Shipping Process Research Articles

OPTIMIZATION OF LOGISTICS PROCESS IN CONTEXT OF SMART LOGISTICS BY USING COMPUTER SIMULATION – CASE STUDY

In the conditions of shipment processing it is important to observe the timetable of dispatch in which the entire processing process is going on. Each element of the processing system is important and it is linked with others by time. This means that the delay of one element causes an avalanche effect. The use of computer simulation helps in optimizing processing processes as a whole. This helps to detect regularities and bottlenecks that have been previously overlooked. The concept of Smart Logistics as part of the Smart Factory using simulation as a tool to estimate the future behaviour of the system. The article describes its own system for determining the number of staff to perform the required activities within the processing process. On the basis of the actual number of shipments, the arrival times and the processing system data, a solution can be described using a simulation tool to determine the number of workers. The simulation helps us to design the number of workers so that they observe the times of truck departures from the processing depot. This guarantees compliance with the timetable at minimum labour costs.

Effect of gamma irradiation and subsequent cold storage on the development and predatory potential of seven spotted ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae) larvae

Seven spot ladybird beetle, (Coccinella septempunctata) is a widely distributed natural enemy of soft-bodied insect pests especially aphids worldwide. Both the adult and larvae of this coccinellid beetle are voracious feeders and serve as a commercially available biological control agent around the globe. Different techniques are adopted to enhance the mass rearing and storage of this natural enemy by taking advantage of its natural ability to withstand under extremely low temperatures and entering diapause under unfavorable low temperature conditions. The key objective of this study was to develop a cost effective technique for enhancing the storage life and predatory potential of the larvae of C. septempunctata through cold storage in conjunction with the use of nuclear techniques, gamma radiations. Results showed that the host eating potential of larvae was enhanced as the cold storage duration was increased. Gamma irradiation further enhanced the feeding potential of larvae that were kept under cold storage. Different irradiation doses also affected the development time of C. septempuntata larvae significantly. Without cold storage, the lower radiation doses (10 and 25 GY) prolonged the developmental time as compared to un-irradiated larvae. Furthermore, the higher dose of radiation (50GY) increased the developmental time after removal from cold storage. This study first time paves the way to use radiation in conjunction with cold storage as an effective technique in implementation of different biological control approaches as a part of any IPM programs

Challenges of Project Logistics in Turkey

Containerization in logistics enables the products to be transported quickly within the standard conditions; however, heavy cargoes with non-standard size are still a big problem in shipment processes. This problem examines within the scope of project logistics. Project logistics are defined as the realization of the transportation of non-standard bulky and heavy materials, which cannot be transported by the standard container, in specific time period and without any damage. According to objectives of 2023, Turkey Government has committed to improve logistics infrastructure, regulations and operations in parallel with global business supply chain. Project logistics are high value-added operations in logistic sector, due to one-time logistics operation with its unique tools and methods. Turkey’ geographic advantages could be used to foster project logistics, but they are affected from external environmental factors and facing many problems as other countries. In this study, the challenges facing companies during their project logistics operations will be analyzed. In-depth interviews will be conducted with company’ executives whom are operating on project logistics in Turkey. According to field study, the main problems of project logistics operations are subtitled as physical infrastructure, legal regulations, education and economic problems. Also, in order for the sector to work effectively, main four problems must be eliminated and state-private sector coordination must be ensured.

A coordinated vendor–buyer system considering loss and damage claims, insurance cost and stochastic lead time

The loss and damage of goods during shipment is a very common risk that business owners often incur as a part of daily operations. For this reason, the shipper may have to make a claim for lost or damaged items. In this study, a claim policy to improve the flow and coordination of the vendor–buyer inventory shipment process is developed. The model assumes some of the goods are lost or damaged during production and shipment. The buyer incurs an insurance cost which corresponds the market value of the item. The stochastic lead time is a function of production, transportation, in-transit and delay times. The objective of the coordinated vendor–buyer model is to minimize the total cost for both parties. An algorithm to optimize the independent and coordinated policies is created. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are given to illustrate the theory.

