Settlement Model Research Articles

A novel load-side settlement mechanism based on carbon emission flow in electricity spot market

In the electricity spot market (ESM), thermal power plants (TPP) are quoted based on fuel costs and carbon costs, which impose carbon costs from the generation side to the load-side. The cost of load-side participation in the ESM will increase further. In addition, the traditional ESM centralized bidding model is based on the marginal clearing price, without considering the line transmission constraints, which may affect the security of the power system. To solve this challenge, firstly, an ESM centralized bidding clearing model including the generation side and the load-side is established based on the transaction mechanism of centralized bidding in the ESM. In this model, the marginal clearing prices of two possible bidding scenarios in the ESM are considered. Secondly, the marginal clearing price of the ESM is designed based on the security constraint of the power flow, which can avoid power transmission exceeding its capacity. Finally, a carbon emission cost settlement mechanism is proposed based on the carbon emission flow (CEF) method, which can reduce the carbon emission cost paid by the load-side. The effectiveness of the method is verified by simulations. Compared with a traditional load-side settlement model, the settlement cost on the load-side is reduced by 30.45 %.

Settlement Prediction Method of Extra-Large Diameter Tunnels in Soft Rock Strata

This research was undertaken to predict the result of vault settlement during the excavation of super-large-span tunnels in soft rock strata, which are prone to deformation and hard to predict aftermaths. Numerical simulation was applied to tackle with vault problems during excavation of super-large-span soft rock tunnels such as proneness to deformation and hard prediction on vault settlement. As a result, a model for continuous prediction of vault settlement as the tunnel face keeps advancing was proposed, with influencing factors such as excavation span and tunnel depth taken into consideration, and put forward the optimization of super-large-span variable-section tunnels construction scheme. The results show that the vault settlement becomes fast at the beginning of the excavation because its surrounding rocks are characterized by weakness, incompleteness, and poor stability. At the initial stage of excavation, the varying tunnel depth had a greater impact on vault settlement, indicating that the primary support has to be enhanced at the beginning of the excavation of a vault with weak surrounding rocks. As the excavation of pilot tunnels proceeds, the high-stress zone transfers to the deep part of the surrounding rocks. The tunnel vault settlement model is capable of rapidly predicting the vault settlement at locations other than the observation points. The final settlement amount is affected by the excavation span, the tunnel depth, and the basic mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks. The key to the construction of a super-large-span and variable cross-section tunnel lies in the cross-section varying parts where the stress is concentrated, thus requiring reinforcement and frequent monitoring. The research methods and analysis may provide basic data and technical means for the control of the vault settlement of large-span tunnels in soft rock strata.

MODEL FOR LEGAL SETTLEMENT ON DAMAGE TO THE TANJUNG PANJANG NATURE RESERVE IN POHUWATO REGENCY

This paper aims to identify and analyze, as well as formulate a settlement model for damage to the conservation forest of the Tanjung Panjang Nature Reserve in Pohuwato Regency. It uses statutory approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. An offer of model for law enforcement against damage to the Tanjung Panjang nature reserve in Pohuwato Regency can be built using a preventive, repressive and persuasive approach. A preventive approach will help prevent damage to the environment and natural resources in the Tanjung Panjang nature reserve. A repressive approach will provide strict sanctions for perpetrators of activities that damage nature reserves, so as to reduce the frequency of violations. Meanwhile, a persuasive approach will help build awareness and cooperation with the community around the nature reserve, so as to increase community participation in protecting and preserving the nature reserve. In practice, this model can be implemented through close coordination between law enforcement officials, local governments, stakeholders and the community.

Early prehistory of South America and population dynamics: Issues and hypotheses

People were in the Americas before, during, and immediately after the Last Glacial Maximum. Multiple data converge toward a deep chronology model for Homo genre exploration, dispersal, occupation, and settlement across the continent. South America is not an exception. This paper is an attempt to think of South America record in terms of population dynamics within a Paleolithic reflection: What are the anthropological implications of a longer and therefore slower peopling process? What modes of expansion, rhythms, adaptations, routes could be traced base especially in lithic records? What kind of archaeological manifestations should we expect in the different environments that make up an immense and highly diverse geography? What modes of technological continuity and change could be linked to these manifestations? Although further research is still needed to address these questions, our goal is to contribute to posing the problem in the most holistic way possible, linking climate, environment, and techno-cultural data within and beyond South America, in order to model how populations might have expanded and contracted at different periods throughout this subcontinent.

