Sheep Goat Research Articles

PSIII-13 The Effects of Corn Gluten Feed and Corn Dried Distillers Grains as a Replacement for Soybean Meal on Boer Type Goat Diets

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or corn gluten feed (CGF) as a replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in a Boer goat diet. A total of 75 meat goat kids (26.9 0.2 kg) were placed in 25 pens (3 kids per pen and 5 pens per treatment) for a 35-day experimental period at the Kansas State University Sheep and Meat Goat Center. Kids were allotted to one of the following isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets that varied in protein source: 1) SBM; 2) 100% DDGS/0% CGF; 3) 66% DDGS/33% CGF; 4) 33% DDGS/66% CGF; and 5) 0% DDGS/100% CGF. Diets were pelleted and supplied the sole source of nutrition. Goats and feeders were weighed weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, G:F, cost per kg of diet, and cost per kg of gain. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., Cary, NC) with pen serving as the experimental unit. Differences were considered significant if P0.05. Treatment did not impact BW (P = 0.999), ADG (P = 0.723), ADFI (P = 0.210), or G:F (P = 0.796; Table 2). While diet cost differed due to differences in price of soybean meal and the corn co-products, there was no evidence (P = 0.941) that cost per kg of gain was less for goats fed the corn co-products. However, feed cost per goat was less (P = 0.0008) with diets containing corn co-products, regardless of level. These data allow producers to make more informed feeding decisions with a broader understanding of potential implications of corn gluten feed use in goats.

Phylogenetic analysis of Mongolian sheeppox and goatpox viruses

Sheeppox and goatpox are caused by sheep pox virus (SPPV) and goat pox virus (GTPV), members of Capripoxvirus genus, Poxviridae family. SPPV and GTPV damage host animal’s wool and skin and reduce production of mutton and milk. Because of morbidity and mortality of the diseases, they bring huge economic burden to the country. Main goal was to compare Mongolian sheep pox, goat pox sequences with other strains that were registered in Genebank.
 In this study, two SPPV and two GTPV field strains from Mongolia and Perego M strain (Biocombinat SOI, Mongolia), Russian and Chinese alive vaccine strains were used. The common DNA extraction method was used and samples were amplified on a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) which amplify the full p32 gene of Capripoxvirus. The primers were designed based on the conserved sequences just outside of the p32 gene of SPPV or GTPV. By applying this method to the sheep and goat samples, suspected with SPPV and GTPV infection in Mongolia, the nested-PCR products were obtained from all samples on the predicted size, and the presence of SPPV and GTPV were confirmed via full length sequence analysis of P32 gene. Sequence comparison was performed using the online BLAST program. Sequence identities of nucleotides were analyzed using MUSCLE algorithm. A phylogenetic tree derived from nucleotide sequences was constructed for the Capripoxvirus using the neighbor joining method of MEGA (version X) software. Based on the phylogenetic tree, the Mongolian sheep pox virus, 2017 clustered together with Zabaikalsk strain and Perego strain (Biocombinat SOI, Mongolia). The Mongolian sheep pox virus, 2015 was closer to Tunisian and Chinese Gansu, Shanxi province strains. Chinese vaccine strain AV41, sequenced in this study was clustered with EF522181.1 Chinese Goat pox vaccine strain but Russian sheep pox vaccine strain, sequenced in this study was close to Mongolian goat pox viruses, 2009. The present data provides theoretical references to improve the preventive and control strategy. Based on the phylogenetic tree that we made, we conclude that SPPV and GTPV sequences in Mongolia were closer to Chinese SPPV, GTPV sequences therefore they were most likely imported from China.

Respon Fisiologis dan Metabolit Darah Kambing dan Domba yang Ditransportasi dengan Pick-Up Triple-Deck

The overall transportation process is a gripping activity for goats and sheep. Goats and sheep canexperience stress as reflected by indicators of weight loss, physiological responses and blood metabolites.The use of sheep goat and sheep conveyance according to the Regulation of the Minister of Agricultureof the Republic of Indonesia number 114/Permentan/PD.410/9/2014concerning the transportation ofsacrificial animals, vehicles can be designed for a maximum of two decks. Farmers use pick-up vehiclesarranged in three levels to reduce transportation costs. This study uses two triple-deck pick-up vehiclesfor 60 goats and 60 sheep. Each deck is filled with 20 animals and five animals are taken as samples.The design used by using a randomized block design (RBD), the position of the deck (deck 1, deck 2,deck 3) as a factor, and body weight as groups. The evaluation results of goat and sheep transportationwith a distance of ± 674 km (± 16 hours of travel) shows that deck has no significant effect (P>0.05) onthe weight loss of goat and sheep also did not affect (P>0.05) on the physiological response and bloodmetabolites. The stress level of goats and sheep transported is not affected by deck position.