IBRIDIA: A hybrid solution for processing big logistics data

Internet of Things (IoT) is leading to a paradigm shift within the logistics industry. Logistics services providers use sensor technologies such as GPS or telemetry to track and manage their shipment processes. Additionally, they use external data that contain critical information about events such as traffic, accidents, and natural disasters. Correlating data from different sensors and social media and performing analysis in real-time provide opportunities to predict events and prevent unexpected delivery delay at run-time. However, collecting and processing data from heterogeneous sources foster problems due to the variety and velocity of data. In addition, processing data in real-time is heavily challenging that it cannot be dealt with using conventional logistics information systems. In this paper, we present a hybrid framework for processing massive volume of data in batch style and real-time. Our framework is built upon Johnson’s hierarchical clustering (HCL) algorithm which produces a dendrogram that represents different clusters of data objects.

Fields of hazards to rail freight shipment realization

There is a noticeable increase in rail freight shipment in recent years. European Union’s transport policy, infrastructure investments and opportunities given by the New Silk Road, point to new possibilities for development in this field of transport. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 402/2013 of 30 April 2013 on the common method for risk evaluation and assessment and repealing Regulation (EC) No 352/2009 distinguishes six stages of proceeding in risk assessment process. Key one among them, regarding this article, is risk assessment and classification. For the cargo to safely reach recipients, conditions allowing for continuous flow of fright needs to be provided. While realizing railway fright shipment, undesirable events can occur, that disrupt the shipment process. This events can be identified on the railway tracks, in the shipment, transhipment and destination points, caused by human actions or atmospheric conditions.

Supply chain visibility : From analogue to aggregation — a brief history and guide to implementation

Supply chain visibility (SCV) is the ability to track an order step-by-step to see real-time status updates across the supply chain from origin to final destination. Visibility enables a company to know exactly where their product is in the shipment process and can be a significant driver for a company’s improved profitability and relationships with its trading partners. While SCV is a standard expectation for e-commerce orders, adoption of visibility capabilities for non-e-commerce companies is surprisingly low. Improved visibility provides companies numerous benefits by lowering costs and reducing inventory while increasing efficiency and accountability. Business investment in new technology, increased collaboration and higher maturity levels lead to full visibility for all trading partners, while utilisation of data aggregation technology provides a single version of the truth. This paper analyses the substantial value derived through supply chain visibility, and discusses how more companies could benefit from implementing SCV capabilities.

SISTEMA DE RESERVAS PARA MEJORAR LA LOGÍSTICA DE CONTENEDORES VACÍOS CASO DE ESTUDIO DE UN ALMACÉN DE CONTENEDORES EN EL PERÚ

A necessidade de otimizar o proceso operativo de um armazém para o despache de contêineres de exportação motivou o presente estudo. O escopo tem três objetivos com foco no despacho de contêineres vazios tipo reefer: primeiro, minimizar o tempo de despacho que, atualmente, dura em média três horas, desde que o transporte do cliente entra no armazém, recebe o recipiente e retira; segundo, melhorar a qualidade do estado de entrega dos contêineres; e, terceiro, alcançar uma redução nos custos operacionais do processo de despacho.

A new effective unified model for solving the Pre-marshalling and Block Relocation Problems

Container terminals are exchange hubs that interconnect many transportation modes and facilitate the flow of containers. Among other elements, terminals include a yard which serves as temporary storage space. In the yard, containers are piled up by cranes to form blocks of stacks. During the shipment process, containers are carried from the stacks to ships following a given sequence. Hence, if a high priority container is placed below low priority ones, such obstructing containers have to be moved (relocated) to other stacks. Given a set of stacks and a retrieval sequence, the aim in the Pre-marshalling Problem (pmp) is to sort the initial configuration according to the retrieval sequence using a minimum number of relocations, so that no new relocations are needed during the shipment. The objective in the Block Relocation Problem (brp) is to retrieve all the containers according to the retrieval sequence by using a minimum number of relocations. This paper presents a new unified integer programming model for solving the pmp, the brp, and the Restricted brp (r-brp) variant. The new formulations are compared with existing mathematical models for these problems, as well as with other exact methods that combines combinatorial lower bounds and the branch-and-bound (B&B) framework, by using a large set of instances available in the literature. The numerical experiments show that the proposed models are able to outperform the approaches based on mathematical programming. Nevertheless, the B&B algorithms achieve the best results both in terms of computation time and number of instances solved to optimality.

