Slotted Quartz Tube Research Articles

Development of an analytical strategy for the determination of trace lead in hibiscus tea extract by double slotted quartz tube assisted flame atomic absorption spectrometry after manganese ferrite based dispersive solid phase extraction

In this study, a manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) based dispersive solid phase extraction method (MF-DSPE) was proposed for the determination of lead (Pb) ions in hibiscus tea by double slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). The MnFe2O4 nanoparticles used as sorbent were produced in high yields using a green and friendly microwave synthesis procedure. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 14.2 µg/L under the optimal conditions. Recovery experiments were performed to assess the applicability of the developed method using hibiscus tea as test sample matrix. High recovery results were obtained by applying the matrix matching calibration method. Thanks to the developed MF-DSPE-SQT-FAAS method, the detection sensitivity for lead was improved by about 108-folds according to the comparison of the slopes of the calibration plots of the FAAS and MF-DSPE-SQT-FAAS systems.

T-cut slotted quartz tube-atom trap strategy for the on-line preconcentration of thallium in well water samples

In this study, an on-line preconcentration system was developed for the quantitative determination of thallium in well water samples using hydrogen-assisted T-cut slotted quartz tube atom trapping (HA-T-SQT-AT) coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The method is based on trapping the thallium atoms on the inner surface of the T-SQT for a short period using sample aspiration and lean flame conditions. Then, hydrogen gas as a reducing agent was released instantly to free the trapped analyte atoms, resulting in a sharp and narrow signal. The system analytical performance was enhanced by performing comprehensive optimization of several factors. The linear range and LOD/LOQ values of the optimized method were found to be 7.5–––200 ng/mL and 2.6/8.7 ng/mL, respectively. Accuracy/practicability of the presented method were verified using well water samples, and the percent recoveries calculated using the external calibration approach were all above 80%.

A Simple and Effective Quantification of Water‐Soluble Rhodium in Soil Samples by Magnetic‐Colloidal‐Gel‐Assisted Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction

AbstractIn this study, a simple, sensitive and environmentally friendly method was developed for the determination of water‐soluble rhodium in soil samples. For this purpose, rhodium was preconcentrated/separated by a dispersive solid phase extraction method (dSPE) and determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer with flame atomizer, equipped with a slotted quartz tube (SQT‐FAAS). In the dSPE method, a magnetic colloidal gel (magnetic nanofluid) was produced by mixing Fe3O4 based magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), and deep eutectic solvent (DES) obtained from the mixture of choline chloride and phenol (1 : 3). The optimized system showed good linearity in the concentration range of 17–447 μg/kg. While recording a detection limit (LOD) of 4.26 μg/kg, an over 200‐fold improvement in the detection power was obtained based on the comparison of LODs of the developed method and FAAS. Applicability and accuracy of the developed method were validated by spike recovery results that fell in the range of 89–106 %, using the matrix matching method to boost quantification accuracy in the soil samples.

Development of a Sensitive Method for Cadmium Determination in Fish Tissue and Drinking Water Samples by FAAS Using SQT In Situ Atom Trapping.

A sensitive and robust trap method was developed for the determination of cadmium (Cd) by using a slotted quartz tube. Using this method at a sample suction rate of 7.4 mL/min for 4.0 min collection, a 1467-fold increase in sensitivity was obtained compared to the flame atomic absorption spectrometry method. Under the optimized conditions, a limit of detection of 0.075 ng mL-1 was obtained for the trap method. The interference effects of hydride-forming elements, transition metals, and some anions on the Cd signal were investigated. The developed method was evaluated by analyzing "Sewage Sludge-industrial origin (BCR no: 146R)", "NIST SRM 1640a Trace elements in natural water", and "DOLT: 5 Dogfish Liver". There was a good agreement between the certified and found values at the 95% confidence level. This method was applied successfully for the determination of Cd in drinking water and some fish tissue samples (liver, muscle, and gill) obtained from Muğla province.