Retrospective analysis of epizootic situation in sheep pox and goat pox

Sheep pox and goat pox are highly contagious transboundary diseases of sheep and goats caused by viruses belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus of the Poxviridae. These infections of goats are subject to mandatory notification to the OIE. Diseases cause great economic damage to sheep and goat breeding, due to the death and forced slaughter of sick animals, a decrease in productivity, the cost of conducting veterinary and sanitary, security and quarantine measures. It should also be noted social significance, since often diseased animals are the only means of subsistence for the owners. The authors carried out a retrospective analysis of the epizootic situation of sheep pox and goat pox in the Russian Federation and Mongolia. Epizootic characteristics were assessed using the OIE databases. Materials obtained by the authors during business trips, as well as information published in scientific articles were used in analyzing the data. Smallpox of sheep and goat in the Russian Federation appear as sporadic cases and mainly in the regions of the Far Eastern and Siberian federal districts, bordering with China and Mongolia. The data of the phylogenetic analysis of the causative agent that caused the outbreaks of the disease in Transbaikalia served as the basis for the conclusion that the virus was introduced from China. The results of surveys of foci of sheep pox in the Republic of Dagestan and the Republic of Kalmykia suggest the probable introduction of the pathogen from the regions of Kazakhstan that were previously unsuccessful for sheep pox. Mainly sheep pox was recorded in the Russian Federation during the analyzed period. Isolated cases of goat pox are 22 explained by the small population of these animals. Smallpox of sheep and goats are constantly reported in Central Asian countries. For the constituent entities of the North Caucasus and Southern Federal Districts, the border countries endemic for sheep pox pose a great threat.

Gas and methane production vis-à-vis loss of energy as methane from in vitro fermentation of dry and green forages in sheep and goat inoculums

Gas production, methane and energy loss from 10 dry and 12 green fodders were evaluated in vitro using sheep and goat inocula. Dry matter intake and digestible DM (DDM) were higher for green (2.45% and 62.28%) than dry fodders (1.72% and 52.88%), respectively. Mean in vitro dry matter digestibility was higher for green than dry fodders in rumen inocula of sheep (63.51 vs 45.34%) and goat (61.36 vs 41.36%), respectively. After 12 h, gas production was higher for green than dry fodders in sheep (69.70 mL/g vs 64.40) and goat inocula (61.73 vs 55.53 mL/g). Gas production was higher for dry and green fodders in sheep inoculums vs goat at 12, 24 and 48 h. At 12 h, methane production was higher for green than dry fodders both in sheep (12.96 vs 9.69 mL/g) and goat (13.34 vs 9.14 mL/g). Total CH4 production was higher for green than dry fodders with both sheep (40.92 vs 33.83 mL/g) and goat inocula (33.34 vs 30.47 mL/g), respectively. Methane production was higher from fermentation of green fodders than dry fodders in rumen inocula from goat (19.27 vs 14.16) and sheep (18.57 vs 14.76 g/kg DM), respectively. Green fodders produced higher CH4 with goat (33.75 g/kg DDM) vs sheep inocula (29.65 g/kg DDM). Methane production (g/kg DDM) and energy loss as methane (CH4 % GE) was similar for dry and green fodders fermented in sheep and goat inocula. Overall, results showed that green forages produced more CH4 compared with dry forages so this piece of information should be put into consideration for sustainable and environmentally friendly production system.

