Skill Requirements Research Articles

Skill …Skill… Which Skill do I Acquire? ---Skills Requirement for the BANI Environment---

We are moving from the information era to innovation era. Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSA) are the core for every employee to accomplish the organizational goals during this era. This paper is an exploratory study aimed at identifying the ‘SKILLS’ requirement to meet new-age challenges, and to assess the role of Higher Educational Institutions in imparting those SKILLS. Secondary data is collected through various reports and research works to list out the skills required by the millennials. According to World Skill Council, problem solving, self-management, working with people, technology use and development are some of the Skills among the top Skills of 2025. The emphasis is on the emerging Skills requirement, as the very basic nature of work and meaning of workplace is in transition stage. The rules of the game have changed. The below three questions will provide an insight on the changing workplace scenario. (i) Who does the work? Work could be done by full time or part time employees, gig workers or crowd sourcing. (ii) How the work is done? – Work can be accomplished by using AI, robotics and automation. (iii) When and where work is done? – Work places are no longer traditional brick and mortar settings. They could be fluid work schedules, remote workers or collocated workspace. To embrace this change in the workplace, it is vital for the workforce to equip themselves with a new set of skills. Therefore, this study will explore the skills requirement for the future workplace to thrive in BANI environment. And also make an effort to direct the Higher Educational Institutions in imparting those Skills.

MOVIN: Real‐time Motion Capture using a Single LiDAR

AbstractRecent advancements in technology have brought forth new forms of interactive applications, such as the social metaverse, where end users interact with each other through their virtual avatars. In such applications, precise full‐body tracking is essential for an immersive experience and a sense of embodiment with the virtual avatar. However, current motion capture systems are not easily accessible to end users due to their high cost, the requirement for special skills to operate them, or the discomfort associated with wearable devices. In this paper, we present MOVIN, the data‐driven generative method for real‐time motion capture with global tracking, using a single LiDAR sensor. Our autoregressive conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) model learns the distribution of pose variations conditioned on the given 3D point cloud from LiDAR. As a central factor for high‐accuracy motion capture, we propose a novel feature encoder to learn the correlation between the historical 3D point cloud data and global, local pose features, resulting in effective learning of the pose prior. Global pose features include root translation, rotation, and foot contacts, while local features comprise joint positions and rotations. Subsequently, a pose generator takes into account the sampled latent variable along with the features from the previous frame to generate a plausible current pose. Our framework accurately predicts the performer's 3D global information and local joint details while effectively considering temporally coherent movements across frames. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our architecture through quantitative and qualitative evaluations, comparing it against state‐of‐the‐art methods. Additionally, we implement a real‐time application to showcase our method in real‐world scenarios. MOVIN dataset is available at https://movin3d.github.io/movin_pg2023/https://movin3d.github.io/movin_pg2023/">https://movin3d.github.io/movin_pg2023/.

The First 5-year Integrated Doctoral Program Exploring the Frontiers of Pharmaceutical Sciences

To empower the next generation of students to become leaders that play active roles in various fields in society, research universities must offer attractive and meaningful doctor of philosophy (PhD) programs in their graduate schools. The Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, at Kyoto University has trained a large number of researchers who are leading drug discovery science and clinical pharmacy in academia as well as in the pharmaceutical industry, in medical organization and in government. However, due to changes in the trends of students and the evolving skill requirements of future PhD holders to handle the challenges of a changing society, it is necessary to revise the curriculum of our graduate school. Thus, we will reform the graduate and undergraduate school programs by implementing a so-called late specialization program and a double mentoring system and aim to nurture emergent researchers who will explore uncharted areas in pharmaceutical sciences. Toward this goal, we established the Division of Medical Frontier Sciences in April 2022 to replace the former Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics. This program is Japan's first five-year integrated doctoral course in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. In this review, I will introduce the background leading to its development construction and provide an overview of the characteristics of this five-year integrated doctoral program.

