Shaping Technique Research Articles

Rotor pole and stator tooth shaping in FSPM machines for torque performance optimization

Purpose This study aims to obtain the minimum torque ripple at the maximum average torque for Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines. Design/methodology/approach This paper is about torque performance optimization of the FSPM machines. To achieve that, finite element analysis and genetic algorithm (GA) are used. Five different designs are simulated, optimized and compared on their air gap flux density, back electromotive force, cogging torque, average torque, torque density and torque ripple. Findings After the thousands of iterations, its proved that all proposed shaping techniques have potential for reducing torque ripple and cogging torque, with slightly reduced average torque. The best design is the joint stator and rotor shaping, Design V, which results in the lowest torque ripple and cogging torque. The techniques should be applicable to FSPMs with other stator slot/rotor pole number combinations. Originality/value In this paper, rotor pole shaping by notching, chamfering and generic shaping, stator tooth shaping and joint shaping techniques are investigated for 12 s/10p FSPM machines. Rotor and stator flanks are optimized separately and jointly, by using finite element analysis and GA for optimization to achieve maximum average torque and minimum torque ripple. Five different design is implemented and compared, respectively.

Application of Nanotechnology for Targeted Drug Delivery and Nontoxicity

Nanotechnology has applications in various fields of medicine. The health and biomedical fields can apply nanotechnology to treatment and drug delivery, enabling the targeted and controlled delivery of drugs and therapeutic compounds. Normally, the body quickly metabolizes drugs upon their entry, potentially affecting their efficiency. Additionally, drugs are often unable to specifically target cells, leading to harmful effects on healthy cells. Nanotechnology is currently being used to address these issues. Nanoparticles, which are tiny particles made up of either synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers, have introduced targeted drug delivery by allowing accurate and regulated secretion of therapeutic agents at specific activity sites. Their efficiency depends on features such as size, shape, surface, charge, and loading techniques. By utilizing their distinct attributes, nanoparticles can overcome biological barriers, improving the bioavailability of drugs and decreasing systemic toxicity. However, excessive use of nanotechnology also raises concerns about its potential nanotoxicity. The interaction between biological systems and nanoparticles can lead to hazardous effects such as genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotoxicity. Thus, it is important to examine the nanotoxicity of nanoparticles and develop various ways to diminish their toxic effects. This review aims to summarize the use of nanoparticles for drug delivery to specific sites, as well as their nanotoxicity.

Using experience classification for training non-Markovian tasks

Unlike standard Reinforcement Learning (RL) model, many real-world tasks are non-Markovian, which requires long-term memory and dependency. Hence solving a non-Markovian task is more difficult and challenging than solving a Markovian one. In this paper, we propose a novel RL approach for training non-Markovian tasks expressed in temporal logic LTLf (Linear Temporal Logic over Finite Traces). To this end, an encoding of linear complexity from LTLf into MDPs (Markov Decision Processes) is introduced in order to take advantage of advanced RL algorithms. We further propose an experience classification method based on the automaton structure (theoretically equivalent to LTLf specifications). An automatic reward shaping technique and a prioritized experience replay mechanism are developed to cooperate with the classification method to improve the performance of RL algorithms. We provide empirical evaluations on two widely used benchmark problems, Waterworld and Cartpole, both augmented with complex non-Markovian tasks. The evaluations are conducted with respect to the metrics of training speed, policy quality, convergence rates, computational efficiency and scalability etc. The experimental results show that our approach achieves superior performance over other relevant studies, specially with an average improvement of 133% in convergence rate and a reduction of 11% in training time.

