Settlement Model Research Articles

Multifunctionality and the Tradition-Innovation Relationship in Rural Areas – The Case Study of the Municipality of Cinfães

Rural areas are recognized by type of settlement and the surrounding areas, where agricultural and forestry practice was performed. This settlement model lasted until the advent of industrialization, implemented at different rhythms for developed countries and that is also reflected in a long and severe process of rural depopulation for city cores. Currently, the urban population continues to increase, while rural decreases, reaching with frequency ratios that lead to concentration problems, given the scarce opportunities for development and innovation discoveries in rural areas, instituting a repulsive character to the fixing population in these spaces. Nevertheless, in the last 30 years or so, there have been models that support the maintenance and preservation of rural areas, especially multifunctionality models, in other words, the concentration of several different functions in these areas in an attempt to energize and attract young and skilled population, with city roots phenomenon titled naturbanização. As it relates to the Cinfães municipality, in this territory since the middle of last century that the demographic decline is significant. However, Cinfães presents full potential, which are divided between the scenic beauty of the Montemuro mountains and unspoilt nature that surrounds the Bestança river. It is a town with numerous points of interest among which stands out the historical and cultural heritage, traditions still very marked by a full population of stories and memories, in addition to the tranquility and safety of small towns, but where there are still a number of specialized services. If we associate all these advantages to promote new opportunities, Cinfães municipality will gain new momentum.

Resource supply and demand model of military settlements in the cold weapon era: case of Zhenbao Town, Ming Great Wall

As an important military defense project in Chinese history, the Ming Dynasty Great Wall and its associated military settlements played a crucial role in maintaining border security. A systematic analysis of how military settlements allocated resources based on external threats and geo-strategic needs is essential to understanding their settlements defense systems. However, this aspect has been relatively under-explored in existing research. Therefore, a resource allocation assessment model for Great Wall military settlements during the Cold Weapon era is established to facilitate a more scientific analysis and quantitative assessment of Military Defense Capabilities(MDC) and Military Requirements(MR). This study employs a combined Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approach to determine the weight of each indicator for both military defense capability and military requirement. Spatial clustering using K-means is conducted to visualize the distribution of these strengths and weaknesses. An Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model links military requirements with defense capabilities, assessing the relationship between settlement locations and historical battle sites. Residual analysis is utilized to identify areas of resource over-allocation or under-allocation. The study reveals that the regional differences in military defense capabilities and requirements within the Zhenbao Town area during the Ming Dynasty correspond closely with the locations of frequent conflicts. This finding suggests that the distribution of defensive capabilities were strengthened in areas with challenging terrain, while the effectiveness and allocation of defense capabilities were determined by logistical support and transportation conditions. This study enhances our understanding of historical military strategies from a historical geography perspective and offers innovative insights for analyzing Great Wall settlement, moving beyond mere sensory intuition and historical experience.

Data-Supported Prediction of Surface Settlement Behavior on Opencast Mine Dumps Using Satellite-Based Radar Interferometry Observations

To ensure the safe repurposing of post-mining landscapes, understanding and managing geotechnical risks, particularly ground movements such as settlements on opencast mining dump surfaces, is critical. Satellite-based radar interferometry (InSAR) technology offers highly detailed data on vertical ground movements with a high spatial and temporal resolution. By combining a data-driven approach, using InSAR-generated high-resolution datasets, with model-driven methods such as inverse modeling and classic time–settlement models, the efficient monitoring and prediction of opencast mine dump settlements can be achieved. This dual approach—leveraging advanced data analysis tools and precise modeling—yields valuable insights into spatial settlement behavior. In particular, classic time–settlement models are applied to the InSAR data through least square regression and Taylor approximation. The integration of both approaches enables the more robust, data-validated forecasts of key geotechnical indicators, such as the time to settlement stabilization and the expected maximum settlement over large areas. An application at a mine in central Germany illustrates the method by generating spatial predictions of the settlement behavior over more than 200 ha. In general, the results provide a comprehensive dataset for investigating other factors influencing the settlement behavior of opencast mine dumps.

