Sino-Korean Words Research Articles

녹차 가공 과자류의 제품명 연구

This study was to analyze the product name of the green tea processed confectionery and identify the characteristics reflected in those names, thereby providing insights necessary for developing such product names. For this purpose, this study collected data on 427 confectionery items with product names containing ‘green tea’ by searching the processed food database on the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety website from June 1 to June 16, 2024. The main research findings from the collected data analysis are as follows. First, the structural characteristics of confectionery product names included the prevalence of combinations of Sino-Korean words and loanwords, the use of neologisms or native words, and the need for improvement in foreign language expressions. Second, the semantic characteristics of the product names revealed the rise of foreign-style baked goods, the application of diversified confectionery ingredients, and the emergence of high-protein and vegan confectionery. In conclusion, green tea processed confectionery products should be named carefully compared to other products, as their names play a crucial role in conveying a healthy image and influencing consumer choice.

기층한자어 음운현상 연구 -朱熹의 四書集註 출현 한자어를 대상으로-

In this study I attempted to investigate the phonological phenomena of modern Sino-Korean words originated from Hanmun and establish its principles. I selected the annotations of the Four Books by Zhu Xi as research materials. I discussed the necessity and legitimacy of classification based on the writing style of Sino-Korean words, and conducted a comprehensive review of the overall phonological phenomenon and lexical analysis. As a result, 1) the driving force behind ‘regressive lateralization, ㄹnasalization, and ㄹinitial law’ is the distribution constraint of the [ɾ], which is also present in native words. 2) Glottalization after ㄹ, Saitsori and ㄴinsertion are all additional phenomena of [ˀ]. 3) Saitsori of Sino-Korean words is a complex phenomenon involving writing style, morphology, phonetics, and phonology. The pronunciation relating ‘-性, -的, 沒-' also showed a difference between basic and upper-class Sino-Korean words. It is possible to use the pronunciation of the ㄴinsertion as long as the phonological conditions are satisfied, regardless of the stylistic or morphological conditions. In this respect, it is judged that the two phenomena have been applied retrospectively starting from the upper Sino-Korean words. 4) In principle base Sino-Korean words are two-syllable words, three-syllable words accounted for only 1.26%.

The Meaning structures in sino-korean word with Four Characters consisting of ‘之’: Focusing on the composition of ‘non-Predicative two-character word + ji(之) + single-character word’

The Meaning structures in sino-korean word with Four Characters consisting of ‘之’: Focusing on the composition of ‘non-Predicative two-character word + ji(之) + single-character word’

명사의 특질역할 관점으로 본 한·중 한자어 형태소 차이의 특징

Objectives This study aims to organize the meanings of two-syllable partial heteromorphic and synonymic nouns of Sino-Korean words and Chinese words and their morphemes, analyze the differences between morphemes’ meanings and find the characteristcs inside so as to make it better to distinguish the differences between Sino-Korean words and Chinese words for Chinese Korean learners.
 Methods Referring to the list of beginning and intermediate vocabularies of the Test of Proficiency in Korean, two-syllable partial heteromorphic and synonymic nouns were selected as the subjects of the study. After listing the meanings of Sino-Korean and Chinese words and the morphemes that constitutes those words, the features of the morphemes’ differences between the two languages will be analyzed from the perspective of qualia roles.
 Results Three features of the morphemes’ differences have been observed between the two languages’ nouns with two-syllable and partial heteromorphic synonyms. The first feature is that most of the differences can be explained and understood by the qualia roles ‘shape’ and ‘significant relationship’, which were belonging to ‘constitutive’ and ‘formal’. And the second feature is that the morphemes’ differences between the two languages’ words is closely related to the qualia roles about ‘action’ and ‘handle’. The last feature is that as a component of qualia roles, the ‘agentive’ could hardly be able to explain the morphemes’ differences between Sino-Korean words and Chinese words.
 Conclusions Lots of Chinese Korean learners do not fully recognize and understand the morphemes’ differences between Sino-Korean words and Chinese words, and they are tending to regarded heteromorphic synonyms as isomorphic synonyms, and this is one of the reasons why the errors in heteromorphic synonyms field are often occurred. So it’s necessary to make students recognize the morphemes’ differences between Sino-Korean words and Chinese words. It is expected that the results of this study will be activated used by helping learners to understand and distinguish those morphemes differences between the two languages. And the necessity of follow-up research on specific operation plans and other parts of speech is suggested.