Limitation of Liability and Governing Law for Accidents Occurring before Issuance of Bill of Lading

The purpose of this study is to verify the carrier's liability limitation through analyzing two cases. According to the court judgments in the two cases, if the accident occurs during the shipment without issuance of Bill of Lading (B/L), the reverse-side clause of B/L does not apply to the calculation of damage, and the law of the country most closely related to both parties is set as the governing law. The absence of a timely B/L often occurs in transport practice due to the complicated nature of transport practice. So, through analyzing the court judgments in the two cases, this study recommends that transport parties take precautions. First, in order to reduce and settle disputes arising from the absence of evidence of transportation contracts, it is necessary to issue a received B/L bearing in mind the risk of accidents occurring during the shipment process. Second, the use of a Sea Waybill (SWB) which can be issued after the receipt of a cargo shipment, can be an alternative, except when a Letter of Credit (L/C) requires a B/L. Finally, expanding the function of the Commercial Invoice (C/I) to allow it to serve as evidence of the contract of carriage by inserting the contract of carriage phrase into the C/I when the B/L is not issued could be an alternative.

Temperature and Humidity Monitoring on IoT Based Shipment Tracking

To maintain quality of goods among shipment process, monitoring and controlling is performed. Moreover, position of the vehicles is performed by GPS tracking. However, conventional monitoring and controlling temperature and humidity is done manually. Moreover, inaccurate measurement during shipment process is affected to the goods quaity especially for goods and beverages packets. Inaccurate tracking has contributed as one factor which causes vehicle lost in control. To addressing these limitation, integrating shipment process such as temperature, humidity, tracking and tracking system are proposed based on Internet of Things (IoT). The systems are conducted by uses Arduino Uno, RFID MFRC522, GPS Neo6M, DHT11 dan RTC DS1307. The system performance has monitored humidity and temperature properly and bus range tracking system is conducted using Neo6M based on IoT. Data measurement result are delivered onto Clouduino over Internet network at any time. Therefore realtime measurement and tracking are visualized onto Web using API Google Maps. The performance result shows that within two experiment treatments, such as static and mobility measurements, the propose system are performed well. In static measurements, the average interval value of the data transmission time is 5,75 seconds from the designed interval value of 5 seconds, the average value of the deviation from the interval of data transmission time is 0,75 seconds, and the average delay time between data transmission and reception is 0,3 seconds. While at dinamic measurements, the average interval value of the data transmission time is 6.22 seconds from the designed interval value of 5 seconds, the average value of the deviation from the interval of data transmission time is 1.22 seconds, and the average delay time between data transmission and reception is 2.31 seconds.

Performance prediction of vaccine carrier using adsorption process and 13x/cacl2 composite zeolite as adsorbent

Vaccine is one of the biggest problem that happen in Indonesia. Almost 75% vaccine is frozen on shipment process from Province to healthcare in district. Vaccine usually is transferred using a vaccine box whose the temperature has to be maintained at 2-8°C. The newest technology of vaccine box uses adsorption cooling and solar energy to keep the cold chain. This technology is separated into 3 modules which are cooling module (contain zeolite and water), vaccine box, and solar heater. The cooling module using adsorption as the cooling process, where the adsorption makes a pressure drop and causes the decrease of the temperature. The decrease temperature will be used as source of the cooling in the vaccine box. After the zeolite in cooling module reach the saturation because of adsorption process, it has to be heated up using solar cooker as the media. The solar cooker collects the energy from the sun using the principle of greenhouse effect. This study aimed to analyze if the design of vaccine box using adsorption cooling system and 13x/cacl2 composite zeolite as the adsorbent is suitable or not for holding the optimum temperature for vaccines. From simulation using MATLAB, an integrated technical computing including computation, visualization, and programming, the vaccine box could reach temperature 5°C and can be maintained for 12 hours with COP is 0.146. For the desorption process, it needs heat 150 KW and 23 minutes to complete the process.

Simulation based decision support system for optimization

– The purpose of this paper is to understand and explain how firms use simulation-based decision support systems (DSSs) to optimize container space utilization. , – Using a case study of a logistics company, this research analyzed the application of optimization software through simulation to make efficient loading decisions. The current study attempted to find a method for optimizing and making a loading plan to achieve higher container space utilization using a simulation method. , – A simulation-based DSS and application of an optimization method contributes to the reduction of container shipment volume, and saves logistic costs and its delivery time. This research offers a method for optimizing a loading decision to optimize container space utilization. , – The present study is based on a single case study of only one specific type of product, i.e., motorcycle spares parts within a specific industry. , – Apart from adding value to the shipment process and improving the efficiency of loading plans, with the use of optimization software, the collaboration between buyers and suppliers can be encouraged to reduce response time and bringing transparency in the pricing process of the shipment. , – This research addresses a key concern in the transportation industry: how to reduce the logistics costs and the delivery time. This study demonstrates how a simulation-based tool can be used to reduce freight cost, cycle time, instill waste minimization and improve overall value addition.

