Siginificant Effect Research Articles

ANALISIS KETIMPANGAN PEMBANGUNAN ANTAR WILAYAH KABUPATEN/KOTA DI PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

This research aims to identify and analyze the effect of (1) the labor force to imbalance regional development of West Sumatra (2) quality of human resource to imbalance regional development of West Sumatra(3) allocation of Public Funds to imbalance regional development of West Sumatra (4) government expenditure to imbalance regional development of West Sumatra. Using panel data analysis, the results of this research showed that the labor force and government expenditure has not siginificant effect to imbalance regional development of distirct/city in West Sumatra, the quality of human resource and allocation of Public Funds has significant effect to imbalance regional development of distirct/city in West Sumatra, and simultaneously there are significant effect between the labor force, quality of human resource, Allocation of public fund, and Government expenditurehas significant effect to imbalance regional development of distirct/city in West Sumatra in research period.

PENGARUH SAP BERBASIS AKRUAL, SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI, KUALITAS SDM, PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL DAN KOMITMEN ORGANISASI TERHADAP KUALITAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN DI BADAN NASIONAL PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA

This Study objectives are to test the influence of Accrual Based – Government Accounting Standard, Accounting Information System, Human Resourching Quality, Internal Control, and Organizational Commitment affect the quality of Ministry/Board financial statements especially in National Board of Disaster Management (BNPB). This study population is the stakeholders of National Board of Disaster Management financial statement consisting of Authorized Budget User, Financial Bureau, Expenditure Treasurer, Assistant of Expenditure Treasurer, Commitment-Making Officer, and Internal Auditor in BNPB. Sample is determined by using Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling techniques. Using the Likert measurement scale and Inferensial Parametris data analysis. The hypothesis is tested comparatively. The result showed that The Impplementation of Accrual Based – Government Accounting Standard have a significant effect on the quality of financial statement, Impplementation of Accounting Information System have a significant effect on the quality of financial statement, Human Resourching Quality have a significant effect on the quality of financial statement, Internal Control have a siginificant effect on the quality of financial statement, and Organizational Commitment have a significant effect on the quality of financial statement. The maximum implementation of Accrual Based – Government Accounting Standard, Accounting Information System, Human Resorching Quality, Internal Control and Organizational Commitment will increase as well as the quality of financial statement in BNPB.Keywords: Accrual Based – Government Accounting Standard, Accounting Information System, Human Resourching Quality, Internal Control, Organizational Commitment, National Board of Disaster Management.

THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE AND WORK ENVIRONMENT TO EMPLOYEE’S JOB SATISFACTION WITH ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AS MODERATING VARIABLE AT BALAI KESEHATAN PENERBANGAN JAKARTA

The research aims to analyze the impact of leadership style and work environment to employee’s job satisfaction with organizational culture as moderating variable at balai kesehatan penerbangan Jakarta. the research used quantitative method. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling-partial least square. 84 public services were used as samples, but 78 samples were given questionaire back. The research revealed that: a) leadership style has impact on work environment (0,549); b) leadership style influences significantly to organizational culture (0,454); c) work environment doesnot have impact on organizational culture (0,161); d) organizational culture has strong relation to job satisfaction (0,840); e) leadership style has not effect on job satisfaction (0,038); f) work environment has not influence on job satisfaction (0,037); g) throught organizational culture, leadership style hassignificant effect on job satisfaction (0,660); and h) throught organizational culture, work environment has not siginificant effect on job satisfaction (0,129).