Skills-First Approach in the Context of the Twin Transition

Skills, reskilling and higher qualifications have become increasingly important in the labor market as a result of the labor shortage faced by economic agents. This labor shortage is due to the effects of the twin ecological and digital transitions, demographic aging and the speed with which skill requirements in the labor market are changing and will trigger significant changes in the labor market. The aim of the paper is to understand the changes on the labor market in the context of the acceleration of twin transitions and how the skills-first approach could improve this transition in Romania. After reviewing the specialized literature and presenting the theoretical framework, the evolution of the Beveridge Curve in the period 2008-2022 and the social impact of the twin transition will be analyzed. The results underline the maintenance of the low capacity of the economy to create new jobs, as well as the large number of people without a job in the period 2020-2022. The top skill required on the labor market is the use of digital tools and top occupations in this skill are of ICT professionals, researchers, engineers.

The Importance of the Palm Oil Industry for Malaysian Entrepreneurs

Malaysia is focusing on the agricultural sector, especially the palm oil industry, for economic development and employment opportunities. It is recognized that agriculture offers huge potential for creating thriving businesses within Malaysia. With full and active support from the government, there are insured big opportunities for existing and “would-be” entrepreneurs. The palm oil industry also brings myriad benefits to small farmers because farms are part of the overall supply chain. However, reinvesting in agribusiness needs a pool of young, innovative, committed, and enthusiastic local entrepreneurs. There are also characteristics unique to agribusiness that must be considered. Specifically, there are five elements present that make it different from other types of businesses: the requirement of related skills and knowledge, uncertainty due to variations in production, its unique cultural background, the possibility of political intervention and involvement, and its highly competitive structure.

Research on Curriculum Reform and Teaching Mode of Vocational Education Based on Learning Theory

At present, China is in a critical stage of rapid economic and social transformation and upgrading, and global scientific and technological innovation and industrial change present an unprecedented profound impact. In this context, the importance of vocational education is further emphasized. The traditional model of vocational education is faced with the rapid evolution of technology, knowledge, and market, and new occupational positions and skill requirements have emerged in many fields, posing brand new challenges to the education system and teaching mode. Guided by the learning theory, it has become an important issue in the field of vocational education nowadays to cultivate vocational talents with more comprehensive quality and innovative ability through curriculum reform and teaching mode innovation. The article explores the curriculum reform and teaching mode innovation of vocational education based on learning theory, to provide a reference for relevant staff.

Identifying the sociodemographic and work-related factors related to workers’ daily physical activity using a decision tree approach

BackgroundThe social and behavioural factors related to physical activity among adults are well known. Despite the overlapping nature of these factors, few studies have examined how multiple predictors of physical activity interact. This study aimed to identify the relative importance of multiple interacting sociodemographic and work-related factors associated with the daily physical activity patterns of a population-based sample of workers.MethodsSociodemographic, work, screen time, and health variables were obtained from five, repeated cross-sectional cohorts of workers from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007 to 2017). Classification and Regression Tree (CART) modelling was used to identify the discriminators associated with six daily physical activity patterns. The performance of the CART approach was compared to a stepwise multinomial logistic regression model.ResultsAmong the 8,909 workers analysed, the most important CART discriminators of daily physical activity patterns were age, job skill, and physical strength requirements of the job. Other important factors included participants’ sex, educational attainment, fruit/vegetable intake, industry, work hours, marital status, having a child living at home, computer time, and household income. The CART tree had moderate classification accuracy and performed marginally better than the stepwise multinomial logistic regression model.ConclusionAge and work-related factors–particularly job skill, and physical strength requirements at work–appeared as the most important factors related to physical activity attainment, and differed based on sex, work hours, and industry. Delineating the hierarchy of factors associated with daily physical activity may assist in targeting preventive strategies aimed at promoting physical activity in workers.