한국어 어휘 교육 연구 동향 - 최근 10년간 발표된 국내 학술지 논문을 중심으로 -

This study aims to examine the research trends over the last 10 years, in Korean vocabulary education using text mining and seek the direction for future research in Korean vocabulary education. The research list was selected based on the keyword “Korean vocabulary education” using Research Information Sharing Service and thereafter, the research trends were examined by research topic, research method, and research subjects. Consequently, the most common research topic was about vocabulary educating method and the most used research method was to suggest the educational measures. The language group of the learners was mostly Chinese and the most common learning purpose was for academic purposes. Learner proficiency was evenly distributed among beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels. A significant number of studies on Sino-Korean word education for Chinese learners were noticed owing to the increase in the number of Chinese international students in Korea. These results are consistent with the results of word cloud and network analysis using text mining. However, it has been identified that studies on sociolinguistic vocabulary and those that verify the effect of educational measures or reflect the learners’ requirements are highly insufficient. Thus, this study suggests that research should be conducted on the aforementioned lacking areas and learners in more diverse language groups.

Concept and selection criteria for Korean Gukja (國字)

Korean Gukja (國字), in general, have originality in the formative aspect of their characters and, along with Gugeumja (國音字) and Guguija (國義字), are classified as “Korean-originated Chinese characters.” This article analyzes two issues discovered during the process of comparative examination of the Gukja characters compiled in The Dictionary for Sino-Korean Words of Korean Origin (1992–1996) and A Study on the Chinese Characters of Korean Origin (2014). Firstly, this article analyzes issues raised regarding the concept and classification of Korean-originated Chinese characters. Secondly, it discusses the criteria imposed for the selection of Gukja characters based on those included in ancient Chinese literature and dictionaries. Finally, it analyzes examples with a focus on the originality of the configurational principles and motivation, which worked as a major factor for the selection of Gukja.

한국한자어에 반영된 이른 시기 중국어 운모 층위 고찰— 국립국어원 『표준국어대사전』(1999) ▽표시 한자음을 중심으로

In this paper, among the cases of ∇-marked Sino-Korean pronunciations in the Standard Korean Language Dictionary (1999), cases that reflect relatively early phonological strata of final pronunciations compared to the current literary reading system are examined. This paper points out that a number of the characteristics of the early Chinese phonological system are still reflected in modern Sino-Korean words.

<한글 맞춤법>의 한자어 표기 규정의 역사적 배경에 대한 연구

본 연구는 한글 맞춤법(1988)의 한자어의 표기와 관련된 조항과 해설로부터 발견되는 문제점을 어문 규범의 정합성과 완결성의 측면에서 살펴보았다. 그리고 그러한 문제점이 나타나게 된 원인을 어문 규범의 변개 과정을 통해 밝히고자 하였다. 첫 번째 문제로는 고유어나 외래어와는 달리 한자어의 표기 원리가 명확하게 기술되어 있지 않다는 점을 지적하였다. 두 번째 문제로는 ‘본음’과 ‘속음’이라는 용어가 한국 한자음에 대한 표준 규범 없이 쓰이고 있다는 점을 지적하였다. 20세기 초부터의 어문 규범을 대상으로 한 역사적 검토를 통해, 첫 번째 문제는 어문 규범의 변천 과정에서 고유어와 한자어 표기 방식의 구분이 점점 줄어들어 왔고 그러한 흐름이 영향을 미친 것으로 파악하였다. 그리고 속음에 관한 문제는 역사적으로 본음과 속음의 개념에 변화가 있었는데 그것이 현대의 맞춤법에 반영되지 않았다는 데에 연원이 있다고 보았다. 이러한 관찰을 통해 한자어 표기 규정에 대한 현재의 상황을 정확하게 인식함으로써 본고에서 지적한 문제의 해결을 위한 기반을 마련하고자 하였다.