Improvement Research PLC Automatic Control System Based on Small and Medium Logistics Classification

PLC automatic control classification system is based on commitment to increase express courier company and distribution center for the delivery of processing power, making it more efficient for the shipment have free processing capabilities. Based on the scientific method, prior to the courier company handling capacity estimates, and the company in shipment processing equipment capital investment to enhance the product in the industry's competitiveness. It is used of the existing two-dimensional code scanning recognition technology. Through the automatic identification of microcontroller programming combined ratio for the sensor to achieve classification. It works to reduce logistics costs in the classification of goods while improving the efficiency and accuracy of their goods classification.

An integrated approach of Six Sigma and QSAM methodologies for a pharmaceutical company: a shipment improvement process

This paper presents a shipment improvement project in a pharmaceutical company to reduce distribution costs of a set of products shipped to Germany. The project consisted in the diagnosis and improvement of the shipment process through the deployment of Quick Scan Audit Methodology (QSAM) as a precursor to Six Sigma implementation. The original sample-shipments process was analysed to improve it and achieve the targets based on optimised sub-processes. The results showed a set of non-value added activities in transportation, motion, waiting, defects and the sub-utilisation of people. Based on the application of quality tools such as VSM, CFD, VOC, CTQ-Three under the Six-Sigma approach, the improvements achieved a 26% reduction in cycle time, and no complaints from customers were reported since the implementation. A control plan was deployed to track shipments and maintain open and close communication with the customer. The resulting benefits had a significant impact on reducing distribution costs.

자동차 선적 및 납기를 위한 동적 최적화

완성차의 빠르고 안전한 납기를 위해 자동차 업계는 많은 노력을 기울여 왔다. 생산 후 선적까지 완성차가 조립공장내에 체재하는 시간의 감축을 통해 총 주문시간을 줄일 수 있음과 동시에 총수송비용 또한 줄일 수 있다. 전통적인 선적계획법들은 조립공장내에서 발생하는 동적인 사건들을 다루는데 한계가 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 선적과정중에 발생할 수 있는 동적 사건들을 해결하는 다중 에이전트 기반 선적 방법을 제시하고 있다. 시뮬레이션을 이용한 실험 결과를 통해 이러한 방법이 주문시간, 작업효율, 품질 및 수송효율의 증진을 가져올 수 있음을 보였다. The automotive industry has made much efforts to deliver finished vehicles to customers with speed and reliability. Decreasing the time a vehicle stays within an assembly plant from production release to shipment contributes to reduce the total order lead-time and consequently, the total transportation cost as well. Conventional shipment planning algorithms are limited in accommodating the dynamics of assembly plant operations as to finished vehicle shipment. This paper presents a market-based multi-agent shipment planning algorithm to optimize the performance of vehicle shipment process, capturing the operationally disruptive events. Experimental results using simulation show that the algorithm improves vehicle shipment performance with respect to lead time, labor efficiency, finished product quality, and transportation efficiency.

Iron Ore Blending Based on Linear Programming

Ore Blending is an important problem that the majority of mining enterprises have to face. To solve the ore blending problem, the production plan should be made firstly, and then small adjustments should be made in according to the actual condition. By effective control and management, the balance of ore quality and stability will be realized. This paper introduced the linear programming and the concept of ore blending. A mathematical model is established by linear programming, solving the problems about ore blending of multi-seam mining in iron Mine of Tangshan hebei minging Ltd., giving the countermeasure aiming at the problem, realizing the effective management and control of ore quality. Preface In mine enterprises ore Blending is mixxing different grade ore evenly in a planned way in mining and shipment process, according to the existing resources and production capacity, according to the relevant indicators, to ensure that the final ore quality standard (such as ore grade, reserves, etc.) meet demand department requirements. At the same time collocating part lean ore in a planned way help to meet the industrial economic use standard, which is helpful to rational utilization of mineral resources, improve relationship between time and space for stope mining, avoid the phenomenon of pressure ore, maintain the normal production of mine to create favorable conditions. Improving the quality of the part lean ore grade help to increase the price standard and mining economic income. Linear programs arise in a variety of practical applications. It is capable of handling a variety of problems such as Portfolio [, Land consolidation optimization [, watershed management [, capacity allocation [,etc.

