Obtaining cellulose nanocrystals by acid hydrolysis procedure; and their use as reinforcement in polylactide biocomposites

Abstract

In the first step of this study, purpose was to obtain and characterize cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) particles by applying sulfuric acid hydrolysis method to the starting material of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fibrils. After obtaining CNC particles via acid hydrolysis procedure, various analyses (SEM, DLS, FTIR, XRD, TGA) conducted revealed that average size of round shaped CNC particles was 38 nm with −30.4 mV Zeta potential value. They had monoclinic Cellulose-I crystal structure with Crystallinity Index of 80.6% and Crystallite Size of 3.39 nm. Their maximum thermal degradation temperature was 307°C with 23 wt% residue at 800°C. In the second step, the main aim was to investigate contribution of these obtained CNC particles when they were used as nano-reinforcement in polylactide (PLA) matrix biocomposites produced by industrially compatible melt mixing and shaping techniques. Mechanical tests revealed that when only 1 wt% CNC particles were incorporated into PLA matrix, increases in flexural strength and modulus were 29% and 51%; while increases in K IC and G IC fracture toughness values were 42% and 105%, respectively. Because, high degree of hydroxyl groups and presence of sulfate half-ester groups on the surfaces of CNC particles improved the interfacial interactions between the matrix and nano-reinforcement phase, leading to efficiency in strengthening and toughening mechanisms.