Increasing the Duration of On-Task Behavior in Children with Borderline Intellectual Functioning through Shaping Techniques

This study aims to investigate and apply behavior modification principles, specifically using shaping techniques, to increase the duration of on-task behavior in children with Borderline Intellectual Functioning (BIF). The techniques used include antecedent control, reinforcement through token economy, and providing prompts to the participant. This study uses a single-subject design conducted over a total of 22 intervention sessions. The participant in this study is an 8-year and 7-month-old boy with BIF. The results of the study indicate an increase in the average duration of on-task behavior from 19 minutes in the initial measurement (pre-test) to 64 minutes in the final measurement (post-test) and 54 minutes in the follow-up measurement. It can be concluded that behavior modification principles, specifically using shaping techniques, can help to improve on-task behavior duration in children with Borderline Intellectual Functioning.

Cogging Torque Reduction of Brushless DC Motor: Investigating the Efficacy of Ra-dial Pole Shaping Technique with Novel Bump-Shaped Rotor Pole

With the rising demand for high-performance motors in electrical vehicle applications, permanent magnet brushless DC motors are a promising solution due to their various attractive features. However, it has a significant drawback of high cogging torque, which deteriorates the overall motor performance. This negative impact is dominating in electric vehicles for low-speed applications. It is desirable to reduce the cogging torque to improve the performance of the radial flux brushless DC motor. The prime focus of this research is reducing cogging torque through the radial pole shaping technique with a bump-shaped rotor pole surface. This work also investigates the impact of the proposed approach on torque ripple and motor performance while cutting down the requirement for rare earth material. This paper uses two ratings: 1000 W, 510 rpm, and 250 W, 150 rpm motors. Two reference motors of proposed ratings were designed using radial-shaped permanent magnet poles. Finite element software is used for the simulation and modeling of the motors. A novel bump-shaped permanent magnet pole shape is introduced, and in-depth investigations have been carried out to evaluate the impact of the proposed pole shape on cogging torque. The validity of the analysis results is further substantiated by comparing the improved and reference model results. The comparison investigation indicates that the motor equipped with the proposed pole shape performs better than the reference motor.

Shaping techniques to increase independence in children with intellectual disabilities

Intellectual disability disorder that appears during development and includes deficits in intellectual, adaptive, and social functions. These deficits can cause problems for children, including a lack of independence. This research aims to increase the ability to wear button-down t-shirts in children with intellectual disabilities. The subject in this study was an eight-year-old boy. The assessment methods used are interview, observation, psychological tests, Stanford-Binet test, Color Progressive Matrices (CPM), and Vineland Maturity Social Scale (VSMS). The shaping technique, carried out over nine sessions, can consistently increase children's independence in wearing button-up t-shirts. Parental support that gives children opportunities to do things independently also influences the success of this intervention. Gangguan disabilitas intelektual yang muncul selama perkembangan dan mencakup defisit fungsi intelektual, adaptif, dan sosial. Defisit tersebut dapat menimbulkan masalah bagi anak, termasuk kurangnya kemandirian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan memakai kaos berkancing pada anak tunagrahita. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah seorang anak laki-laki berusia delapan tahun. Metode penilaian yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, tes psikologi, tes Stanford-Binet, Color Progressive Matrices (CPM), dan Vineland Maturity Social Scale (VSMS). Teknik shaping yang dilakukan selama sembilan sesi secara konsisten dapat meningkatkan kemandirian anak dalam mengenakan kaos berkancing. Dukungan orang tua yang memberikan kesempatan anak untuk melakukan berbagai hal secara mandiri juga mempengaruhi keberhasilan intervensi ini.

3D scattering-enabled vectorial holographic projection with a binary amplitude hologram.

Empowered by wavefront shaping (WFS) techniques, scattering materials (SMs) hold significant potential in high-capacity, high-fidelity, and crosstalk-free 3D holographic projections. Here, we present an optimal accumulation algorithm (OAA) to generate binary amplitude holograms that enable simultaneous control of 3D intensity and polarization distributions through SMs. In particular, OAA is efficient for creating binary holograms since only addition and comparison operations are required. Using such a binary hologram, we demonstrate complete polarization control on four planes simultaneously, and an average degree of polarization over 95% is achieved. Moreover, a 3D holographic projection of polarization-multiplexed images on multiple planes is also presented with an average Pearson correlation coefficient over 0.80. By exploiting the rapid switching ability of a digital micromirror device, we further demonstrate dynamic 3D vectorial holographic projections with reconfigurable binary amplitude holograms. Our proposed approach offers a competitive way to generate holograms for 3D scattering-enabled vectorial holographic projections.