OPTIMASI PENJADWALAN PRODUKSI MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN ALGORITMA HARMONY SEARCH DI PT ADI SATRIA ABADI (ASA

PT Adi Satria Abadi (ASA) is a company engaged in the processing of leather, especially sheep skin and goat skin, which is used for the manufacture of golf gloves. The problem faced by the company is the production process that exceeds the due date to other customers who order products at PT ASA. From the research, it is known that the cause is a company scheduling method that has not been organized so that the production sequence is concurrent. Selection of methods Harmony Search algorithms in scheduling are caused by delays. The Harmony Search algorithm can provide a better makespan value than the company method. The results of the company method obtain 0.9 months makespan average, the Harmony Search Algorithm method produces an average 0.8 months makespan. In addition, the use of the Harmony Search Algorithm method can reduce the average value of 0.1 months makespan. The results of the study in three months experienced time savings of 0.6 months, 0.6 months and 0.1 months respectively.

Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and bioinformatics analyses of growth hormone mRNA of Assaf sheep and Boer goats reared in Egypt

BackgroundIdentification of molecular characterization of genes underlying livestock productive traits may allow applying advanced biotechnology techniques to improve animal productivity. Growth hormone (GH) controls body growth rate, milk production, reproduction as well as carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the genetic variations of growth hormone cDNA sequences between Assaf sheep (As_GH) and Boer goat (Bo_GH) that mainly used for genetic improvement in Egypt using bioinformatics analysis. Growth hormone cDNA was isolated from the pituitary gland tissue of Assaf sheep Boer goat and subcloned into pTZ57R/T cloning vector for sequencing. ResultsMolecular weight of As_GH cDNA was 665 bp and was 774 bp for Bo_GH cDNA. The complete coding sequences (CDS) of As_GH and Bo_GH were registered in the GenBank database under accession number (AC: MH128986 and AC: MG744290, respectively). High homology percentage was observed (99.5%) between AS_GH and Bo_GH protein sequences with one different amino acid in the As_GH protein sequence (Arg194). The protein sequence of As_GH has only one motif signature; Somatotropin_1 from 79 to 112 aa compared to Bo_GH protein sequences and GenBank database that had two motifs signature. The growth hormone cDNA sequence of Assaf sheep has a unique three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (A637A638G639) that encodes for arginine (Arg194); this insertion mutation (AAG) was not found in the growth hormone cDNA sequences of Boer goat in the present study and GenBank database breeds. This mutation can be used to develop SNPs markers for Assaf sheep. ConclusionsGH sequence of Assaf and Boer goat is highly conserved and the homogeny in the codon region (99.5%). The Assaf sheep GH sequence has a unique three SNPs that may be used to develop SNPs markers for such breed. Further studies are needed to investigate the genetic variations of growth hormone gene in different sheep and goat breeds in Egypt and document the relationship between these variations and the productive performance of animals.

Assessing future distribution, suitability of corridors and efficiency of protected areas to conserve vulnerable ungulates under climate change

AbstractAimCentral part of Iran harbours populations of wild ungulates that are threatened or extinct over large parts of the region, and are likely to be impacted by climate change. In this study, we predicted the impact of climate change on the distribution of three vulnerable ungulates in central Iran. We then evaluated future suitability of corridors connecting the protected areas for movement of the ungulates in response to climate change.LocationCentral Iran.MethodsImpact of climate change on distribution of goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), wild sheep (Ovis spp) and wild goat (Capra aegagrus) was predicted adapting an ensemble modelling approach and under the RCP 8.5 emission scenario. We then used CIRCUITSCAPE software with current and future distribution maps to identify corridors for movement of the three ungulates, and evaluate likely changes in their suitability under climate change.ResultsOur results revealed that climate change might result in loss of 55%, 69% and 76% of suitable habitats for goitered gazelle, wild sheep and wild goat by 2070, respectively. These losses also resulted in some protected areas to become unsuitable for the ungulates. However, we identified key protected areas with the potential for future protection of these ungulates. For the three species, we also identified corridors which would persist into the future, allowing the impacted populations to move in response to climate change.Main conclusionsConservation of ungulate populations in Iran mainly depends on the protected areas. To maintain the role of the protected areas in conserving these mammals under climate change, we recommend the incorporation of their potential future distribution into conservation plans, increasing protection status of the key protected areas, and maintain critical corridors. In this regard, combining results of distribution and connectivity models provides useful information for effective management of these ungulates in the future.

Rapid Detection and Differentiation between Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Viruses by Real-Time qPCR and Conventional PCR in Sheep and Goat in Egypt.