『새한글성경 신약과 시편』의 국어학적 의의

Reading the Bible written in an old-fashioned style is difficult for the younger generation to read, so it is necessary to translate the Bible into a modern language for the next generation. The New Korean Translation The New Testament and Psalms (hereinafter NKT NT&Ps) was introduced at this time in response to the need of a translated Bible that uses easy native language instead of difficult Sino-Korean words, and fits the story structure of the Bible by utilizing the grammatical characteristics of discourse (text) and genre. The significance of the NKT NT&Ps in terms of its lexis, syntax, discourse, and notation is listed in the numerical order as follows:BR (1) In pursuit of a new native language translations, native-language-centered translation was thoroughly conducted, and expanded the breadth of expression of the Korean translation Bible.BR (2) While respecting the principle of direct translation of the original text, paraphrase was performed with its focus on the native language. The old-fashioned style of writing mixed with compound sentences and complex sentences was avoided, and sentences were cut as short as possible.BR (3) The old-fashioned-style of two-level honorification was converted into the six-level, modern language honorification, and it was adjusted according to the genre characteristics of each book in the Bible. Discriminatory expressions were avoided and modified.BR (4) Modern orthography was followed, and punctuation marks were introduced. Modern measurement systems and Arabic numerals were introduced to improve readability.BR The NKT NT&Ps should be viewed as an experimental and positive challenge.

"한국한자어에 반영된 이른 시기 성모 층위 고찰 — 국립국어원 󰡔표준국어대사전󰡕(1999) ▽표시 한자음을 중심으로"

In this paper, among the cases of ∇-marked Sino-Korean pronunciations in the Standard Korean Language Dictionary (1999) of the National Institute of the Korean Language, cases that reflect relatively early initial phonological strata compared to the current literary reading system are examined. The first topic dealt with is the phenomenon in which initials yǐ 以 are realized as r- in some Sino-Korean words such as georyang (擧揚∇) and Jirisan (智異∇山). It is analyzed because they reflect the phonological layer of Old Chinese when initials yǐ 以 were realized as a liquid sound. The second topic dealt with is the phenomenon in which some initials xia 匣 are realized as k- in some Sino-Korean words. It can be the result of analogical changes by the influence of the sounds of similar graphs, but considering the close relationship between initials xia 匣 and initials qun 群 in Old Chinese, and the phonological characteristics of the early Sino-Korean system revealed in the data of place names and personal names in the Silla period, the possibility of reflecting the historical layer of the Old Chinese should not be ruled out. Third, this paper discusses the phnomenen in which some initials zhāng 章 are realized as k- in some Sino-Korean words. The realization of “只” as “ki” in sinographic vernacular writing data reflects the phonological characteristics of Old Chinese. Fourth, this paper points out that the “jang” and “jung” sounds appearing in “jangpo (菖▽蒲)” and “jungsil (充▽實)” may reflect the phonological characteristics of early Korean in which aspirated and unaspirated sounds of plosives(including affricates) were not differentiated as phonemes. This case is different from others discussed in this paper, as it reflects the phonological characteristics of Korean language, not of the Chinese that was borrowed. It can be seen that when analyzing the data of Sino-Korean, which is a product of language contact, the phonological features of the both languages in the contact should be considered. Finally, the cases where the aspiratization of the level (平) tone voiced obstruent initials of Middle Chinese is not reflected are dealt with. Although the literary readings of “皮”, “筒” and “骰” in Modern Sino-Korean are all aspirated, reflecting the layer of the Chinese since the Song dynasty, in some Sino-Korean words such as “nokbi (鹿皮▽)”, “jeondong (箭筒▽)”, and “duja (骰▽子)” they are realized as unaspirated sounds, reflecting the phonological layer before the devoicing and aspiratization occurred in the Song dynasty.

