In order to improve the resource scheduling efficiency of the smart education system in colleges and universities and improve the stability and security of educational resource processing, this paper combines cloud-side collaborative computing technology to improve the cloud computing task scheduling algorithm and uses the improved algorithm for task scheduling. Moreover, this paper combines the global optimization and local optimization processes to make the final optimal solution performance better and further reduce the task scheduling execution time in the cluster, thereby improving the computing efficiency of cloud computing. In addition, this paper combines the improved algorithm to construct the system structure framework and verifies the system performance through experiments. The experimental research results show that the smart education system in colleges and universities based on the cloud-side collaborative computing task scheduling algorithm constructed in this paper is very good in all aspects and has a greater advantage in processing educational resources.