A Review: Structural Shape and Stress Control Techniques and their Applications

AbstractThis review article presents prior studies on controlling shape and stress in flexible structures. The study offers a comprehensive survey of literature concerning the adjustment and regulation of shape, stress, or both in structures and emphasizes such control’s importance. The control of systems is classified into three primary classes: nodal movement control, axial force control, and controlling the two classes concurrently. Each class is thoroughly assessed, showcasing diverse methods anticipated by various scholars. Furthermore, the paper discusses methods to reduce the number of devices (actuators) to adjust and optimize actuators’ placement to achieve optimal structural control, considering the cost implications of numerous actuators. Additionally, various actuators are presented in detail, their advantages and disadvantages are also discussed. Moreover, the applications of the presented techniques are reviewed in detail, the essential recommendations for future work are also suggested.

A Novel Simulation Method for 3D Digital-Image Correlation: Combining Virtual Stereo Vision and Image Super-Resolution Reconstruction.

3D digital-image correlation (3D-DIC) is a non-contact optical technique for full-field shape, displacement, and deformation measurement. Given the high experimental hardware costs associated with 3D-DIC, the development of high-fidelity 3D-DIC simulations holds significant value. However, existing research on 3D-DIC simulation was mainly carried out through the generation of random speckle images. This study innovatively proposes a complete 3D-DIC simulation method involving optical simulation and mechanical simulation and integrating 3D-DIC, virtual stereo vision, and image super-resolution reconstruction technology. Virtual stereo vision can reduce hardware costs and eliminate camera-synchronization errors. Image super-resolution reconstruction can compensate for the decrease in precision caused by image-resolution loss. An array of software tools such as ANSYS SPEOS 2024R1, ZEMAX 2024R1, MECHANICAL 2024R1, and MULTIDIC v1.1.0 are used to implement this simulation. Measurement systems based on stereo vision and virtual stereo vision were built and tested for use in 3D-DIC. The results of the simulation experiment show that when the synchronization error of the basic stereo-vision system (BSS) is within 10-3 time steps, the reconstruction error is within 0.005 mm and the accuracy of the virtual stereo-vision system is between the BSS's synchronization error of 10-7 and 10-6 time steps. In addition, after image super-resolution reconstruction technology is applied, the reconstruction error will be reduced to within 0.002 mm. The simulation method proposed in this study can provide a novel research path for existing researchers in the field while also offering the opportunity for researchers without access to costly hardware to participate in related research.

WITHDRAWN: Robust voltage regulation of DC-DC buck converter with ZIP load via an energy shaping control approach

ZIP loads (the parallel combination of constant impedance loads, constant current loads and constant power loads) exist widely in power system. In order to stabilize buck converter based DC distributed system with ZIP load, an adaptive energy shaping controller (AESC) is devised in this paper. Firstly, based on the assumption that the lumped disturbances are known, a full information controller is designed in the framework of the port Hamiltonian system via energy shaping technique. An obvious merit is that it is PI-type controller, which is easy to implement in practical application. Besides, using mathematical deductive method, an estimation of the domain of attraction is given to ensure the strict stability. Furthermore, to eliminate the influence of parameter perturbations on the system, a disturbance observer is proposed to reconstruct the lumped disturbances and then the estimated terms are introduced to above controller to form an adaptive control scheme. In addition, the strict stability analysis of the closed-loop system is given. Lastly, the simulation and experiment results are presented for assessing the designed controller.

