analyze the change in quantitative indicators of the key socio-political characteristics of the consolidation of Russian society, obtained over 28 years of monitoring measurements (socio-economic and political factors). Positive changes were recorded according to the indicator of labor motivation of Russians. However, consolidation by the political factor makes it possible to fix pronounced processes of alienation, distrust and actualized demands for change in society. In the course of the sociological analysis, the authors construct two typological groups that differ in signs of economic and political optimism. The analysis of the features of the two identified typological groups showed the presence of different socio-political views, assessments and attitudes of their representatives. For the authorities, such information will become a support for rapid response to changes in the external and internal environment, the development of effective plans and strategies for the further development of the country, minimizing the risks of lowering the standard of living and well-being of the population.

Performing the Self through Orientalizing the Kurds in Isabella Bird’s Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan

Abstract This article fleshes out the various ways Isabella Bird performs the self in her travel account, Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan (1891), mainly in her engagement with the Kurdish people. Deploying Judith Butler’s theory of performativity of gender, we argue that travel writing is empowering for Bird because it offers her a viable platform to perform a variety of selves through which she can voice her complicated and nuanced socio-political views and promote her image. Moreover, we contend that Bird’s representation of the Kurds and their region is informed by Orientalist ideology of the time as well as her own complex subject position. The fluidity of Bird’s identity, which is represented through performing a rich diversity of masculine and feminine selves in her account, exposes the constructed nature of gender. Bird not only undermines the prescribed gender boundaries of her time, but also demands the right for herself, as a woman writer, to be both caring and daring by playing the roles of a brave traveller, intellectual explorer, devoted Hakim, shrewd political analyst, religious commentator, and receptive ethnographer in Journeys.

Угольки воспоминаний

In the focus of intellectual autobiography the article examines the attitudinal development of a young man who graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University in 1970. The reading and communication of that period is presented, it is written about those outstanding philosophers, publicists, and journalists of the period of the 60-70s of the XX century, under whose influence hе developed professionally. Particular attention is paid to the story about the originality of the work of the Moscow Methodological Club, whose leader was Georgy Shchedrovitsky. The main task of the club was to put under reflective control all acts of reasoning and mental operations: nominations, definitions, descriptions, construction of ontological models and theoretical constructions, etc. To some extent, this was reminiscent of the search for Western analytical philosophy and was in the Soviet Union a matter of "suspicious" in the ideological sense. The main socially significant events of those times that determined the formation of the socio-political views of young people who do not accept the Soviet ideology are highlighted.

The early years of the biography of Nikolai Kostomarov

The article is devoted to the early years of Nikolai Kostomarov's biography. The scientific literature still pays little attention to this period in the life of Nikolai Kostomarov. In this study, attention is focused on the early stage of the historian's life. In most cases, pre-revolutionary literature showed interest in this period. Later, the early years of the scientist's biography were presented only in the form of individual episodes. Traditionally, the main attention of researchers has been attracted by the problem of participation in the national liberation movement, its historical and political views. The subject of the study is the initial stage of the formation and development of the socio-political views of N.I. Kostomarov. The methodological basis consists of the principles of historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: the pedigree of the Kostomarov family is partially reconstructed, the conditions in which the personality of the future scientist was formed are shown. The article describes the first seventeen years of the life of the future Russian and Ukrainian historian, ethnographer, writer and literary critic. The conditions in which the development of Kostomarov's personality took place, difficult life circumstances that contributed to the formation of his character are shown. The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that the actual data can be used in generalizing works characterizing the socio-political situation of the Russian Empire of the XIX century, in historiographical studies.

The First Edition of “The Justification of Good” (1897): the Responses by Contemporaries. Part One

This article presents the first historiographical attempt to examine and analyze systematically all the newspaper and journal responses to the first edition of the basic treatise on the moral philosophy by Vl. Soloviev – The Justification of Good (1897). The first part of the article examines the positive reviews of the book that were submitted or published by the closest friends of the philosopher, supposedly, at his personal request. The analysis of the responses allows us to conclude that The Justification of Good was generally received by the Russian readership unfavorably. The reason for this was a problem of assigning the philosopher to one or another camp of Russian thought. Vl. Soloviev’s moral metaphysics and especially his socio-political views did not satisfy either liberals or conservatives, much less representatives of the radical left movements in social thought. The article notes that among the closest friends of Vl. Soloviev who gave a positive review of this treatise only E.L. Radlov was ready to accept the philosophical conception contained in The Justification of Good and support Soloviev in his polemic with the ethical views of Leo Tolstoy. Additionally, an examination of the positive reviews of The Justification of the Good is also important, because their authors as Soloviev’s friends could interpret some of the most difficult theses of the book based on the explanation given by the philosopher himself. It is possible to suppose that in preparing to publish his new philosophical work Vl. Soloviev expected that the first sympathetic reviews would contribute to a correct perception of his moral philosophy in Russian society.