How Long Does a Memory Last? Bayesian Chronological Modelling and the Temporal Scope of Commemorative Practices at Aeneolithic Monjukli Depe, Turkmenistan

In this paper the history of one house and a human burial in the prehistoric settlement of Monjukli Depe, Turkmenistan, serves as a case study for the use of Bayesian chronological modelling to approach the reach of past memories. The method combines relative and absolute chronological data and aims not only at a more precise and robust chronology of past events, but also allows estimations of duration of particular processes. However, chronological models must be constructed with care, since the prior archaeological information significantly affects the output. The comparison of three alternative models for the Aeneolithic settlement of Monjukli Depe shows that prior information in modelling has a considerable impact on duration estimates for periods of the settlement history. The modelling chronology for Monjukli Depe allows the tracing of commemorative practices at a generational scale—the memory of Monjukli Depe House 14 was transmitted over several generations of inhabitants long after the house destruction. It is clear that houses possessed a great value in the social life of the settlement since local building histories were remembered over a long time.

Model Lanskap Permukiman Tradisional Masyarakat Adat Rejang Provinsi Bengkulu Berbasis Budaya Lokal

Rejang is one of the original tribes of Bengkulu Province. This tribe mostly lives in the Bukit Barisan area. Some of their settlements are undergoing changes due to the rapidly growing flow of information and communication today. Conservation efforts need to be made, especially about their traditional settlement landscape model. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the character of traditional settlement landscapes and their constituent elements and compile a model of traditional settlement landscapes of the indigenous Rejang people. This research uses a descriptive method through a literature study approach, interviews, and field observations. The analysis was carried out descriptively and spatially. The landscape character of the indigenous Rejang tribe settlement is in the form of hilly landforms with land cover in the form of forests, gardens, and terraced rice fields, with the valley floor in the form of small and medium rivers. Traditional settlements stretch over ridges to mountain peaks. The character-forming features of landscapes include both natural and artificial features. Natural features consist of the elements of hills, forests, and rivers. Artificial features consist of terraced rice fields, gardens/fields, and settlements. The settlement itself includes traditional houses (including traditional chiefs' houses), circulation paths, public open spaces, and tombs. The elements that make up the Residential Garden include residential houses, rice barns (tangkiang), kitchens, fence plants, vegetable and flower plants, trees, yards, mortar (places to pound rice). Traditional ceremonial activities are held inside and outside the home, as well as communal activities such as planting and harvesting rice held in rice fields. The landscape model of the traditional settlement of the indigenous people of Rejang Lebong is linear with the center of the settlement along the main road on the ridge. The settlement is surrounded by gardens/fields and rice fields. The forest is on the outside away from settlements.

Machine learning finite element mesh optimization-based modeling and prediction of Excavation-Induced shield tunnel ground settlement

Machine learning finite element mesh optimization-based modeling and prediction of Excavation-Induced shield tunnel ground settlement

Calculation model for settlement of soft soil foundation with continuous drainage boundary considering the Hansbo’s flow law and the linear load

Calculation model for settlement of soft soil foundation with continuous drainage boundary considering the Hansbo’s flow law and the linear load

Fossil spring records from central Sudan reveal paleoenvironmental and settlement dynamics in the Eastern Sahel during the last 30 ka

Knowledge of past environmental change and prehistoric settlement dynamics in the Sahel east of the Nile is limited due to the scarcity of suitable sedimentary archives and archaeological sites. Here we present tufa-based paleoenvironmental records from the area of NW Butana (central Sudan, ∼55 km southeast of the Nile River) which show that increased rainfall and spring activity occurred in several discrete intervals during the last ∼30,000 years. Lithostratigraphic data combined with phytolith, malacological, paleopedological, and stable carbon isotope records revealed humidity peaks during late MIS3 and the early and middle Holocene. Gaps in lithological records correlated with dry periods of the Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas. Minor wet pulses coinciding with Late Glacial interstadials indicate an early intensification of the African monsoon, which implies that a sharp climatic boundary existed between the Sahel and the Sahara during this period.These new paleoenvironmental records, together with archaeological evidence from Butana, provide a unique opportunity for understanding human ecology in the eastern Sahel. The peoples who inhabited this dryland area 30+ km from the Nile Valley could not rely on its relatively predictable resources of riverine, floodplain and lake habitats. New models of subsistence and settlement, and strategies of adaptations to seasonal and interannual environmental variability are needed.