Study on Adjustment of Large Structure Objects’ Shipment Processing by Trailers

Different from the Slippage shipment, when using platform trailers for shipment, the structure’s weight evenly distributed on the small wheel’s axles, because of tire’s deformation, as the trailers continue moving to the barge, the surface contact between the wheels and ground makes the load gradually apply to the barge, then the center of gravity also changes. In this research, based on analysis of the heavy truck’s tire deflection curve, in the process of load distribution, method of calculating the structure’s weight on barge with the trailers gradually move forward can be obtained, through simulation analysis, the load adjustment can be ensured accurately.

The use of carbon dioxide in big bags and containers for the control of pest in food products

Modified atmospheres (MA) based on high carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) contents offer an alternative to synthetic chemical fumigation for insect pest control in food commodities during storage and shipment processes. The present study aimed to establish the efficacy of using CO 2 in big bags and containers to prevent pests’ development. Four trials were conducted with gastight big bags (900 x 900 x 1000 or 1600 cm). Two of these trials were conducted with polished rice and samples of Sitophilus oryzae , one trial with chamomile infested with Lasioderma serricorne and one trial with cocoa and samples of Tribolium confusum and Ephestia kuehniella . Initial contents of CO 2 were higher than 75%, which decreased depending on exposure time (13 to 90 d) and food product. In all four trials the insects present in the infested samples were controlled with the MA. An additional trial was conducted in a 9 m container containing dried herbs in boxes, big bags and other pacaging formats. Twelve infested samples of L. serricorne and Plodia interpunctella were distributed uniformly at the bottom and top of the container. A concentration between 70% and 15% CO 2 was maintained for an exposure time of 18 d. In spite of the decrease in CO 2 content, the treatment was also effective to control all insects present in the samples. Our results confirmed that CO 2 could be applied to food products during the storage in big bags and containers to control the occurrence of pests. Keywords : Modified atmosphere, Carbon dioxide, Pest control, Stored-product pests.

Study of Shipping Industry in Singapore: An Export Logistics Perspective

Shipping, in simple terms means the process of transporting goods from one place to another. This process of transportation may take place through air, land or water. For the purpose of this project though, shipping would refer to the transportation of goods through water. The process in general gets underway with the buyer and the seller interacting, negotiating and entering into an agreement/contract based on the mutually agreed upon terms. These terms would typically include the description and the quantity of goods, the date by which the goods need to be delivered, the price and the documentary requirements. After the agreement is struck, the seller usually contacts the forwarding agents who are responsible for moving the goods from the seller's premises to the ship. In some cases though, the shipper might play the role of the Forwarding agent too if it has the necessary expertise in the area. The Forwarding agent then contacts the shipping line and based on the terms and conditions mutually agreed upon, an agreement is reached for the goods to be transported from the source port to the destination port by the shipping line. A custom clearing agent is then assigned by the shipper for the handling of the custom related documentation or even this may be taken care of by the forwarding agent. Thereafter the goods are moved by the forwarding agent to the source port or the shipping line. The goods can be picked from the shipper's premises or may have already been moved from the shipper's premises to the forwarding agent's premises in which case they are further moved from the agent's premises to the source port of the shipping line. Once the goods are loaded on the ship, they are transported to the destination port where a similar process happens while the goods make their way to the buyer's premises. This project focuses on the export logistics part of the shipping process.The complete process of export logistics (movement of goods from shipper's premises to the source port/ship) can be broken down into three key areas: Warehousing, Planning and Consolidation, and Containerization. Warehousing of goods is done either at the shipper's premises or the freight forwarders premises depending on the terms of shipment and the load type. Once the empty container arrives at the warehouse, the warehouse operator makes arrangements to stuff the containers with the goods to be shipped. On many occasions the goods to be transported from a single seller are not sufficient in quantity to fill a complete container (boxes which carry the goods and are actually kept on the ship). In such cases, usually the forwarding agent, who is handling goods from many such sellers, clubs the goods together (subject to certain conditions) and then puts them in the container which is to be sent to the ship. This consolidation of goods is usually done based on the destination of the goods i.e. goods which are meant for a destination are clubbed together or consolidated. Irrespective of whether the goods from a single seller are sufficient to fill up a complete container or not, they have to be physically moved inside the appropriate container before the container is moved to the source port/ship. Based on the nature of goods and other conditions, various types of containers are used in shipping. The most common type of containers used is the 20 feet containers. Once the container is stuffed with the goods the freight forwarder takes care of transporting the container from the warehouse to the dispatch port. Here on the shipment process is taken over by the port to port operations.