「朝鮮館譯語」의 의미장 접근법으로 본 중국 사이관(회동관) 역관의 한국(조선)어 교육 방법 연구

Vocabulary in foreign language teaching may determine the success or failure of language learning when step-by-step education progresses as a basic element of communication. Thus, its importance is being recognized even in the vocabulary education field in Korean language education. Various discussions are ongoing as to a specific vocabulary teaching-learning method available for a synergistic effect on learning.
 This study sought a method of vocabulary education to expand the vocabulary of international students in the country. The characteristics and format of vocabulary books that are shown in ancient Chinese Yeokhakseo documents were scrutinized. Especially through the construction and structure in 「Joseongwan-yeogeo」(朝鮮館 譯語), which is the teaching material of Joseon-gwan within 『Hwayi-yeokeo』(華 夷譯語) as the textbook of Sai-gwan that is the training institution for interpreters in the Ming Dynasty of China. The structure and classification in‘vocabulary-semantic’were examined using Sino-Korean words with the high lexical production in Korean language education. Additionally, the aim was to identify the possibility of the desirable Joseon language(朝鮮語) vocabulary education and instruction in 「Joseongwan-yeogeo」(朝鮮館譯語) in terms of modern foreign-language vocabulary education through the teaching-learning comparison with the“semantic field approach”that is a traditional lexical access education and the modern vocabulary teaching method in China.
 This paper discusses the diverse methods that find effective vocabulary teaching methods and vocabulary education in Korean language education. At the point in time that arranges an alternative plan for Korean language education that will satisfy the characteristics and needs of learners in each language sphere, we discuss vocabulary use and education seen in 「Joseongwan-yeogeo」(朝鮮館譯語), the teaching material of Joseon language in Sai-gwan(Hoedong-gwan) interpreter during the Ming Dynasty of China. This is considered an opportunity for follow-up research along with a suggestion of the modern Korean-language vocabulary education.

외래어 번역양상에 관한 통시적 일고찰

This paper is an attempt to discover translation tendencies and study the background or principles of word choices looking into the examples where particular words in original texts are translated into ‘loanwords’. The focus of this study was not only on Japanese-Korean translation but also on the cases in which both Korean and Japanese translations exist on the same original text. In Japanese-Korean translation, a stronger tendency was shown to elaborate the meaning of the word when a Japanese word is perceived as a ‘loanword’. When the Japanese text wrote the ‘LOANWORDS’ in katakana, a stronger tendency was to elaborate the words using Korean and Sino-Korean words over to write ‘loanwords’ as they appear in the dictionaries available in the time. In the comparison of English-Korean and English-Japanese translations, when the adoption of ‘loanwords’ and ‘LOANWORDS’ for the same word was compared, less cases were there in EnglishKorean translations. This finding can be used as a defining principle of translated texts, even when it was not based on a total investigation, for a meaningful difference is shown when a comparison is made to ‘retranslated’ texts.

Phonological similarity effects in cross-script word processing

Abstract The present study explored the conditions under which phonological similarity effects arise without orthographic confounds by testing languages with true cognates but divergent scripts. We investigated the similarities and differences between within- and cross-script processing patterns by providing data from an understudied language pair, Korean and Cantonese, which have many cognates but bear no orthographic resemblance. In two word-naming and translation tasks, beginning and intermediate Cantonese-speaking learners of Korean (N = 112) were tested for the processing speed of Sino-Korean words. The results of the word-naming experiments showed that phonologically similar words were processed faster than dissimilar ones, regardless of L2 fluency, especially when the logographic L1 characters were used as primes. However, facilitation by shared phonology was not observed in the translation experiments in either direction. L1-to-L2 forward translation was much faster than L2-to-L1 backward translation, indicating conceptual memory being used as a primary processing pathway. The characteristics of cross-script processing patterns were discussed in terms of the structure of bilingual memory.