Persentase Tutupan Terumbu Karang di Perairan Pasir Putih Kabupaten Manokwari

Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Oktober sampai November 2014 di perairan Pasir Putih Kabupaten Manokwari, berlokasi di Pantai Air Salobar. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui persentase tutupan terumbu karang, kualitas fisik-kimia air dan korelasi kualitas fisik-kimia air terhadap persentase tutupan terumbu karang di bagian barat daya perairan Pasir Putih, Manokwari. Metode yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data persentase tutupan karang adalah Point Intercept Transect (PIT) pada kedalaman 3 m (Transek I), 7 m (Transek II) dan 10 m (Transek III). Hasil pengamatan diperoleh persentase tutupan karang pada Transek I adalah 91%, Transek II adalah 78% dan Transek III adalah 54%. Kondisi terumbu karang di perairan Pasir Putih berada dalam kondisi baik hingga sangat baik. Kondisi sangat baik terdapat pada Transek I dan II, sedangkan kondisi baik terdapat pada Transek III. Bentuk pertumbuhan yang paling dominan pada Transek I dan III adalah coral branching. Persentase tutupan coral branching pada Transek I adalah 59% dan Transek III adalah 20%. Bentuk pertumbuhan Coral Branching yang ditemukan, didominasi oleh karang dari genus Montipora dan Psammocora. Untuk genus Montipora yang ditemukan adalah spesies Montipora digitata. Sedangkan dari genus Psammocora yang ditemukan adalah spesies Psammocora contigua. Sedangkan bentuk petumbuhan yang paling dominan pada Transek II adalah Coral Encrusting (28%). Kualitas fisik-kimia air yang diukur pada perairan Pasir Putih adalah suhu 27,5-29°C, Oksigen terlarut 5,08-5,2 ppm, pH 7,03-7,15, salinitas 30-31‰, kecepatan arus 0,08 m/s dan kecerahan perairan 16 m. Nilai kualitas fisik-kimia air ini termasuk ideal bagi pertumbuhan terumbu karang. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan bahwa parameter kualitas air yang paling berpengaruh atau sangat signifikan (ρ = 0,01) terhadap persentase tutupan karang adalah suhu, oksigen terlarut dan kedalaman perairan.

An Investigation On Factors In The Integration Of Reciprocal Teaching Into Multimedia Teaching

Background:The popularity of the Internet has toppled people’s thinking models and teaching styles as well as influenced the operation of school education. In teaching processes, computers could attract students’ attention through vivid images, bright colors and characters, and sound to further promote their learning concentration and interests. Research on the application of integrating information into instruction is increasing, and lots of studies prove that technology could help students’ learning and improve their learning attitudes.Material and methods:In this study, the nonequivalent pretest posttest control group design is utilized for the quasi-experiment research. Total 236 students in two classes each from Xiamen University and Fuzhou University in Fujian Province are selected as the research objects for the 32-week experimental instruction for 3 hours per week (total 96 hours).Results:The research results reveal 1.siginificant effects of adventure education on comprehension, 2.remarkable effects of adventure education on learning effectiveness, 3.the best promotion of comprehension with Reciprocal Teaching under multimedia teaching, and 4.the best promotion of learning effectiveness with Reciprocal Teaching under multimedia teaching. The results are further discussed to propose specific suggestions in this study.Conclusions:It is expected to enhance teachers’ teaching skills and promote students’ learning effectiveness.

REGULASI EMOSI DAN BURNOUT PADA GURU HONORER SEKOLAH DASAR SWASTA MENENGAH KE BAWAH

This study aims to determine the effect of emotional regulation on burnout. This study used quantitative method with psychological scale. There are 77 samples of respondents which are honorary teachers of middle down private elementary school with sampling technique is purposive sampling. This study used two adaptation scales that were burnout and emotion regulation scale. The data processing method that used to examine hypothesis were regression analysis one predictor. Based on the result of data analysis, obtained F count > 18,898 > F table 3,98 with p value = 0,000 (p < 0,05). There is the siginificant effect of emotion regulation on burnout in the honorary teachers of middle down private elementary school. From the equation of regression can be interpretated that if emotional regulation increases one unit, burnout will decrease of 0,425.