The North Carolina Model for Opioid Settlements: Partnering to Equip Local Governments' Overdose Response.

Guided by the North Carolina Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), local governments are investing national opioid settlement funds to respond to the overdose crisis. Community Opioid Resources Engine for North Carolina (CORE-NC) partners have developed tools and resources that local governments are using as they plan, implement, and report on their opioid overdose response.

Surface settlement induced by frictional force of epb shield tunneling in sandy gravels.

The excavation of Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) shield can be divided into two distinct stages, i.e. advancing and lining installation. The frictional force applied on surrounding soils reverses at these two stages, which is harmful to the settlement control. Based on Mindlin's method, a new model of surface settlement is derived to involve the reversed friction. A closed form formula is then obtained for the major type of metro tunnels. Main operational parameters are also used as input of the formula. Numerous operational data and measured settlements are collected from EPB tunnels of Chengdu Metro, Line 7. The proposed formula is validated against these field data in sandy gravels. It is shown that the new formula gives reasonable prediction of surface settlement along the tunnel sections. The accuracy of new formula is significantly higher than that of Peck's formula. This study provides a new vision in settlement control of EPB shield tunneling. The increase of chamber pressure will induce higher negative friction during the lining installation. Therefore, surface settlement of EPB tunneling cannot be controlled by just increasing chamber pressure. A balanced relationship between the chamber pressure and the thrust should be maintained instead.

Prediction of Ground Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Mining Using Three-Dimensional Variable-Parameter Fully Coupled Simulation

In order to predict the ground settlement in a scientific, intuitive, and simple way, based on the theory of Bio-consolidation, a three-dimensional fluid-solid coupled numerical calculation programme FGS-3D for ground settlement was compiled by using the Fortran 95 language, and a front-end operation platform was developed by using Microsoft VisualBasic, so that a three-dimensional variable-parameter fully coupled viscoelastic-plastic model of ground settlement was constructed using the city of Yancheng as an example, and the development of ground settlement and horizontal displacement changes from 2021 to 2030 were predicted. The results show that the three-dimensional fully coupled finite-element numerical model of building load, groundwater seepage, and soil deformation established by the above computer development program can directly create a hydrogeological conceptual model of groundwater mining and predict ground settlement, so as to achieve the visualisation of the three-dimensional seepage of groundwater and the fully coupled simulation of ground subsidence in the whole process of groundwater mining. Under the joint action of construction load and groundwater mining, the water level of the aquifer in Yancheng City rises by 1.26 m on average in the main groundwater mining area of the group III pressurised aquifer, forming two smaller landing funnels, and the lowest water level of the two landing funnels is −15 m.

FIRST RESULTS OF SPATIAL PLANNING IN THE HABSBURG MILITARY FRONTIER: FRONTIER REGIMENTS, NUCLEATED SETTLEMENTS AND CADASTRAL SURVEY (C. 1745–1785)

There are numerous examples of spatial planning on the periphery of the Habsburg Monarchy, which was organised within the regiments of the Military Frontier in the second half of the 18th century. Our focus was on the territory of the Slavonian-Syrmian Military Frontier, the Šajkaš Battalion, and the Banat Military Frontier, where flat landscapes enabled various forms of state spatial intervention, approximately at the same time – around 1770. This paper presents some aspects important for understanding this complex topic, such as the influence of militarisation and centralisation, colonisation and spatial planning of settlements (following the nucleated settlement model), as well as the tight structuring of rural areas and parcelisation of arable land, and their final results in the form of land and tax reforms (cadastral surveying).