«ДЕТИ ЖЕЛЕЗНОЙ ДОРОГИ»: ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЕ ВОПЛОЩЕНИЕ ФАБИАНЦЕВ В ПОЭТИКЕ ЭДИТ НЕСБИТ

The literary expression of the socio-political views of the English writer Edith Nesbit (1958-1926) in the children’s adventure novel “The Railway Children “ (1906) is studied. Nesbit was an active member of the social democratic Fabian society, and her political activities could not but be reflected in her work. Being, on the one hand, the author of children’s literature, and on the other hand, representing the “new woman”, the writer used the images of children to realize the idea of a possible break with traditional gender and social roles. At the same time, the author notes the compromise position of the author in relation to the women’s issue. The artistic implication is analyzed: the poetics of the name, costume and space.

Соціально-політичні погляди Станіслава Оріховського в контексті його самоідентифікації

The paper analyses the legacy of Stanislav Orekhovsky, who identified himself with the Rusins. He lived in the culture of the borderland, combining various cultural elements and stereotypes, which formed his original philosophical, religious, and socio-political ideas. The study of his work helps to determine the complex processes of the formation of the socio-cultural space and consciousness of the Rusins during the Renaissance. Moreover, understanding these processes provides a broader view of the events of that time in Europe. The originality of Orekhovsky's socio-political views is rooted in the intercuLturaL dominant of his worldview. His socio-political views are determined by the idea of justice as a basic social value. Mentality and national character influence the formation of ideas in the same way as education, ethnocultural self-awareness, and religion. Orekhovsky's socio-political views advanced those of other prominent representatives of the Enlightenment, in particular, his concept of equality of all under the law. His works provide a most deep and comprehensive picture of general trends in the development of cultural, philosophical, and socio-political thought of that time in the interaction of various aspects of human activity and the assimilation of cultures.

СОКРАТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ: АНАЛИЗ НЕКОТОРЫХ ВОПРОСОВ

The article is devoted to the consideration of the life and worldview of Socrates, relying primarily on the works of remarkable Russian historians of ancient philosophy: Aleksei Fedorovich Losev (1893–1988) and Semushkin Anatoly Vasilyevich (1939–2013). It deals with issues that could not previously be specifically addressed in the research literature or have stereotypical assessments: Socrates' religious beliefs, his socio-political views, attitude to dialectics and epistemology, the specificity of ethical views. For example, if A.F. Losev defines the method of Socrates as dialectical, then A.V. Semushkin convincingly shows that he was rather a “transcendentalist”, and he borrowed “dialectics” as eristics, the art of argument, from the sophists. His dialectic did not carry an epistemological-ontological meaning. The criticism of the Socratic understanding of ethics in the history of philosophy, associated primarily with the assessment of F. Nietzsche, is considered. Nevertheless, the Socrates' life is assessed in line with the ideas of K. Jaspers, and Socrates himself – as an "axial personality" who lived in the "Axial Age".

Европейские новшества как внешний декор государственной пропаганды Петра I.

Aim. The purpose of the article is to analyze several forms of state propaganda of Peter the Great’s era.Metodology. The author analyzes the semantic load that allegoric portraits of Peter the Great, commemorative medals, orders, decor of ships, performances and triumphs carried out in the Western European manner. The basis of the study is determined by the principle of historicism, which requires interpretation of meanings, based on the beliefs of the late 17th – early 18th centuries. The methodology of comparative analysis of Western and Russian sources was applied.Results. The analysis revealed the superficiality of Peter the Great’s Europeanization in the ideological sphere, the substitution of the idea of the «common good» in the interpretation of the tsar. In essence, the state ideology of that time was the form of the development of the former «Old Moscow » socio-political views which were developed as a part of the Russian patrimonial monarchy, ornamented by European allegorical «decor».Research implications. The conclusion made is practically not found in domestic historiography and emphasizes the attention of researchers to that part of Peter the Great’s ideology which was connected with the old basis of the sociocultural system of Russia rather than with with the «innovations».