The long term impact of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation, infant nutrition and health on visual acuity of 9‐12 year old children in Indonesia

The impact of the prenatal nutrition and neonatal health on visual acuity (VA) remains unknown. We investigated the long term relative impact of maternal multiple micronutrient (MMN) versus iron‐folic acid (IFA) supplementation on VA of 9‐12 years old school children, and explored the long term effects of birth weight, preterm birth, and stunting on VA. We assessed VA of 3,398 children of mothers who had participated in the Supplementation with Multiple Micronutrients Intervention Trial (SUMMIT), a cluster‐randomized trial of MMN versus IFA in Indonesia. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess whether of MMN, child age, gender, socio‐economic status (SES), preterm birth, birth weight or stunting were related to VA. There was no siginificant long term impact of maternal MMN supplementation on VA in school age children. We found significant effects of birth weight on VA of the left eye (p=0.03) and left eye with pinhole assessments (p=0.01), and effects of stunting on VA of the left eye (p=0.04) and for both eyes (p=0.04), and of SES on VA for the right eye (p=0.04). No significant effects were observed for preterm birth, age and gender. There were no siginificant effects of maternal MMN and IFA supplementation on VA in 9‐12 years old school children, but there were significant effects of birth weight, stunting and SES on VA.

PENGARUH UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, LIKUIDITAS, PROFITABILITAS, PERTUMBUHAN PERUSAHAAN, DAN KEPEMILIKAN INSTITUSIONAL TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN DEVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO (DPR)

Eka Sartika Sari; The purpose of this observation to know the factors effect that affect Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR) wisdom at manufacturing company registered in Bursa Efek Indonesia. The used of data is financial report annual from 18 manufacturing company which registered in Bursa Efek Indonesia during 2007 until 2011. Analiysis method which used is multiple regression linear. Variable in this observation are Size, Liquidity, Profitability, Growth, and Institutional Owner as independend variable. While the dependent variable is Payout Ration Dividend Wisdom (DPR). The independend variable was did with Simultan and Partial test using SPSS. The observation result show that company Proportion, Liquidity, Profitability, Company Growth, and Institutional Owner whether is Simultan or in Partial, it is not take siginificant effect to Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR). Key words: Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR), Size, Liquidity, Profitability, Growth and Institutional Owner

요통이 있는 여성을 위한 수지요법과 요부강화 운동 프로그램 적용효과

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the hand acupressure and lumbar strengthening exercise on young adult women with back pain. Methods: The study used a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects consisted of 37 female young adults (19 persons in the experimental group and 18 persons in the control group). The hand acupressure and strengthening exercise for lower back were developed by the investigator and a hand acupressure expert. The experimental group was exposed to this program 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The visual analog scale, back muscle strength, flexibility, and quality of life were used as measurement instruments. The data were analyzed with frequency, t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS 18.0. Results: In this study, the hand acupressure and strengthening exercise showed siginificant effects on the back muscle strength, flexibility, and quality of life in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, back pain score was not significantly decreased after the program. Conclusion: The study suggests that this program can be applied for the women with low back pain in order to enhance the back muscle strength, flexibility, and quality of life.

Enantioselective synthesis of 2-amino-4H-pyrans via the organocatalytic cascade reaction of malononitrile and α-substituted chalcones

An organocatalytic cascade reaction of malononitrile and α-substituted chalcones has been developed for the synthesis of chiral multisubstituted 2-amino-4H-pyran derivatives. A series of chiral primary/tertiary amines and cinchona alkaloids were examined as the catalysts. Quinine was found to be the most efficient catalyst in the absence of any additive. The α-substitutents of the chalcones had a siginificant effect on the yield and the enantioselectivity. A number of multisubstituted 2-amino-4H-pyrans were obtained in excellent yields and enantioselectivities.

Microbial production of docosahexaenoic acid by a low temperature‐adaptive strain Thraustochytriidae sp. Z105: screening and optimization