Research on the Measurement and Estimation Method of Wheel Resistance on a Soil Runway

In view of the fact that there is no suitable measurement method for tire driving resistance during the operation of a transporter on soil pavement, this paper proposes a simple measurement and estimation method for driving resistance on a soil runway based on the Bekker settlement model. In this paper, using the driving resistance equation based on the Bekker model, a simplified equation of driving resistance related to mass is proposed. Using the principle of kinematics, a simple test device for driving resistance was developed, and the test data of the test device were used to determine the parameters of the driving resistance estimation equation of the road surface. The driving resistance of the wheel running state was tested by the simulated aircraft load loading vehicle through the mechanical sensor, and the consistency between the theoretical value and the actual value of the driving resistance value under 8T, 10T, and 12T loads was verified. This research shows that the test method and estimation method have low cost and good accuracy and are suitable for wide promotion. The results of this paper provide a new idea and method for estimating the driving resistance of a wheel when a transporter runs on a soil road and also provide a reference for designing the length of a soil runway.

Is it a matter of design?

Rural and urban areas in China have traditionally represented contrasting realms, largely due to the country’s dual social structure. However, efforts to reduce inequalities and encourage harmonious planning are reshaping both urban and rural landscapes, leading to new hybridized forms of living. These transformations emphasize the importance of design disciplines in experimenting with innovative settlement models and architectural projects. Recognizing the interconnectedness and mutual dependence of urban and rural areas is a fertile perspective to frame the countryside as a significant frontier in China’s cutting-edge architectural movements. China’s rural revitalization strategy represents the latest initiative aimed at improving conditions in the Chinese countryside and enhancing the well-being of its residents. Aligned with the principles of ecological civilization, this policy calls for the development of new esthetic dimensions that reflect technological advancements, cultural diversity, socioeconomic values, and political narratives, echoing similar sustainable agendas worldwide. The contributions selected for this special issue showcase how various design attitudes have embodied the countryside development mandate in far-sighted proposals of transformation that addresses several crucial challenges of contemporary living, such as wealth distribution, economic stimulation, cultural heritage preservation, and the relationship with nature. These examples suggest that by challenging the ideological commitments supporting their feasibility, design practice, and research can be fundamental tools for reorienting policy formulation beyond solving specific issues through targeted design approaches.

Model for Settlement of Sexual Violence Crimes Committed by Children by Prioritizing the Best Interests of the Child

Model for Settlement of Sexual Violence Crimes Committed by Children by Prioritizing the Best Interests of the Child

Model for resolving election violations through Indonesian Election Body and Constitutional Court

This study formulates a model for resolving disputes over election violations through the Election Supervisory Body and the Constitutional Court in Indonesia. This research analyses juridical and normative theories, policies, and legal decisions, as well as studies of cases of election violations in 2014 and 2019. This research method uses qualitative research with a grounded theory approach and a normative juridical approach. The data sources comprise primary and secondary legal materials. The results of this study show that 1) Problems with violations of the electoral process and disputes over election results have not been resolved properly. 2) The model of resolving violations of the electoral process and disputes over election results is with a settlement model approach through the Application of the Critical Attitude Model of Public Militancy and Law Enforcement Militancy by the Election Supervisory Body and the Constitutional Court.

Intelligent Prediction and Application Research on Soft Rock Tunnel Deformation Based on the ICPO-LSTM Model