Rapid Detection and Differentiation between Sheep Pox and Goat Pox Viruses by Real-Time qPCR and Conventional PCR in Sheep and Goat in Egypt.

Comparative histomorphology and histochemistry of exocrine pancreas in Deccani sheep and Bidri goat

The present study on comparative histological study of exocrine pancreas in six adult Deccani sheep and Bidri goat to know the structural differences between the small ruminants. Histologically, in both species exocrine pancreas forms bulk of gland and was tubuloacinar in nature. Tubular secreting units were dominating type as compared to acinar secreting units. In present study secretory cells were pyramidal in shape. They were arranged in single layer and two zones in each secretory cell. Three types of secretory cells viz., active, exhausted and resting cells were recorded in present study in both species. Centroacinar cells were observed at lumen of secretory units which continues with intercalated ducts. Histochemically, secretory cells in both species showed moderate (++) PAS positive reaction towards the apical part.

Effects of Cow's Milk Components, Goat's Milk and Sheep's Milk Sensitivities on Clinical Findings, and Tolerance Development in Cow's Milk Allergy.

Objective:Cow’s milk (CM) contains some proteins capable of causing an allergic reaction in a sensitized individual and one of the most common causes of food allergy in childhood. Most of the patients will develop tolerance by the age of 3. In this study, we aimed to evaluate sensitivity to CM allergen components as well as goat’s milk (GM) and sheep’s milk cross reactions in cow’s milk allergic (CMA) patients and to figure out the risk factors for tolerance non-development.Methods:This is a retrospective cross-sectional study including 66 patients for IgE-mediated CMA with mean age of 38 months. We evaluated the patients in two groups: Group 1 (n=50): Patients who have no tolerance in oral food challenge test; Group 2 (n= 16): Patients who were found tolerant to CM after elimination diet. Cow’s milk-spesific IgE(sIgE), α-lactalbumin(ALA)-sIgE, β-Lactoglobulin(BLG)-sIgE, casein-sIgE, goat’s milk-sIgE, sheep’s milk-sIgE, skin prick tests(SPTs) with CM and GM, eosinophils in peripheral blood were all compared between two groups.Results:In the whole group, goat’s milk-sIgE and sheep’s milk-sIgE were positive in 84.8% and ALA-sIgE, BLG-sIgE, casein-sIgE were positive in 69.7%, 62.7%, 77.3% of the patients, respectively. Two groups were similar in terms of age at onset and diagnosis, gender, median elimination period, total IgE levels, cow’s milk-sIgE and eosinophilia (p>0.05). Mean wheal diameters of CM and GM in SPT (p<0.001), goat’s milk-sIgE (p=0.03), sheep’s milk-sIgE (p=0.01) were significantly higher in Group 1. Cow’s milk-sIgE showed a positive correlation with total IgE (p=0.001), eosinophilia percentage (p=0.04), CM wheal diameter in SPT (p=0.001), casein-sIgE (p<0.001), goat’s milk-sIgE (p<0.001), sheep’s milk-sIgE (p<0.001) in Group 1. Patients with respiratory symptoms and history of anaphylaxis had higher cow’s milk-SPT, cow’s milk-sIgE, casein-sIgE, goat’s milk-sIgE, sheep’s milk-sIgE levels(p<0.05). Gastrointestinal and skin symptoms showed no relation with laboratory findings. Any patient with a history of anaphylaxis did not develop tolerance.Conclusions:As with cow’s milk-sIgE levels and high induration diameters in SPT; high casein-sIgE, sheep’s milk-sIgE and goat’s milk-sIgE levels are also risk factors for persistence of CMA. Anaphylaxis, as a first reaction, may also be a risk factor. High cow’s milk-sIgE, casein-sIgE, sheep’s milk-sIgE, goat’s milk-sIgE levels are associated with respiratory symptoms.

Identifikasi Cacat Prioritas pada Proses Shaving untuk Pengendalian Mutu Kualitas

PT XYZ is a company engaged in leather tanning since 1966. The skin used by PT XYZ is sheep skin and goat skin, each of which has a composition of 50%. This study aims to analyze product defects in the process of shaving (tanning) by using statistical quality control and knowing the factors that cause product defects using Ishikwa diagrams. The results showed that there were three types of disabilities, namely tear, lorek, and thinness. By using the control chart p (p-chart) there are 5 out of control data observations with prioritization of repairs that must be done first is the type of tear, thinness, and finally lorek which analyzed the causes of product defects using Ishikawa diagram.