Obtaining cellulose nanocrystals by acid hydrolysis procedure; and their use as reinforcement in polylactide biocomposites

In the first step of this study, purpose was to obtain and characterize cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) particles by applying sulfuric acid hydrolysis method to the starting material of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fibrils. After obtaining CNC particles via acid hydrolysis procedure, various analyses (SEM, DLS, FTIR, XRD, TGA) conducted revealed that average size of round shaped CNC particles was 38 nm with −30.4 mV Zeta potential value. They had monoclinic Cellulose-I crystal structure with Crystallinity Index of 80.6% and Crystallite Size of 3.39 nm. Their maximum thermal degradation temperature was 307°C with 23 wt% residue at 800°C. In the second step, the main aim was to investigate contribution of these obtained CNC particles when they were used as nano-reinforcement in polylactide (PLA) matrix biocomposites produced by industrially compatible melt mixing and shaping techniques. Mechanical tests revealed that when only 1 wt% CNC particles were incorporated into PLA matrix, increases in flexural strength and modulus were 29% and 51%; while increases in K IC and G IC fracture toughness values were 42% and 105%, respectively. Because, high degree of hydroxyl groups and presence of sulfate half-ester groups on the surfaces of CNC particles improved the interfacial interactions between the matrix and nano-reinforcement phase, leading to efficiency in strengthening and toughening mechanisms.

A Positive Start: Backing a Horse Using Positive Reinforcement

Abstract This case study delves into the transformative approach of starting a horse under saddle using a positive reinforcement technique (clicker training). Grounded in the ethos of respect, trust, and cooperation, this methodology emphasises fostering a strong bond and effective communication between horse and handler. The presented case study aims to showcase practical demonstrations highlighting the theory and application of positive reinforcement in initiating the riding training of a young pony. Throughout this case study, we will explore the foundational principles of positive reinforcement in horse training, emphasising empathy and a holistic understanding of the horse’s perspective. It will detail the step-by-step process of introducing the saddle, bridle, and mounting, employing clicker training and shaping techniques. Practical demonstrations will illustrate the gradual introduction of equipment, the use of clicker training for reinforcing desired behaviours, and the shaping of responses to riding cues. Through these demonstrations, the case study seeks to exemplify how positive reinforcement techniques can establish a willing and confident young horse, laying the groundwork for a harmonious and trusting relationship between horse and rider. Information © The Author 2024

Pulse Design of Constant Strain Rate Loading in SHPB Based on Pulse Shaping Technique.

The Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is widely used for characterizing the mechanical behavior of materials at high strain rates. One of the most challenging factors is achieving constant strain rate (CSR) loading of the specimen at a certain strain rate. Obtaining the effective incident pulse based on the experimental material for achieving CSR loading remains unresolved. This research focuses on obtaining the proper incident pulse for achieving constant strain rate loading using the pulse-shaping technique. A parameterized objective incident model in terms of the strain rate and quasi-static (or dynamic stress-strain) behavior of the material is established utilizing the three-wave method. Experimental pulses that closely resemble the desired objective pulses can be generated by adjusting parameters such as the geometry of the shaper, the shaper material, striker velocities, and the length of the striker according to the pulse-shaping model. The model is applied to the design of the incident pulse for B4CP/2024Al composite material, and the dynamic stress-strain curves at different strain rates are obtained under CSRs. This model provides effective guidance for selecting an appropriate shaper and achieving CSR loading in SHPB tests.

High-Capacity Coherent WDM Networks Empowered by Probabilistic Shaping and End-to-End Deep Learning

To optimize the functionality of coherent optical fiber communication (OFC) systems and enhance their capacity related to long-haul transmissions, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS) techniques have been used. This paper develops an end-to-end (E2E) deep learning (DL)-based PCS algorithm, i.e., autoencoder (AE) for a high-order modulation format WDM system that minimizes nonlinear effects while ensuring high capacity and considers system parameters, in particular those related to the OFC channel. Only the AE of the central channel is trained to meet the specified performance objective, as the system design employs identical AEs in each WDM channel. The simulation results show that the architecture should consist of two hidden layers, with thirty two nodes per hidden layer and a ”32×modulation order” batch size to obtain optimal system performance, when designing AE using a dense layer neural network. The behavior of the AE is examined to determine the optimum launch-power ranges that enhance the system's performance. The developed AE-based PCS-WDM provides a 0.4 shaping gain and outperforms conventional solutions.