In tunnel construction, the prediction of the surrounding rock deformation is related to the construction safety and stability of the tunnel structure. In order to achieve an accurate prediction of the surrounding rock deformation in soft rock tunnel construction, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network is used to construct a prediction model of the vault settlement and the horizontal convergence of the upper conductor in soft rock tunnels. The crested porcupine optimisation (CPO) algorithm is used to realise the hyper-parameter optimisation of the LSTM model and to construct the framework of the calculation process of the CPO-LSTM model. Taking the soft rock section of the Baoshishan Tunnel as an example, the large deformation of the surrounding rock is measured and analysed in situ, and the monitoring data of arch settlement and superconducting level convergence are obtained, which are substituted into the CPO-LSTM model for calculation, and compared and analysed with traditional machine learning and optimisation algorithms. The results show that the CPO-LSTM model has an R2 of 0.9982, a MAPE of 0.8595% and an RMSE of 0.1922, which are the best among all the models. In order to further improve the optimisation capability of the CPO, some improvements were made to the CPO and an Improved Crested Porcupine Optimiser (ICPO) was proposed. The ICPO-LSTM prediction model was established, and the ZK6 + 834 section was selected as a research object for comparison and analysis with the CPO-LSTM model. The results of the error analysis show that the prediction accuracy of the improved ICPO-LSTM model has been further improved, and the prediction accuracy of the model meets the requirements of guiding construction.

Three-Dimensional Modeling and Analysis of Ground Settlement Due to Twin Tunneling Using GIS

Ground settlement occurs because of the surrounding ground behavior during tunnel excavation. A high chance of its occurrence could cause the collapse of buildings; therefore, the accurate prediction and assessment of ground settlement are necessary when structures are concentrated in urban regions. This study leverages Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and 3D modeling to evaluate the effects of tunnel excavation on the ground settlement and damage of buildings along the Mandeok–Centum underground highway in Busan. It integrates the field topography with building data to simulate and visualize construction-induced interactions. Numerical analysis is used to assess the effects of the terrain elevation, building presence, excavation sequences, and lag distance between the twin tunnels on the settlement. The results indicate that high terrain elevation, dense building layouts, and shorter distances between tunnels increase settlement. Furthermore, this study deduces that bidirectional excavation causes a rapid increase in settlement compared with parallel excavation, which is evident from the variations in the inflection points during the excavation process. Finally, this study estimates the damage to buildings and ground settlements and visualizes risk maps using GIS, emphasizing the practicality of 3D modeling based on GIS.

A Study on Deformation Characteristics and Stability of Soft Surrounding Rock for a Shallow-Buried Tunnel

The Heimaguan Tunnel in China serves as a case study to exemplify the variation laws related to surface settlement, deformation, and stress characteristics in a shallow-buried soft-rock tunnel, while emphasizing in the tunnel support requirements. The first stage of this study begins with monitoring the time-varying characteristics of surface settlement, vault subsidence, and the horizontal convergence of Grade V rock. In the second stage, Peck theory is used to calculate the distribution characteristics of surface settlement. The results of both stages are compared to create a vault settlement model, thus establishing the horizontal convergence based on exponential function, logarithmic function and hyperbolic function, and determining the optimal time of secondary lining construction. On this basis, the time-dependent variation laws and characteristics of vertical and horizontal displacement and principal stress of surrounding rock are studied. After this, using simulation and analysis, the proper support is recommended. The study reveals that the surface settlement, vault subsidence, and horizontal convergence of the shallow-buried soft-rock tunnel stabilize within 25–30 days. Peck theory closely aligns with predictions based on exponential functions, with only a 0.72% difference. The recommended time for secondary lining application is 26–27 days.

Predictive modeling of rocking-induced settlement in shallow foundations using ensemble machine learning and neural networks

IntroductionThe objective of this study is to develop predictive models for rocking-induced permanent settlement in shallow foundations during earthquake loading using stacking, bagging and boosting ensemble machine learning (ML) and artificial neural network (ANN) models.MethodsThe ML models are developed using supervised learning technique and results obtained from rocking foundation experiments conducted on shaking tables and centrifuges. The overall performance of ML models are evaluated using k-fold cross validation tests and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean absolute error (MAE) in their predictions.ResultsThe performances of all six nonlinear ML models developed in this study are relatively consistent in terms of prediction accuracy with their average MAPE varying between 0.64 and 0.86 in final k-fold cross validation tests.DiscussionThe overall average MAE in predictions of all nonlinear ML models are smaller than 0.006, implying that the ML models developed in this study have the potential to predict permanent settlement of rocking foundations with reasonable accuracy in practical applications.