転写資料を活用した韓国語音韻史の研究 - 近世日韓の語学書を中心に -

Research on Korean historical phonology to date has focused solely on the Hangŭl notation of Korean as it appears in Hangŭl sources. Although Hangŭl is a phonographic writing system, the inherently conservative nature of writing makes it extremely difficult to reflect upon linguistic changes that appear over time. Therefore, in the study of Korean historical phonology, it is necessary to make active use of sources other than Hangŭl in order to capture the phonological changes that occur as a result of cumulative phonetic changes. As an example of such an attempt, this paper examines the changes in Korean vowels using Japanese-Hangŭl and Korean-Kana transcriptional sources, especially pre-modern Korean and Japanese study books. Up until now, transcriptional sources have mainly been studied in the field of Japanese linguistics, so there has been a practice of referring to all Japanese study books that were compiled in Korea and Korean study books that were compiled in Japan as ‘Chosun sources.’ However, for the systematic use of various sources, it is necessary to distinguish between different types of transcriptions according to the subject of the compilation, the target language, and the written script. In the case of Korean-Kana transcriptions, it is necessary to reconstruct the Korean language from the Kana in order to make use of them in the study of Korean language history. In the process of reconstruction, it is advisable to rely on Kana transcriptions and Japanese translations, and to use Hangŭl notation only as a supplement. Based on this methodology, the study of both Japanese-Hangŭl and Korean-Kana transcriptional sources reveals a variety of information that cannot be obtained from the Hangŭl notations alone. In the Japanese-Hangŭl transcriptional sources, Japanese /e/ is transcribed as <ㅕ> and <ㅖ> depending on the context, and after being unified to <ㅖ>, it is also transcribed as <ㅔ> after /n, t/. This shows that the nuclear vowel of /ㅕ/ was realized close to [e] in the [+coronal] context, but underwent vowel backing, and /ㅔ/ underwent vowel fronting in the same context. In Korean-Kana transcriptional sources, Korean /ㅕ/ is often transcribed with <e>, but in non-word-initial and native word contexts, it is often transcribed with <yo> or <ya>. /ㅔ/ is often transcribed with <oi>, but there are cases where it is transcribed with <e(i)> in non-final particles. This shows that the backing of /ㅕ/ and the fronting-monophthongization of /ㅔ/, which occurred in conjunction with the backing of /ㅕ/, originated in a non-word-initial and native word context and spread to word-initial and Sino-Korean word context, and that the [+front] feature of vowels is deeply related to the [+coronal] feature of the preceding and following consonants.

김치의 중국어 번역에 대한 提言 - 어원 沈菜를 대역어로 활용하는 새로운 방안

In the past, in Chinese-speaking countries, kimchi had been translated into words such as “辣白菜Labaicai,” “ 菜Xiancai,” and “泡菜Paocai.” Among them, the most common today is “泡菜Paocai.” However, when Korean kimchi is translated as “泡菜Paocai,” there can be confusion with Paocai (泡菜), a Chinese salted and fermented food. Therefore, in 2013, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs of Korea coined the word “辛奇Xinqi” as an Chinese translation of kimchi, which ended up as a failure due to low popularity with the Chinese public. Until recently, it has been constantly pointed out that a new Chinese translation of kimchi is necessary, but in fact, kimchi is a Sino-Korean word from the first, and can be written as “沈菜Chimchae” in Chinese characters.<BR> In the Greater China region, there is a long tradition of translating proper nouns from neighboring countries in the Chinese character cultural sphere with Xingyifa (形法). This means that the proper nouns from other parts of the Chinese character cultural sphere are not simply transliterated, but the Chinese characters used for the words in the countries are taken and read in Chinese to establish their Chinese translations. Of course, in general, food names are not considered proper nouns, but in view of their translation practices, Chinese translators would not have objection to adopting “沈菜Chimchae” as a Chinese translation of kimchi once they understand that it is the original Chinese character notation for kimchi.<BR> This presumes, of course, that much effort is made in the future to spread “沈菜 Chimchae” as a Chinese translation of kimchi instead of “泡菜Paocai,” which is already widely in use. In this regard, rather than taking a hard-line approach, it is deemed desirable to promote the fact with the Chinese public that “沈菜Chimchae” is the original Chinese character notation for kimchi and can be written as “沉菜Chencai” in modern Chinese. It is also recommended to encourage them to think about which translation is a better choice by continuing the promotion efforts through education and popular culture.