Efektivitas Program Pelatihan Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Pada Badan Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Keuangan Dan Aset Daerah (BPPKAD) Kabupaten Gresik

In 2019-2020 employee productivity decreased and there were fluctuations in the performance assessment of Gresik Regency Regional Revenue, Financial and Asset Management Agency (BPPKAD) employees, because there were obstacles in implementing training programs which had an impact on employee performance. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of training programs in improving performance at the Gresik Regency Regional Revenue, Financial and Asset Management Agency (BPPKAD), as well as analyzing supporting and inhibiting factors for the implementation of training programs in improving the performance of Regional Revenue, Financial and Asset Management Agency (BPPKAD) employees. ) Gresik Regency. This research is qualitative research using primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques in this study were through interviews and observations. The selection of informants in this study was carried out using purposive sampling method. In this research, as stated by the three informants, it can be said that the implementation of the training program at the Regional Revenue, Financial and Asset Management Agency of Gresik Regency can be said to be quite effective in improving agency performance, especially in the scope of the Gresik Regency Regional Revenue, Financial and Asset Management Agency. which can be seen from several responses and results of employee performance which can be considered quite productive and good enough. There are several shortcomings in the implementation of this training program. There are obstacles in its implementation, namely in the form of budget funds spent on this training program which are considered to be insufficient due to the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak, which basically requires the implementation of this program to be minimized. One effort can be made to ensure that the implementation of the training program continues, managing the existing budget as well as possible by providing training programs to employees in accordance with the AKD (Training Needs Analysis) that has been determined, so that the budget spent is not wasted or wasted. . Apart from the Regency/City APBD, training programs can also be obtained through the bidder APBN from the ministry, Bappenas. This research contributes to employees being able to maintain a sense of responsibility in their duties where training programs are provided to obtain the skill requirements needed to carry out employee duties and have employee motivation or goals to take part in the training program. This research was only conducted on employees of the Gresik Regency Regional Revenue, Financial and Asset Management Agency (BPPKAD).

Comparative Performance of Rapid Diagnostics for the Detection of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Oats.

The contamination of oat crops by trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 and HT-2 is an ongoing threat to our food safety. Within the industry, there are increasing concerns about the continued and growing presence of these mycotoxins occurring in oat crops due to climate change, farming practices and the handling of crops post-harvest. To safeguard human health, monitoring these mycotoxins in foodstuffs is paramount to ensure human exposure is limited. To achieve this, effective testing regimes must be established within the industry, consisting not only of rapid, reliable, and accurate analytical methods but also efficient sampling strategies. Four commercial rapid diagnostic kits were assessed against liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and included three lateral flow devices and one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One-way ANOVA showed a p-value of 0.45 indicating no significant difference between the methods assessed. Qualitative analysis revealed test kits 1, 2, 3, and 4 showed false negative/false positive rates of 1.1/2.2, 7.6/0, 2.2/0, and 6.5/0 percent, respectively. Test Kit 1, the Neogen Reveal® Q+ MAX for T-2/HT-2 Kit provided the most reliable, accurate and cost-effective results. Furthermore, its ease of use and no requirement for technical skill makes it applicable for on-site testing.

An AI-powered navigation framework to achieve an automated acquisition of cardiac ultrasound images

Echocardiography is an effective tool for diagnosing cardiovascular disease. However, numerous challenges affect its accessibility, including skill requirements, workforce shortage, and sonographer strain. We introduce a navigation framework for the automated acquisition of echocardiography images, consisting of 3 modules: perception, intelligence, and control. The perception module contains an ultrasound probe, a probe actuator, and a locator camera. Information from this module is sent to the intelligence module, which grades the quality of an ultrasound image for different echocardiography views. The window search algorithm in the control module governs the decision-making process in probe movement, finding the best location based on known probe traversal positions and image quality. We conducted a series of simulations using the HeartWorks simulator to assess the proposed framework. This study achieved an accuracy of 99% for the image quality model, 96% for the probe locator model, and 99% for the view classification model, trained on an 80/20 training and testing split. We found that the best search area corresponds with general guidelines: at the anatomical left of the sternum between the 2nd and 5th intercostal space. Additionally, the likelihood of successful acquisition is also driven by how long it stores past coordinates and how much it corrects itself. Results suggest that achieving an automated echocardiography system is feasible using the proposed framework. The long-term vision is of a widely accessible and accurate heart imaging capability within hospitals and community-based settings that enables timely diagnosis of early-stage heart disease.