Development of an Analytical Method for the Determination of Trace Lead in Lake Water Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry after Vortex Assisted‐Stearic Acid Coated Magnetic Nanoparticle Based Extraction

AbstractIn the present study, a method is proposed for the determination of lead at trace levels by slotted quartz tube‐flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SQT‐FAAS) after preconcentration with stearic acid coated magnetic nanoparticle‐based dispersive solid phase extraction (SA‐MNP‐DSPE). The slotted quartz tube (SQT) is used to enhance the analyte atom residence time in the light path. Stearic acid coated magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, which can be easily collected with an external magnet, are used as adsorbent in the extraction process. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) values of the proposed method are obtained as 0.90 and 2.9 µg L−1, respectively. The method allows high repeatability in a wide linear range between 5.0 and 250 µg L−1, and the relative standard deviation for six replicates is 5.8%. The detection power is enhanced by about 77‐fold compared to the regular flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) system. The method is validated by recovery experiments to four different lake water samples. After the spiking tests, good recovery results are calculated between 97% and 106%. These results show that lead can be detected at low levels in lake water samples with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision.

Development of copper nanoflowers based dispersive solid-phase extraction method for cadmium determination in shalgam juice samples using slotted quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry

In this work, dispersive solid-phase extraction procedure was developed for trace cadmium determination before flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) measurement. Copper(II) based nanoflowers were synthesized to utilize as adsorbent for preconcentration of cadmium. The detection power of the spectrometric system was enhanced by placing a slotted quartz tube (SQT) onto the flame burner which increases the residence time of the analyte atoms in the flame region. The analytical performance of the developed system was evaluated with and without SQT equipment and the enhancement in detection power was calculated by the ratio of detection limits of CuNF-DSPE-FAAS (copper nanoflower based dispersive solid phase extraction-flame atomic absorption spectrometry) and FAAS system. Enhancement was determined as 73 and 104.3 times for CuNF-DSPE-FAAS and CuNF-DSPE-SQT-FAAS (CuNF-DSPE-slotted quartz tube-FAAS), respectively. Percent recovery results indicated the applicability of the developed method for the determination of trace cadmium.

Determination of trace cadmium in seawater using combination of polystyrene coated magnetic nanoparticles based DSPE and triethylamine assisted Mg(OH)2 method

Precise and accurate determination of elements in seawater requires efficient analytical approaches that are able to overcome challenges such as high salt content and the very low concentrations of elements. In the present study, the triethylamine (TEA) assisted Mg(OH)2 co-precipitation method was applied to seawater prior to the preconcentration of cadmium by an optimized polystyrene coated magnetic nanoparticles based dispersive solid phase extraction (PS-MNP-DSPE) method. The enriched analyte was determined by a flame atomic absorption spectrometer, which was fitted with a slotted quartz tube as an absorbance signal booster. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values calculated for cadmium under optimum conditions of the PS-MNP-DSPE-SQT-FAAS method were 0.23 and 0.77 µg kg−1, respectively. Seawater sampled from the coast of West Antarctica was used to verify the accuracy and applicability of proposed method, and the recovery results (97 – 106%) obtained were very satisfactory.

Combination of high performance liquid chromatography and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a novel nebulizer interface supported T shaped slotted quartz tube for the determination of Vitamin B12

A novel nebulizer interface (NI) was proposed to combine high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). A glass concentric nebulizer was linked to T-shaped slotted quartz tube (T-SQT) using a tubing to transfer the liquid solution eluted from the chromatographic system into the atomization region of FAAS system. T-SQT was also used to intensify the interaction of atoms with the hollow cathode lamp light. Vitamin B12 was selected as an analyte to show the applicability of the new hyphenated system. After optimizing some parameters such as mobile phase flow rate and pH, nebulizer gas flow rate, T-SQT height and injection volume, linear range for the analyte was determined between 4.7 and 92 mg/kg as Co. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the HPLC-NI-T-SQT-FAAS system were calculated to be 1.6 and 5.3 mg/kg as Co, respectively. Recovery studies were also conducted to verify the accuracy and applicability of the developed method for vitamin tablets and excellent percent recovery results (~ 100%) with low standard deviation values were obtained when matrix-matching calibration strategy was performed for each vitamin tablet. A successful separation and detection of the analyte was achieved within 3.0 min that offers high sample throughput. Two different vitamin tablets were analyzed by the optimized hyphenated system. The developed method also provides low usage of sample solution in contrast to conventional nebulizer in the FAAS system.