The Livestock Sector and its contributions to the Protein and Energy needs of the Nigerian Population

The study was designed to assess the contributions of the livestock sector to the protein and energy needs of the Nigerian population by 2050 using an annual time series data from 1980 to 2010. Projected population figures from 2012 to 2050 were used to estimate the extra amount of protein and energy that will be required by the population in 2050. Energy and protein supply data from animal-derived foods, mainly; cattle meat and milk, sheep meat, goat meat, poultry eggs and meat, from 1980 to 2010 were calculated using animal production data and McCance and Widdowson’s composition of foods. The data were analysed using an Excel spreadsheet programme. The result showed that animal-derived foods contributed a total of 47,805,756 MJ/d of energy and 1,027,901 kg/d of protein in 2010. Meanwhile, to meet the additional energy and protein needs of the projected Nigerian population of 389.615 million people by 2050, animal-derived foods would have to supply 37.4% more energy and 9.0% more protein than in 2010. The results thus indicate a gap between current production and expected protein and energy requirement of the population by 2050; which must be closed if food security is to be achieved.

The development of a noninvasive behavioral test for assessment of goat-human interactions.

The objective was to develop a protocol for a noninvasive behavioral test to assess goat-human interactions. Boer goats (n = 45) were housed in groups of 3 at the K-State Sheep and Meat Goat Unit. A 3-min human approach test (HAT) was conducted after their first- and seventh-handling experience (i.e., moved by group through the chute and scale). Video footage was analyzed using specialized software (Observer 11.5 XT, Leesburg, VA, USA). The ethogram included three main categories (mutually exclusive within category): 1) spatial (close, middle, far); 2) orientation (facing vs. turned-away); and 3) structural (lie, stand, and nutritive and nonnutritive oral behaviors). The durations of these behavior outcomes were converted to percent, and then applied to a weighted formula to create an approach index (AI). This index placed behaviors on a 0 to 100% scale (0 = lying in back of the pen; 100 = closest to the human, performing oral behaviors). The Proc Univariate (SAS v.9.3, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used to evaluate descriptive statistics and calculate sample size for future projects from all behavior outcomes. In addition, each goat AI categorized as great approach (GA; ≥75% quartile), moderate approach (MA; 25% to 75% quartiles), or least approach (LA; ≤ 25%) and the 1st vs. 7th handling experience was evaluated using Chi-square (χ 2) analysis. The CV% was low for the AI outcome; therefore, less animals are needed if the AI is used rather than other behavior outcomes used. After the first-handling experience, there were less GA-goats than what was expected from the χ 2 analysis (χ 2 = 17.6; P ≤ 0.01; residual = 0.26; expected = 24.5). After the seventh-handling experience, there were more MA-goats than expected (χ 2 = 17.6; P ≤ 0.01; residual = 1.92; expected = 52.0). Repeated handling appeared to moderately improve goat approach to humans, which indicates that this protocol is a promising behavioral test to assess welfare of goats.

Kırklareli Peynirlerinin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Coğrafi Karakteristikleri