Modeling morphological processing in Korean: within- and cross-scriptal priming effects on the recognition of Sino-Korean compound words

Modeling morphological processing in Korean: within- and cross-scriptal priming effects on the recognition of Sino-Korean compound words

통일신라시대 이두 자료에 나타난 한자어

이 글은 통일신라시대 이두 자료에 나타난 한자어를 대상으로 고대국어 한자어의 실상과 특성을 살펴보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 먼저 한자어 연구를 위한 예비적 논의를 진행하고 통일신라시대 이두 자료의 텍스트 구조에 대하여 분석하였다. 그리고 이를 바탕으로 이두 자료에 나타난 한자어를 불교 관련, 전문직 관련, 단위성 의존명사, 연호·간지, 관직, 관등명으로 나누어 살펴보았다. 그 결과 불교 관련 어휘와 관련해서는 ‘菩薩, 佛成文, 佛, 過去’ 등이 있었다. 전문직 관련 어휘로는 ‘伯士, 筆師, 人, 長’ 등이 있었는데, 통일신라시대 이전에는 전문직 관련 어휘에 주로 ‘尺’이 결합되었던 것과 다른 양상을 띠었다. 단위성의존명사는 ‘작업의 구체적 경과’를 기술하는 과정에서, 직명·관등명, 연호·간지 등은 관여인 관련 기술에서 나타났다. 법률·행정, 통치에 관련한 어휘도 있었는데 이는≪新羅村落文書≫에 많이 나타났다. 그밖에 ‘沐浴’, ‘大小便’, ‘夫人’ 등이 쓰이고 있었다.

Is Hanja represented in the Korean mental lexicon?: Encoding cross-script semantic cohorts in the representation of Sino-Korean

Korean can be transcribed in two different scripts, one alphabetic (Hangul) and one logographic (Hanja). How does the mental lexicon represent the contributions of multiple scripts? Hangul's highly transparent one-to-one relationship between spellings and sounds creates homophones in spoken Korean that are also homographs in Hangul, which can only be disambiguated through Hanja. We thus tested whether native speakers encoded the semantic contributions of the different Hanja characters sharing the same homographic form in Hangul in their mental representation of Sino-Korean. Is processing modulated by the number of available meanings, that is, the size of the semantic cohort? In two cross-modal lexical decision tasks with semantic priming, participants were presented with auditory primes that were either syllables (Experiment 1) or full Sino-Korean words (Experiment 2), followed by visual Sino-Korean full word targets. In Experiment 1, reaction times were not significantly modulated by the size of the semantic cohort. However, in Experiment 2, we observed significantly faster reaction times for targets preceded by primes with larger semantic cohorts. We discuss these findings in relation to the structure of the mental lexicon for bi-scriptal languages and the representation of semantic cohorts across different scripts.

The Comparative Study of Isomorph Synonymous Speech verbs in Modern Chinese and Korean Language - Focused on Sino-Korean Words

The Comparative Study of Isomorph Synonymous Speech verbs in Modern Chinese and Korean Language - Focused on Sino-Korean Words

한국 한자어 ‘편지(片紙/便紙)’의 형성 과정

한국어에서 ‘편지’의 한자 표기는 ‘片紙’와 ‘便紙’ 두 가지가 있을 뿐만 아니라, 그 어느 것도 한자어를 구성하는 개별 한자의 의미에서 편지라는 의미가 투명하게 드러나지 않는다는 특징이 있다. 이 글에서는 한국어에서 어떤 과정을 거쳐 ‘片(조각)’과 ‘紙(종이)’라는 의미에서 “안부 등을 적어 보내는 글”이라는 편지의 의미가 발생했는지 살펴보고, 첫 번째 음절의 한자 표기가 ‘便(전달 수단)’으로 변화한 과정을 추적해 보았다.<BR> 언어 변화에는 여러 가지 원인이 있지만, 사회 제도 또는 사회생활의 변화가 한 요인이 될 수 있다. ‘片紙’라는 단어는 문해력이 높아지는 과정에서 편지가 담는 내용이 ‘간단한 소식’을 벗어나게 되면서 의미가 확대되었고, 또한 편지를 전달하는 과정에서 ‘便’과 새로운 유연성을 획득하게 되면서 표기가 ‘便紙’로 변화하였다.<BR> 아울러 이 글에서는 동아시아 여러 언어의 편지를 가리키는 단어를 비교해서 ‘片紙/便紙’가 한국에서 만들어진 한자어라는 사실을 명백히 하였다.