Polystyrene-coated magnetic nanoparticles based dispersive solid phase extraction for the determination of cadmium in cigarette ash prior to slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry system

A sensitive, accurate and simple analytical method was developed to determine cadmium by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration/extraction with polystyrene coated magnetic nanoparticles based dispersive solid phase extraction. The surface of Fe3O4 based magnetic nanoparticles was modified with polystyrene to yield higher selectivity and sensitivity in adsorption efficiency of cadmium. The nanoparticles were dispersed into the aqueous solution to extract/separate cadmium. Significant parameters of the method including magnetic nanoparticle amount, mixing effect, effect of ionic strength, eluent concentration and sonication period were optimized to achieve optimal conditions for the analyte. The limit of detection and quantification values of the developed method were found to be 0.62 and 2.1ng/mL, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, enhancement of the detection power for cadmium were calculated as 102 folds for the developed method. The developed method was then applied to cigarette ash to test its accuracy and applicability. Total cadmium was found to be between 402 and 450ng/g in the ashes of different cigarette brands commercially available in Turkey. The accuracy of quantifying cadmium in the complex ash samples was enhanced by using the matrix matching calibration strategy. The developed method provides sensitive and selective determination of cadmium at ng/mL levels even at complex cigarette ash samples. High percent recovery results (90-102%) were obtained from spiked real samples.

Determination of gold at trace levels in gold plating wastewater samples by vortex-assisted amidosulfonic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticle-based solid-phase microextraction method prior to slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometric measurements

Determination of gold at trace levels in gold plating wastewater samples by vortex-assisted amidosulfonic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticle-based solid-phase microextraction method prior to slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometric measurements

Novel Salicylic Acid Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles Based Ligandless Extraction for the Accurate Determination of Bismuth in Urine Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

An efficient, novel, rapid and green ligandless dispersive solid phase extraction method (LDSPE) based on salicylic acid modified magnetic iron nanoparticles (SA-MNPs) was combined with slotted quartz tube integrated flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) for sensitive bismuth determination in human urine. For this purpose, SA-MNPs were synthesized via a simple procedure and used as sorbent for the effective extraction/preconcentration of bismuth from the aqueous samples. This is the first report in the literature in which this analytical combination (SA-MNPs-LDSPE-SQT-FAAS) was utilized for the determination of bismuth. Under the determined optimum conditions, the linear range was between 20 and 250 µg L−1. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for bismuth were 6.0 and 21.0 µg L−1, respectively. A 94-fold enhancement in the detection power of FAAS was achieved using the SA-MNPs-LDSPE-SQT-FAAS method. To examine the method’s accuracy and applicability, the optimal procedure was applied to spiked human urine. Satisfactory recoveries from 95% to 101% were obtained with matrix matching, indicating that the developed method can be used for bismuth determination in biological samples.

Trace Determination of Rhodium in Coating Wastewater by Vortex Assisted Magnetic Nanoparticle Based Solid Phase Microextraction (MNP-SPME) Combined with Slotted Quartz Tube–Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) with Matrix Matching Calibration