Peynir üretimi ile eski zamanlardan bu yana önemli bir yere sahip olan Kırklareli ilinde önemli ticari potansiyele sahip olan iki farklı peynir, Kırklareli Beyaz Peyniri (KBP) ve KBP ve KEKP üretiminde belli oranlarda koyun sütü, keçi sütü ve inek sütü karışımı kullanılmaktadır. Kırklareli peynirlerini ayırt edici kılan temel bazı özellikler mevcuttur. Bu özellikleri coğrafi yapı ve iklim koşullarına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan doğal bitki örtüsünün getirdiği etki, peynir hammaddesi olan sütün taşımış olduğu farklılıklar, son olarak ve en önemlisi ise üretim yöntemi ve olgunlaşma sürecinde yer alan temel farklılıklar ile belirtildiği gibi süregelen tarihsel ustalık şeklinde özetlemek mümkündür. KBP ve KEKP taşıdığı farklılıkları bir zincir gibi hayvan beslenmesinden, süte, sütten peynire yansımaktadır. İlin botanik kompozisyonunu oluşturan türlerin oranları hayvanların yemini oluşturmaktadır. Botanik özelliklerine göre Kırklareli meralarında yaygın olan bitkiler buğdaygiller (Poaceae), baklagiller (Fabaceae), geniş yapraklı otlar (Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae vd.) ve çalılardır (Fagaceae vd.). Bu 3 farklı bitki grubunun süt ve peynir üzerine farklı şekillerde etkileri bulunmaktadır ve protein miktarı, yağ oranı vb. gibi en temel kalite kriterlerini etkilemektedir. Bunların dışında sütün mikrobiyal yükünün çok düşük olması ile başlayan ve üretim koşullarının getirdiği birçok farklılık ta mevcuttur. İlde üretilen sütlerin AB kriterlerine uygun olması, öncelikle düşük pastörizasyon sıcaklığı gibi çok önemli bir avantajı beraberinde getirmektedir. Üretimlerinde yalnızca inek sütü kullanılabileceği gibi koyun sütü, keçi sütü ve inek sütü karışımı da kullanılabilir. Karışım oranları ise %30-%45 koyun sütü, %25-%40 keçi sütü, %15-%30 inek sütü şeklindedir.

Livestock produce and their disposal pattern in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir

This study was carried out in a sample of 120 livestock farmers selected from four blocks belonging to two districts of Ladakh region in Jammu and Kashmir to ascertain the role played by livestock in terms of their produce, viz. milk, wool/fibre, live animal and their consumption pattern including income derived out of these animals. The study revealed the average milk production/family/day was much higher in all blocks and varied from 5.83 to 9.46 litres/day/ family except in Nyoma where the corresponding figure was merely 0.56 and accordingly the consumption and sale volume. Sheep wool and goat fibre (Pashmina) were the dominant product of farmers belonging to Nyoma block with an average production of 42.97 and 39.86 kg/family/ year respectively. Although all farmers slaughtered small ruminant during winter for self consumption, it was higher in Nyoma (3.87 family/year) than other blocks (about 1/ family/year). Similar was the case with respect to number of small animal sold/family/year which was highest in Nyoma (15.02) as compared to other block that ranged between 2.23 to 3.36 on average value. The average income earned from all livestock sourced was recorded highest in Nyoma block, i.e. ` 196,550, whereas the same recorded for other blocks were between ` 39,269 to ` 67,393.66. The study reveals that the livestock production and their product consumption entirely depends on production system including the composition of the herd they maintain. Therefore, the developmental approaches should be local specific to address the local issues. Parallel emphasis may also be directed towards the value addition and marketing of livestock produces to influence both nutritional and economic impact among the livestock farmers.

Estimation of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Some Dairy Products Manufactured from Raw Milk Experimentally Inoculated with Toxin

Fate of AflatoxinM1 in soft white cheese and its by-product (whey) and in yogurt locally made from raw sheep's and goat's milk experimentally inoculated with 0.05 and 0.5 µg/l AflatoxinM1 were investigated using ELISA technique. Results reported that AflatoxinM1 was concentrated in cheese at levels significantly higher than that recorded in the raw milk that used for its processing, with a significant decrease in AflatoxinM1 levels in its by-product (whey) comparable to the raw milk used in manufacturing at both inoculated levels. Yogurt produced from raw sheep's milk at second inoculated level exerted AflatoxinM1concentration significantly lower than that present in the milk. Significant differences in AflatoxinM1distribution in cheese and whey produced from sheep's milk comparable to their counterparts produced from goat's milk were recorded. Finally, results revealed the efficacious role of the various dairy manufacturing processes in AflatoxinM1 distribution and the necessity to issue of local legislations concerning the maximum permissible limits for AflatoxinM1 in milk in order to stay within the universal permissible levels for AflatoxinM1 in dairy products to provide greater protection for consumer health.