As an alternative source in addition to fish oil, microbial production of docosahexaenoic acid has been recieved more and more attentions owing to their culture advantage. A unicellular eukaryotic microbe with high DHA production and capable of low temperature-adaptive growth was isolated from seawater and identified as Thraustochytriidae sp. Z105. The siginificant effect of temperature on cell growth and DHA synthesis by the strain was revealed. It could grow and produce DHA even at 4 degrees C, but hardly grow above 35 degrees C. Low temperature (15-25 degrees C) was favorable for formation of biomass, lipids and DHA, but DHA synthesis was completely blocked above 30 degrees C. Conditions for high level DHA production by Thraustochytriidae sp. Z105 in flask culture were optimized as follows: medium containing glucose 80 g/l, yeast extract 5.0 g/l, K2HPO(4) . 3 H2O 1.0 g/l, MgSO4 . 7 H2O 0.5 g/l, seawater crystal 20 g/l, pH 6.0, liquid volume 30 ml/250 ml, temperature 20 degrees C, agitation speed of 200 r/min, and culture for 120 h. Under the optimal conditions, biomass of 16.72 g/l, total lipids of 5.35 g/l, DHA yield of 1.71 g/l (accounting for 32% of the total lipids) were achieved, respectively. In flask cluture level, the DHA productivity of Thraustochytriidae sp. Z105 was higher than most reported results, which suggested the wild type strain was a potential superior candidate for industrialization of DHA production. Moreover, the strain is an unique and valuable resource for investigation of the low temperature adaptive mechanism related to DHA synthesis.

Changes in Some Soil Chemical Properties of Ultisol Applied by Mulch from Empty Fruit Bunches in an Oil Palm Plantation

Changes in Some Soil Chemical Properties of Ultisol Applied by Mulch from Empty Fruit Bunches in an Oil Palm Plantation (D Budianta, AYA Wiralaga, and W Lestari): Objective of this research was to study the effect of empty fruit bunches (EFB) applied as mulching on some soil chemical properties of Ultisol in an Oil Palm Plantation. This field experiment was conducted in PT. Sampoerna Agro Tbk Plantation Mesuji, Ogan Komering Ilir of South Sumatra Province at blocks of 22/A, 23/B, 27/C, 33/, 12/A, 12/B, 24/D, 12/C, 00/C, 24/A, 24/B, 10/B, 02/C, 02/D, 11/C, 11/D, 10/A, 10/C, 11/A, and 24/C. The treatment was EFB dosage which are without EFB (control), 40 Mg ha-1 of EFB applied only once for a year, 80 Mg ha-1 of EFB applied twice for 2 years, 120 Mg EFB/ha applied three times for 3 years, and 160 Mg ha-1 of EFB applied four times for 4 years. The rate of EFB application was 40 Mg ha-1 per year. Every treatment was replicated 4 times, thus total of experiment was 20 units. Soil samples were taken in two differences of deepness which were 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm, respectively. Soil variables observed were soil pH, organic C, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total N, P availability, exchangeable K and Mg, Al and Fe. The results showed that application of EFB had significantly effect on some soil chemical properties such as soil pH and Mg exchangeable Mg for 0-20 cm and total N for 20-40 cm deepness. Meanwhile application of EFB did not have siginificant effects on total organic C, CEC, P-Bray I, exchangeable K, exchangeabile Al and Fe. It was also shown that some soil chemical properties were generally higher in top soil layer than sub soil layer, except for CEC, P and exchangeable Al.

Repressive effect of the phytoestrogen genistein on estradiol-induced uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation

Objective. Uterine leiomyomas are the most common gynecological benign tumor and greatly affect reproductive health and well-being. They are the predominant indication for hysterectomy in premenopausal women. Current epidemiological study reported that soy products intake is inversely associated with diseases leading to hysterectomy. Genistein is a soy-derived phytoestrogen and its inhibitory effect on leiomyoma cell proliferation is reported. In this study, we investigated the siginificant inhibitory effect of genistein on estradiol (E2)-induced leiomyoma cells proliferation.Study design. The Eker rat-derived uterine leiomyoma cell line ELT-3 cells were used. Cell proliferation was assessed by counting the number of cells. The expression of estrogen receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) was evaluated by Western blot analysis.Results. PPARγ was expressed in ELT-3 cells and genistein acted as PPARγ ligand. This inhibitory effect of genistein was attenuated by the treatment of cells with PPARγ antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) or GW9662.Conclusion. These experimental findings in vitro show that the repressive effect of genistein on E2-induced ELT-3 cell proliferation is through the activation of PPARγ. Genistein may be useful as an alternative therapy for leiomyoma.