A magnetic nanoparticle based solid phase microextraction method (MNP-SPME) was developed for the extraction/preconcentration of rhodium prior to determination by slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). The extraction efficiency was enhanced by the binary MNPs (uncoated MNPs and amidosulfonic acid coated MNPs). The parameters affecting rhodium extraction such as the pH and volume of buffer solution, mixing type/period after the addition MNPs and sample volume were optimized by univariate optimization. Box-Behnken design with five center points was also used as a multivariate approach for the determination of the optimum values of the MNP mass and percentages and eluent volume. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection and quantitation were 0.3 and 1.1 µg L−1. In order to characterize the applicability/accuracy of the method, spiking experiments were performed in metal coating wastewater. Recoveries were between 95.5% and 102.9% using matrix matching calibration. The developed method achieved a 129.1-fold enhancement in detection power compared to FAAS. The recovery results demonstrated the accuracy of the developed strategy for the determination of rhodium in complex matrices.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) Using 5-(4-Ethylphenyl azo ) 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Oxime Reagent

Spectrophotometric Determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) Using 5-(4-Ethylphenyl azo ) 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Oxime Reagent

Determination of Silver in Metal Plating Wastewater by Slotted Quartz Tube Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) after Preconcentration with Stearic Acid-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticle-Based Solid-Phase Microextraction (SA-MNP-SPME)

Here is reported the determination of silver at ultratrace levels by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) following stearic acid coated magnetic nanoparticle based solid phase microextraction (SA-MNP-SPME). The parameters affecting silver extraction were optimized to obtain high efficiency. In addition to the magnetic property of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, they were coated with stearic acid to increase the surface area and the capacity for the analyte. An external magnetic field was used to separate the silver from the liquid phase. To obtain the highest efficiency, the mass of magnetic nanoparticles, pH and volume of buffer solution, mixing type and period, volume of eluent and volume of sample were optimized univariately. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection and quantitation were determined to be 40 and 130 ng L−1, respectively. Recovery experiments were performed to investigate matrix effects on the developed method by spiking real samples. Recoveries were between 96.3 and 105.1% with low standard deviations by the matrix matching calibration. The developed MNP-SPME-SQT-FAAS method achieved 305-fold improvement in detection power. These results demonstrated the method’s applicability for the determination of trace silver in complex samples with good accuracy and precision.

A Sensitive Microextraction Method Using Effervescence Tablets to Disperse Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Cadmium Determination in Lake Water Samples

AbstractIn this study, an effective and sensitive method was developed for the preconcentration of cadmium in flame atomic absorption spectrometer system combined with a 5‐holes cut slotted quartz tube (SQT‐FAAS). For this aim, a dispersive solid‐phase microextraction method based on a magnetic effervescent tablet consisting of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (EA‐MNP‐dSPME) was proposed. In the developed microextraction method, the dispersion of the nanoparticles used as adsorbents was assisted by the effervescent tablets generated from a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate. In order to obtain the highest extraction and instrumental output, all variables that affect the efficiency was investigated comprehensively and optimum conditions were determined with univariate optimization steps. The detection power of the conventional FAAS system was enhanced about 135 folds with respect to the LOD value of the developed method (0.34 ng mL−1) obtained under the optimum conditions. The EA‐MNP‐dSPME method presented high reproducibility with a low %RSD value calculated as 8.1 %. In order to validate the accuracy and applicability of the method, matrix matching method based recovery studies were carried out using the lake water samples taken from Horseshoe Island. The percent recovery results reported between 99.9–104.3 % with percent relative standard deviation below 7.9 % indicated the developed method‘s applicability for the accurate and precise determination of cadmium.

Quantification of palladium in wastewater samples by matrix-matching calibration strategy assisted deep eutectic solvent based microextraction

An efficient, sensitive, and easy deep eutectic solvent based (DESb) liquid phase microextraction (LPME) method was developed to preconcentrate palladium for quantification at trace level by a flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) system, equipped with a lab made slotted quartz tube (SQT). All parameters of the DESb-LPME-SQT-FAAS system were optimized to lower the detection limit of the system. Using the optimized conditions, quantification and detection limits were obtained as 24.7 and 7.4μg L-1, respectively, which are compatible with the literature findings. Detection power of the FAAS system was enhanced by almost 50-fold using the optimum method based on LOD comparison. Recovery experiments were also performed with spiked wastewater matrix to examine the applicability/validity of the proposed method. The % recovery results were calculated between 85 and 91%. This established that the applicability of the developed method is high, and determination of this element in complex matrix can be performed accurately using the developed method.