PSI-10 Impact of protein or chloride source on Boer goat growth performance

Abstract Limited research for least cost goat diets is available for meat goat producers. The objective of this project was to evaluate the impact of protein source or chloride source on Boer goat growth performance. Because diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, it was hypothesized that the replacement of soybean meal (SBM) and ammonium choloride (AmCl) with alternative protein and Cl sources would reduce diet costs without impacting growth performance. To test this hypothesis, 75 Boer-influenced goats (23.5 ± 2.9 kg BW; approximately 75 d of age) were allocated to 5 treatments in a completely random design in a climate-controlled facility of the Kansas State University Sheep and Meat Goat Center. Goats were stratified by BW into 25 pens (5 pens/treatment; 3 goats/pen) for a 42 d finishing study. Diets included: 1) SBM with AmCl; 2) dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) with AmCl; 3) SoyPlus with AmCl; 4) SBM with SoyChlor; and 5) SoyPlus with SoyChlor. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no detectable differences of dietary treatment on ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P &gt; 0.05). Using a pre-planned contrast statement, it was revealed goats fed diets with AmCl had lower ADG than goats fed diets with SoyChlor (P = 0.013; 125 vs. 165 g/d, respectively). While growth performance was relatively similar, the ingredient costs varied, leading to differences in feed cost per goat (P &lt; 0.0001; $19.60, $16.07, $18.03, $25.82, $23.14 for diets containing SBM with AmCl, DDGS with AmCl, SoyPlus with AmCl, SBM with SoyChlor, SoyPlus with SoyChlor, respectively). These results confirm the hypothesis that goats can have similar growth responses with lower feed costs, leaving producers with options for optimizing growth performance on a least cost basis.

Analysis on human brucellosis from national reports in China, 2006-2016

Objective To characterize the features of human brucellosis from national reports of occupational diseases and infectious diseases in China during 2006-2016, and explore the correlations between human brucellosis with the livestock and their products. Methods From January to October 2018, the data of human brucellosis were extracted from China's annual national reports of occupational diseases and infectious diseases from government circulars during 2006-2016. The data on the number of livestock and the output of livestock products were obtained from China Statistical Yearbook, China Animal Industry Yearbook and China Animal Industry and Veterinary Yearbook. The standards of Diagnosis of occupational infectious disease (GBZ 227-2017) and Diagnostic criteria for brucellosis (WS 269-2007) were compared. The statistics were analyzed using Excel 13.0 and SPSS software 22.0. The linear regression and multiple regression were used to explore the relationships between human brucellosis with the number of livestock and the output of livestock products. Results The diagnosis of human brucellosis in national reports of occupational diseases was based on GBZ 227-2017, which referred to WS 269-2007. There is an increasing trend from 2006 to 2009, and then declined to 2011, but rebounded from 2012 onwards in human brucellosis in national reports of occupational diseases. The general trend showed an increase during the 2006-2014 period, and then a decrease onwards in human brucellosis in national reports of infectious diseases. The Spearman correlation from SPSS showed the rs value of 0.936 (P<0.001) between human brucellosis cases in national reports of occupational diseases and infectious diseases in China from 2006 to 2016. Human brucellosis had a seasonal and periodic trend, and the cases revealed an epidemic period from April to August, with a peak in June. Human brucellosis cases were positively correlated with the number of cattle and buffaloes, hogs, sheep and goats (P<0.05) , and the output of pork, beef and mutton (P<0.05) . And human brucellosis cases in national reports of infectious diseases were positively associated with the output of sheep wool (β=0.814) , goat wool (β=0.603) , and cashmere (β=0.562) . Conclusion Human brucellosis both in national reports of occupational diseases and infectious diseases remain severe in China. There are relationships between human brucellosis with the number of livestock and the output of livestock products. Key words: Human brucellosis; Occupational diseases; Communicable diseases; Diagnostic criteria; Regression analysis

Morphological study of the cattle ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting on sheep in Alnnajaf province-Iraq

Present study was conducted during period (March to September 2018) on the cattle ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) that infested on sheep goat ears in Alnnajaf Province. Two species of hard ticks were identified Boophilus annulatus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the species B. annulatus was most predominant than the species R. sanguineus at percentages (92.14, 7.85) % respectively. Of these ticks, 105 were female, 38 were males, 124 and 144 were nymph females and males respectively and there were not larva observed. The monthly samples of hard tick B. annulatus revealed that higher monthly samples during September, but lower monthly samples during June and July. Results of Scanner Electron Microscope analyses showed more distinguished fine characters of B. annulatus that differentiated from R. sanguineus, however both species were lived together on sheep and goat.