ANALYSIS OF DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE LABOR MARKET

Topicality. Regarding the relevance of the article, it is necessary to note that the demographic process develops under the influence of other social processes: economic, political and others. In turn, the demographic process affects the course of all other social processes. Demographic processes in the Republic of Azerbaijan and their impact on the labor market are studied in the article. In the study, a systematic approach was used, which allows applying the best scientific ideas of economic theory to analyze the modern labor market in the context of the development of population decline processes.Aim and tasks. The study aims to investigate various aspects of demographic processes, such as population growth, birth and death rates, migration patterns, age structure, and urbanization trends in Azerbaijan. By analyzing these factors, the study seeks to provide insights into the changing composition and dynamics of the population in the country.Materials and methods. Data collection, demographic analysis, literature review, policy implications were used in the study. The study would require collecting relevant data on demographic processes and labor market indicators in Azerbaijan. This data can be obtained from various sources such as national statistical agencies, labor market surveys, census data, administrative records, and other relevant databases. The study would involve analyzing demographic processes in Azerbaijan, including population growth rates, birth and death rates, fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, age distribution, and urbanization trends. This analysis can be conducted using statistical methods and demographic models to understand the dynamics and trends of the population.Research results. In the course of the research, the national concept of labor market management was studied, state programs on demographic, socio-economic development, effective socio-economic policy and labor market development models in non-standard conditions were reviewed.Conclusion. The study involves analyzing the labor market in Azerbaijan, including labor force participation rates, employment rates, unemployment rates, occupational patterns, wage levels, skill requirements, and other relevant labor market indicators. This analysis can be conducted using statistical techniques and econometric models to assess the impact of demographic factors on the labor market. The future study on the topic would aim to provide policy recommendations based on the findings and analysis. These recommendations can inform policymakers, government agencies, and other stakeholders about potential interventions, strategies, or policy changes that could address the challenges or harness the opportunities arising from demographic changes in Azerbaijan's labor market.

Education system and labor market: interdependence issues

Formulation of the problem. The labor market has recently undergone significant changes under the influence of many factors. Among them are globalization, demographic, migration processes, international conflicts and wars, climate change, epidemics, etc. Digitalization and green transit are becoming especially relevant in all spheres of life. This affects the requirements for knowledge and skills of employers who are preparing to receive or change jobs. Therefore, the field of education faces an important task of introducing flexible and effective educational programs. The purpose of the article. To summarize statistical and analythical information and forecasts regarding changes in education in European countries and Ukraine in the context of the transformation of labor market and under the influence of the deployment of industry 4.0. The main results of the study. The article notes the growth of unemployment among young people on the European continent, which began in the early 1960s. Statistics on education and the unemployment rate in Ukraine, damages from the war that was unleashed by Russia in 2022 are given. The growing role of institutions is especially emphasized professional education and training in the general education system of the countries of the world, blurring the boundaries between secondary special and higher education. Two main trends are highlighted in education: the development of information and communication technologies and increasing the role of transversal skills. Statistics on the level of basic digital skills among citizens of EU member states and initiatives to increase the digital literacy of Europeans are given. The presence of different approaches to the ratio of general theoretical and professional disciplines in different national education systems is emphasized. Conclusions. The impact on the sphere of education and the labor market of the process of automation, robotization, and the transition to a green economy remains to be determined. The perspective of introducing integrated approaches in education such as the German "learning fields" (Lernfelder) or the professional "code" in the Finnish system is indicated.

Obvious advantage of vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery hysterectomy against total laparoscopic hysterectomy in small uterus patients and the future prospects at a regional core institution: A retrospective study.