EFEITO DA MONENSINA SÓDICA NO CONSUMO DE ALIMENTOS E pH RUMINAL EM OVINOS

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da adição da monensina sódica no consumo de alimentos e no pH do líquido ruminal em ovinos. Foram utilizadas quatro ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, não prenhas, não lactantes e canuladas no rúmen. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino, com quatro tratamentos (T1 - 0; T2 - 25; T3 - 50 e T4 - 75 mg de monensina/ animal/dia). Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, de matéria seca e o pH do fluido do rúmen. A colheita do líquido ruminal para determinação do pH foi realizada às 0; 2; 4; 6 e 8 horas após a alimentação. As análises de variância para consumo de ração e de matéria seca mostraram não haver efeito significativo dos níveis de monensina. Não foi observado efeito significativo nos valores médios do pH ruminal de cada tratamento e na interação tratamento x tempo; os valores de pH ruminal foram considerados normais. Houve diferença estatística no decorrer das horas. O consumo voluntário de alimentos e o pH do líquido ruminal não foram influenciados pela adição da monensina sódica na dieta dos ovinos, para a qual os valores de pH permaneceram elevados, caracterizando um bom ambiente de fermentação ruminal.

Efeito da Niclosamida no Controle de Girinos de Anuros na Propagação de Pós-Larvas de Carpa Comum (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 Var. Specularis)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi testar a influência de um molusquicida (niclosamida) no controle dos girinos, sem comprometer o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência da carpa comum na fase de desenvolvimento do ovo até a idade de 28 dias. Foram conduzidos seis experimentos, envolvendo seis fases de desenvolvimento dos girinos e peixes (ovo, 7, 12, 21, 27 e 34 dias). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0,00; 0,10; 0,15; 0,20; e 0,25 ppm de niclosamida) e quatro repetições. Foram utilizados 20 aquários de seis litros, sendo todos abastecidos até o início do experimento, quando então era interrompido o fluxo de água. A eficiência da niclosamida no período de fertilização e eclosão de ovos de girinos e carpa não ocorreu. Na primeira semana de vida, os níveis de 0,25; 0,20; e 0,10 ppm mostraram efeito sobre os girinos aos 48, 65 e 115 minutos após a aplicação do produto respectivamente, mas apresentaram-se sem efeito sobre as pós-larvas de carpa comum. A dosagem de 0,15 ppm de niclosamida, aos 27 dias, tendeu a provocar maior mortalidade de girinos, com maior sobrevivência de pós-larvas de carpa comum, e a de 0,10 ppm, o melhor resultado na idade de 21 dias das pós-larvas de carpa comum e girinos.

中国内モンゴールの都市部，農村部および草原部における閉経前女性の骨粗しょう症関連要因の比較研究 生活習慣，第２中手骨骨量および骨代謝マーカーの関連を中心に

One hundred and sixteen community-dwelling premenoposal women aged 35-49 in Inner Mongolia (36 from a city, 39 from a farming village and 41 from a grassland community) were recruited for participation in a study to investigate osteoporosis-related factors. The bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by computed X-ray densitometry (CXD). Hand bone X-rays were taken with an aluminum step-wedge ruler. Anthropometric and several lifestyle data, including workload, exercise, milk drinking, smoking and nutrient intake, were also measured. Markers of bone metabolism, 1, 25 (OH)2D3 and fluoride in drinking water and urine samples were measured. Body height and grip strength were the highest in the city subjects. There were no significant differences in body weight and body mass index (BMI) among the three groups. The percentage of the subjects who were engaged in heavy or moderate workloads was the highest in the village subjects. The village subjects had the lowest percentages of habits of both regular exercise and milk drinking . The percentage of subjects with smoking habit was the highest in the village group. Intakes of calcium and animal protein were the lowest in the village group probably because their diets were mainly composed of grains and vegetables . For both non-dominant and dominant hands, however, the BMD of the second metacarpus were the highest in this group. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the subjects who experienced moderate-heavy workload in their 20s and in the present time and those whose grip strength exceeded the average level had significantly higher BMD of non-dominant hand than the remainders, respectively. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis also showed siginificant effects of workload and grip strength on BMD. The levels of bone-alkaline phosphatase (B-Alp) as a marker of bone formation and crosslaps (CL/Cr) as a marker of bone resorption were the highest in the grassland group. The level of 1, 25 (OH)2D3 was about 1.5 times higher in the grassland group compared with the city and village groups. Furthermore, the concentration of fluoride in drinking water and urine samples were about 5 times higher in the grassland group than other two groups . In the grassland group, concentration of fluoride in urine was positively correlated with B-Alp (r=0.34, p<0.05) and CL/Cr (r=0.39, p<0.05), respectively. These findings suggest that high workload and grip strength play important roles on BMD among women living in farming village of Inner Mongolia. Despite higher milk intake, the biological markers of bone metabolism among the grassland subjects showed postmenopausal pattern, suggesting the effects of high fluoride level in drinking water.