Determination of Palladium in Precious Metal Waste by Sieve Conducted Two Syringes Pressurized Liquid Phase Microextraction (SCTS-PLPME) and Slotted Quartz Tube Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SQT-FAAS)

Determination of palladium at trace levels in environmental samples is essential due to its harmful properties and threats to living organisms. Hence, a simple but efficient liquid-phase microextraction method is reported by sieve conducted two syringes pressurized liquid phase microextraction (SCTS-PLPME) and slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). The originality of this system is based on the elimination of disperser solvents that are used to increase the surface area of extractant. The high pressure created by the movement of syringe plungers results in efficient dispersion of the extractants in the sample solution. Parameters that affect the overall efficiency of the extraction method were carefully optimized. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) under the optimum conditions were 6.0 and 20.0 μg L−1, respectively. The developed method showed good linearity between 20 and 1000 μg L−1, and provided a 25-fold enhancement in detection power compared to conventional FAAS. The optimized method was successfully used to determine the analyte in precious metal waste samples.

Determination of Lead in Urine by Slotted Quartz Tube (SQT) – Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) Following Preconcentration by Dispersive Liquid Phase Microextraction (DLLME)

This study was aimed to develop a sensitive and accurate method for the determination of lead in urine. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was applied prior to slotted quartz tube – flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS). Dithizone was employed in generating water-insoluble forms of lead to isolate the analyte in the microextraction. All variables having a direct effect on extraction and instrumental outputs were systematically optimized. The detection limit was 0.5 µg L−1 which indicates a 305-fold enhancement compared to conventional FAAS. The wide linear range is between 2.0 and 250 µg L−1 with a high regression coefficient (0.9998). Urine samples were used in order to examine the practical application of the developed method. The recovery values were between 98.2 and 107.0%.

An accurate analytical method for the determination of antimony in tea and tap water samples: photochemical vapor generation-atom trapping prior to FAAS measurement

A sensitive and accurate sonication-assisted gas liquid separator-photochemical vapor generation-T-shaped slotted quartz tube with seven exit holes-atom trapping-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SA-GLS-PVG-T-SQT-AT-FAAS) system was developed for the quantification of antimony at trace levels in daphne tea and tap water samples. A comprehensive univariate optimization was utilized to evaluate experimental conditions in terms of flame type, hydrogen gas flow rate, argon gas flow rate, trapping period, type of T-SQT and height of T-SQT. Under the conditions optimized, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification values for the proposed method were figured out as 28.4 and 94.5 µg/L, respectively. Increment in detection power was recorded as 96-folds when LOD values of the FAAS, and the SA-GLS-PVG-T-SQT-AT-FAAS systems were compared to each other. Spiking experiments were also carried out for the evaluation of the method’s applicability and accuracy. Percent recovery results for both samples were found in the range of 90.2–108.0% using the SA-GLS-PVG-T-SQT-AT-FAAS system.

Accurate and sensitive determination of cobalt in urine samples using deep eutectic solvent-assisted magnetic colloidal gel-based dispersive solid phase extraction prior to slotted quartz tube equipped flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study, a colloidal gel of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles was used in the development of a simple and accurate dispersive solid phase extraction method for the extraction/preconcentration of trace levels of cobalt ions in urine samples. The eluted cobalt ions were determined by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SQT-FAAS). The effects of the type and volume of buffer solution, volume of magnetic colloidal gel, type and period of mixing, concentration and volume of the eluent were investigated and optimized to obtain the best experimental outputs. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection and quantification were found as 4.6 and 15 ng mL−1, respectively. The developed method provided a 61.5 folds enhancement in the detection power of the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Method validation was performed by spiking experiments using matrix matching method. The percent recoveries were found to be close to 100% for the spiked samples, which validate the accuracy and the applicability of the developed method to the urine samples.