Owing to the combination of benefits, including permanent visual guidance and no abdominal skin incision, vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery hysterectomy (vNOTES-H) is currently widely used. However, the introduction of vNOTES-H has been delayed in many Japanese regional core hospitals because of its specific device and skill requirements. Therefore, the characteristics and advantages should be explained for the widespread use of this technique. We reviewed the medical records of 17 patients with vNOTES-H and 94 patients with total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2022. In this analysis, to compare the results of vNOTES-H to TLH, we excluded certain patients with a relatively heavy uterus (>255g) and the presence of abdominal adhesions. In this report, first, the characteristics of the vNOTES-H procedures using a transvaginal access platform are explained by referring to one representative patient. Second, the patient characteristics of the vNOTES-H and TLH groups, including operation time and blood loss amount, were compared. Then, to detect the influence of vNOTES-H on the difficulty of operation among all 111 patients, we performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess the influence of each of 9 factors, including "vNOTES-H", "Advanced age", "High BMI", "3 parity", "Gynaecological operation history", "Adenomyoma", "Large leiomyoma", "Heavy uterus" and "Large uterus", on the two indexes, including "Short time operation" and "Massive blood loss". In the simple comparison between the groups with vNOTES-H and TLH, the operation time in the former group was significantly shorter than in the latter group, although other factors did not show significant differences, including blood loss amount. Moreover, in the multivariate logistic regression analysis of all 111 patients, the "vNOTES-H" factor showed a significantly high possibility of "short time operation", although no factor, including "vNOTES-H", showed a significant influence on "massive blood loss". vNOTES-H showed advantages in terms of operation time without increasing blood loss for patients with a relatively small uterus. However, to expand the selection for vNOTES-H, we should accumulate further patients and perform more analyses.

DIGITAL METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF FORMING AN INNOVATIVE LABOUR MARKET INFORMATION SUPPORT SYSTEM IN UKRAINE

Digitalization processes bring about radical transformations in the content and nature of work, leading to shifts in the demand for certain skills and abilities and the emergence of new occupations. Traditional survey-based sources of information about the labour market prove insufficient to track these changes for employment policy purposes. In this article, the authors reveal alternative data sources on the labour market, made possible due to the development of new digital technologies, and delineate their respective advantages and drawbacks. Additionally, the authors systematize international experiences in leveraging digital technologies and Big Data for statistical and information-analytical research on the labour market. Having analysed the leading research-analytical projects in the USA, Great Britain, and EU countries, the authors found them to be focused on constructing functional intellectual and analytical systems for the labour market. These projects aim to develop methodologies and promote widespread adoption of digital tools for working with Big Data, significantly expanding the capabilities of labour market information and analytical systems. The authors examined specific projects that used Big Data from online job vacancies to assess the demand and supply of jobs, as well as to analyse and forecast the requirements for skills and competences that would be feasible for adoption in Ukraine. Big Data from specialized online portals, servers and services were found to serve as powerful resources to supplement and enrich the existing conventional system of labour market statistics and analytics. Finally, the authors substantiate the need and expediency of creating a fundamentally new Labour Market Information and Analytical System (LMIAS) in Ukraine and coordinating it with labour market platforms in EU countries. They also identify a range of problematic issues that require in-depth research and resolution in Ukraine, such as ensuring the representativeness of online job vacancy data, improving the classifiers of occupations, abilities and skills, and introducing methods for integrating statistical, administrative, and Big Data on the labour market.

Specifying task allocation in automotive wire harness assembly stations for Human-Robot Collaboration

Wire harness assembly is normally a manual assembly process that poses ergonomic challenges. As a consequence of the rapidly expanding electrification of vehicles and transportation systems, the demand for wire harnesses can be expected to grow radically, further increasing assembly operator challenges. Thus, automating this assembly process is highly prioritised by production engineers. The rapid development of industrial robot technology has enabled more human-robot collaboration possibilities, simplifying the automation of wire harness process tasks. However, successful automation applications involving humans require efficient and safe allocation of tasks between humans and technology. Unfortunately, present assembly system design methods may be obsolete and insufficient in light of the capabilities of emerging automation technologies such as collaborative robots. This paper presents a design and specification methodology for human-centred manufacturing systems and focuses on collaborative assembly operations in complex production systems. A case study on human-robot collaboration provides an application example from a wire-harness collaborative assembly process. The proposed design methodology combines hierarchical task analysis with assessments of cognitive and physical Levels of Automation (LoAc and LoAp). The assessments are then followed by evaluations of the Levels of human-robot Collaboration (LoC) and the Levels of operator Skill requirements (LoSr) respectively. A task allocation matrix supports the identification of possible combinations of automation and collaboration solutions for a human-centred and collaborative wire harness assembly process. System designers and integrators may utilise the design and specification methodology to identify the potential and extent of human-robot collaboration in collaborative manufacturing assembly operations.