Intergranular Coupling and Grain Isolation of Thin Co Films

AbstractThe effects of rapid oxidation and overcoat diffusion processes on the intergranular coupling and grain isolation in thin Co films were studied. The oxidation process was found to be strongly temperature dependent. The optimal coercivities can only be achieved within a narrow range of temperatures, while further increasing the temperature incurs significant thermal instability. CrMn underlayers were confirmed to be more effective in enhancing the grain isolation by the grain boundary diffusion during the oxidation process. The oxidation process does not change the Co anisotropy, and hence the coercivity increase is appears to be a result of better grain isolation. The in-situ diffusion of Ag and Cr overcoats were also found to have siginificant effects on the grain isolation in Co and CoCr films.

Activation of macrophages by lactoferrin: secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-8 and NO.

When macrophages were cultured with lactoferrin, cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and nitric oxide (NO) were secreted. Secretion of TNF-alpha peaked at 6 h of incubation in the presence of lactoferrin and then declined. About 80% of the maximum secretion of IL-8 was observed at 6 h of incubation. The concentration of IL-8 in the culture medium remained almost constant between 24-72 h. In contrast, no significant effect on NO secretion was observed at 6 h, but a significant effect was observed at 24 h and secretion gradually increased between 24-72 h. The effects of lactoferrin on the secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-8 and NO were dose-dependent and lactoferrin had a significant effect on secretion of at concentrations greater than 10 mg/ml. The use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the results obtained were consistent with the cytokine secretion results. It is concluded that lactoferrin activates macrophages which result in the secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-8 and NO.

物性値の温度依存性を考慮した熱応力／応力拡大係数解析 円板に一定熱流束を与える場合

An infrared radiation heating method was proposed previously as a new technique for estimating thermal shock parameters directly from electrical power charge. The method uses a thin-circular disk heated by infrared rays at the central area with a constant heat flux. In this report, temperature and stress distributions in the disk are analyzed numerically considering the temperature-dependent material properties of alumina and float glass, namely, temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity for the temperature distribution and temperature-dependent thermal expansion for the stress distribution. Furthermore, stress intensity factors are analyzed for a disk with an edge crack subjected to a constant heat flux. These results show that the temperature dependence of material properties has siginificant effects on the temperature and stress distributions.

垂直通気層の放湿効果におよぼす温度差の影響 : 通気層による構造体の防湿効果に関する研究 その3

This paper reports the effects of the difference between the inside temperature of vertical air layer and the outside temperature on the efficiency of vapor discharge. Varying the width of slit or rectangular opened edges and the thickness of air layer, the following results were obtained I 1) In the case where both edges of air layer are completely open and where its thickness is kept constant, the efficiency of vapor discharge is higher when the inside temperature is higher than the outside temperature than when there is no temperature difference. 2) When the air layer is less than 3cm thick and the difference between the temperature at the wall surface and the outside temperature is within 2 or 3 degrees, the temperature difference has the strong effect on the equivalent permeation resistance. 3) The above two results show that the efficiency of vapor discharge by air layer is controlled by the difference between the moist air density in the air layer and that of outside atmosphere. 4) In the case where each edge of the air layer has a slit less than 1 cm wide and the temperature difference is more than 4 or 5 degrees, the thickness of the air layer and the width of slit have no siginificant effect on vapor discharge.