Non-line-of-sight optical wireless communication system enabled by wavefront shaping for multi-user indoor access.

In this Letter, we experimentally investigate a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) optical wireless communication (OWC) system that utilizes wavefront shaping techniques to realize simultaneous data transmission for multiple users. Wavefront shaping techniques are employed to address the issue of low intensity of diffusely reflected light at the receiver in NLOS scenarios for indoor high-speed access. To achieve communication path planning and tracing for two different users in free-space optical communication, the pixels of the spatial light modulator (SLM) are divided into two halves to separately manipulate the wavefront of two independent data carriers centered at different wavelengths. The maximum received optical power can be effectively improved by more than 15 dB with the wavefront shaping technique. To avoid power enhancement of non-target wavelength, the wavelength difference of two different users is experimentally studied. The difference in power enhancement ratio (DPER) is increased with the wavelength difference, and 14.95 dB DPER is obtained with a 10 nm wavelength difference. Under the aforementioned wavelength planning strategy, successful transmission and reception of 2 × 160 Gbit/s 16-QAM signals for two users with coherent detection is achieved using wavelengths of 1550 and 1560 nm in an indoor access scenario.

A Review on Laser Beam Shaping Application in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Laser powder bed fusion (L‐PBF) is extensively adopted in the aerospace and automobile industries for producing metallic components. The L‐PBF process involves rapid melting and solidification of metallic powders using a laser source to produce dense parts. Most industrial L‐PBF systems use a fiber‐based laser source that emits a Gaussian beam distribution. However, the conventional Gaussian beam used in L‐PBF processes presents inherent limitations that can impact the quality and properties of the final products. This review aims to provide a theoretical background of laser beam shaping techniques and explores the application of alternative beam shapes in L‐PBF. It investigates how different beam profiles affect the melt pool geometry, process stability, productivity, mechanical properties, microstructure, and surface roughness of fabricated parts. Additionally, it discusses different types of beam‐shaping techniques and elements utilized to generate distinct beam shapes. Furthermore, different constraints and limitations that hinder the full exploitation of beam shaping are critically discussed. By analyzing the impact of beam shaping in L‐PBF, this review provides insight into optimizing the AM process, enhancing part quality, and improving processing performance. It will also help readers to overview the research gaps, challenges, and promising future directions in laser beam shaping applications in L‐PBF.This review comprehensively covers and presents the current research trend of laser beam shaping applications in L‐PBF. It delves into the opportunities, challenges, limitations, and futures prospects of beam shaping applications. Furthermore, presents the methods and techniques used to modulate the laser beam profile, including spatial and temporal.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Behavioral Approach Using Shaping Techniques to Increase the Responsibility of Late Student Students in Islamic Boarding Schools

Being late is deviant behavior by not arriving on time which violates the established rules. which, if left unchecked, will have a negative impact on the development and learning achievements at the boarding school, can disturb other students, and make individuals inconsistent in all things, as well as making students irresponsible. The problem raised in this research is how to apply shaping techniques at the Baitul Atiq Islamic boarding school, Karduluk Village, Pragaan District, Sumenep Regency to increase responsibility and minimize the occurrence of late behavior, which is described in two focuses, namely: 1. How is the counseling process using shaping techniques to increase responsibility answered the female student late at the Baitul Atiq Islamic boarding school. 2. What is the impact of applying shaping techniques to increase the responsibility of late female students at the Baitul Atiq Islamic boarding school. Data collection was carried out using observation, interviews and documentation methods. The data analysis used is triangulation. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach because the researcher will investigate cases of late behavior and will provide direct treatment through counseling with shaping techniques. The results of this research are the counseling process using shaping techniques applied at the Baitul Atiq Islamic Boarding School in Karduluk Village, namely by setting an alarm on the alarm clock when getting ready and providing reinforcement when the desired behavior appears. According to researchers, shaping techniques are effective because they can lead to positive changes.