정보보호 직무 수행을 위해 필요한 지식 및 기술 : 텍스트 마이닝을 이용한 구인광고와 NCS의 비교

정보보호 직무 수행을 위해 필요한 지식 및 기술 : 텍스트 마이닝을 이용한 구인광고와 NCS의 비교

Social practice of bachelor students as a new type of practical training of future teachers for professional activities in inclusion

. The purpose of the proposed article is to generalize the experience of implementing a new type of practical training for bachelors of the 3rd year of study for a pedagogical university. Social practice is aimed at the acquisition by future teachers of experience in organizing the processes of education, upbringing and socialization of students with special educational needs. Taking into account the special educational needs of different categories of students today, in the context of inclusive education development, is a necessary requirement for labor activities, knowledge, and skills of a teacher in accordance with the professional standard of a teacher. The article analyzes the results of a study of the reflection of social practice experience among students, and also offers the results of a focus group with employers and students in order to study their attitude to the phenomenon of inclusive culture and their willingness to act in an inclusive environment.

Building Competencies for Industry 4.0: Suggestions from Kazakhstan Experience

The article reveals possible recommendations for action on competency development (with a focus on digital competencies), which are caused by the increasing requirements of Industry 4.0 and the rapid growth of digitalization in the economy. In this context, it is important to prepare staff by raising awareness of the ongoing changes and emerging new requirements for skills and competencies.

Developing a sustainable career for designers by using the salary-skills relationship for Chinese designers

The value of designers is determined by market-based compensation which reflects the status of the design industry, the career paths of designers, reform directions in design education and the deconstruction of design skills. This article aims to elucidate designers' requirements, responsibilities and compensation by scrutinizing online job advertisements. Previous studies have focused on macro design aspects such as propaganda and procedural methods, neglecting individual designers' compensation and treatment. This study used Python technology to search for online job and analyzed 1,108 good job postings using content analysis and descriptive statistics. Additionally, interviews were conducted to investigate the skill requirements of company designers. The findings revealed vital skill points that contribute to increased salaries for designers. High-paid designers possess core skills in managing design strategies and business processes. Middle-paid designers demonstrate abilities in executing design projects and working in teams. Low-paid designers perform better and have better software capabilities. The research’s findings guide students in choosing their majors and research options and identify core skills for designers already in the workforce. Furthermore, this study offers objective data for enterprise talent acquisition and development strategies.

Why skills anticipation in African VET systems needs to be decolonized: The wide-spread use and limited value of occupational standards and competency-based qualifications

The shift from manpower-planning to labour market analysis and skills anticipation has been analyzed since the 80 s in this journal and elsewhere, with the aim of improving.insights into how education can contribute to economic growth and development. This paper considers recent trends in policies for skills anticipation and curriculum reform in Africa, with a focus on technical and vocational education and training (TVET) systems.The data consists of 2 continent-wide surveys of a range of TVET stakeholders, document analysis of skills and TVET policy as well as industrial policy where available.online, and 21 in-depth interviews with key roleplayers and experts in 13 countries. Our research found considerable activity developing pre-determined rules and tools that don’t work in their own right, and are inappropriate for African labour markets because they are not used in formal work, and have little engagement with informal work. A set of ‘rules and tools’, such as occupational standards, qualifications frameworks, and part qualifications/ modularization, is promoted by international organizations. These pre-developed and uniform solutions continues to dominate policy agendas. We found considerable focus on developing and (to some extent) using these rules and tools for forward planning, system improvement, and curriculum design. Most noticeable was a strong emphasis on competency-based qualifications, which are described as a tool for skills anticipation as well as curriculum reform, drawing on employer input into skills requirements. There is considerable focus on employer-identified skills needs as the tool for both understanding current and emerging economic demand for skills as well as medium to longer term skills needs. The dependence on employer-specified competencies means there is little engagement with the reality of informal work in the African context—other than strong rhetorical emphasis on entrepreneurship as an add on in curriculum design. Amongst other problems, the ‘rules and tools’ which are being implemented in many countries start from an idealized vision, and are more preoccupied with their own internal logic than the systems with which they are dealing. The rules and tools present a level playing field for individuals and for countries, constrained only by a lack of skills, and a world view in which everyone could come out on top.