Single shot depth-resolved imaging through dynamic turbid media

Guide star assisted wavefront shaping techniques have been exploited for focusing and imaging through turbid media by addressing a scatter inverse pattern. However, the turbid medium is required to be steady before finding the proper correction pattern, which limits applications in focusing and imaging through dynamic media, such as turbid water or blood. This study proposes a holography-based dual-polarization computational wavefront shaping method for imaging objects at variant depths behind dynamic turbid media. The orthogonal polarized output speckles of a point source (considered as a guide star) and an object are simultaneously recorded in holograms in separate regions of a single CCD camera. The holograms of the point source and object are subjected to the same distortion regardless of whether the media is static or dynamic. The hologram of the point source is used to determine the correction phase pattern for the distortion, while that of the object is used to record the complex scattered wavefront of the object. To reconstruct a clear object image, the wavefront of the scattered object is digitally corrected using the correction phase pattern and is then transferred to the image plane by calculating the transmission of the angular spectrum. Benefiting from the autofocusing feature of digital holography, objects at different depths can be recovered from a single shot hologram pair. The potential applications of the proposed method in diverse dynamic scattering media are demonstrated by imaging through a moving diffuser, turbid water, and pig blood with optical depth beyond 10.

The Pilot Creation of Sustainable Stall Design to Promote Temporary Pottery Market in the Baan Muang Kung Community

Although local intellectual property products have received support from both the government and private sectors, including increasing consumer interest in craft products, the residents of the Muang Kung community, Chiang Mai province, who produce handmade clay pottery with unique and distinctive shaping techniques and intricate patterns, still lack a market space to accommodate their products. Therefore, it is necessary to study the sustainable market format to help promote community products appropriately and stimulate tourism in this area. This research aims to achieve the following objectives (1) Study sustainable market pattern design principles suitable for community markets (2) Explore the potential capabilities and the local community’s requirements in market (3) Propose sustainable market design guideline to promote community products. This research primarily explores the sustainability value of a sustainable market within the field of retail design, employing qualitative research methods such as interviews, observational note-taking, photography, and comparative case study analysis. The on-site survey to determine the project's feasibility involved convening a community meeting with 50 residents to discuss findings. The outcomes of this gathering were then used in designing the temporary market. The findings present design guidelines that illustrate how markets continue to play important socio-economic roles in local communities, serving as key components that can be transformed to promote sustainable development. The proposed design practice guidelines encompass considerations such as site layout, the application of sustainable design principles, including the thoughtful selection of sustainable materials, the incorporation of flexible design, and the creation of participatory area experiences to attract people.

Macroporous polymer-derived ceramics produced by standard and additive manufacturing methods: How the shaping technique can affect their high temperature thermal behavior

This work proposes the processing of porous ceramic lattices via three polymer-derived ceramic routes, namely powder bed fusion and infiltration, fused filament fabrication and replica, and a direct replica of a foamed polymer. A common feature in the processing of these lattices is the use of the same polysilazane as the preceramic source for the Si-C-N-O network that builds up during ceramization.We adopted rotated cube, honeycomb and randomized cellular geometries as a matter of comparison for thermal exchange when an air flow is forced through the structures up to 1050 °C. The three procedural pathways are discussed in their limitations regarding geometry, polymer-to-ceramic conversion, high-temperature heat exchange performance and durability. In this regard, while rotated cube geometry results in the best thermal exchange and highest pressure drop, we show a correlation between chemical composition and high temperature oxidation of the Si-C-N-O network, possibly attributed to the selection of the processing routes.