Evaluating the Urban-Rural Differences in the Environmental Factors Affecting Amphibian Roadkill

Roads have major impacts on wildlife, and the most direct negative effect is through deadly collisions with vehicles, i.e., roadkill. Amphibians are the most frequently road-killed animal group. Due to the significant differences between urban and rural environments, the potential urban-rural differences in factors driving amphibian roadkill risks should be incorporated into the planning of mitigation measures. Drawing on a citizen-collected roadkill dataset from Taiwan island, we present a MaxEnt based modelling analysis to examine potential urban-rural differences in landscape features and environmental factors associated with amphibian road mortality. By incorporating with the Global Human Settlement Layer Settlement Model—an ancillary human settlement dataset divided by built-up area and population density—amphibian roadkill data were divided into urban and rural data sets, and then used to create separate models for urban and rural areas. Model diagnostics suggested good performance (all AUCs > 0.8) of both urban and rural models. Multiple variable importance evaluations revealed significant differences between urban and rural areas. The importance of environmental variables was evaluated based on percent contribution, permutation importance and the Jackknife test. According to the overall results, road density was found to be important in explaining the amphibian roadkill in rural areas, whilst precipitation of warmest quarter was found to best explain the amphibian roadkill in the urban context. The method and outputs illustrated in this study can be useful tools to better understand amphibian road mortality in urban and rural environments and to inform mitigation assessment and conservation planning.

Numerical modelling of settlement of municipal solid waste in landfills coupled with effects of biodegradation

This paper presents the development of a new settlement model to predict the long-term settlement of municipal solid wastes (MSWs). The total settlement of the MSWs results from the direct loss of solids due to decomposition and compression due to stress variation induced by loss of solids, flow of gas and liquid and mechanical creep. The geotechnical properties of MSWs are considered as functions of degrees of biodegradation (DOB). To validate the model, two settlement profilers (2.5 years) and three geodetic monitoring networks (2 years) were installed at Mugga Lane Landfill, ACT, Australia to monitor the settlement of an MSW lift and three closed landfill cells, respectively. The settlement rates of the landfill cells with the ages of 7, 8, 14, and 8, 9 and 15 years are 0.53, 0.35, 0.06 and 0.46, 0.36, 0.05 mm/day, respectively. In addition, 5 large scale and 3 small scale bioreactors were set up in the field and laboratory to address the long-term physical, mechanical and biochemical behaviours of the MSWs under different stress levels. The predicted settlement is compared to the test results from the bioreactors, in-situ monitoring data and the settlement predicted using an existing model, which has been improved by coupling the geotechnical properties of MSWs with DOBs. The predicted settlement using the proposed model well fits the test results and monitoring data. The settlement strain is predicted to be 28.2 % during the filling stage of the landfill and 5.9 % in 5 years after the closure.

Dissemination of Mechanisms for Handling Criminal Cases in Criminal Procedure Law

Introduction: Crime is a social symptom of society. Crime grows and develops along with the growth and development of society. Policies in the use of criminal law are closely correlated with criminalization.Purposes of Devotion: Provide understanding to the community in Kilo 9 Village, Kawatu Hamlet, West Seram Regency (SBB), about the mechanism of handling cases of general crimes in Criminal Procedure Law. Method of Devotion: Conducting surveys and discussions to obtain the information needed and set goals in socialization activities. At the preparatory stage is also carried out preparing the material.Results of the Devotion: The implementation of community service activities in the village of RTKilo 9, West Seram district (SBB), can be found and it is known that the mechanism of handling cases in Criminal Procedure Law, including; preliminary examination stage examination stage in the trial, the stage of Criminal implementation, especially criminal Agency of Inter-Institutional Relations in the process of resolving cases and criminal case settlement Model according to Restorative Justice, consists of Victim-Offender Reconciliation or Mediaton Programs (VORP), Sentencing circles or Healing circles, and Prisoner Assistance Programs.

Integration Model of Environmental Dispute Settlement Outside the Court Between Local Communities and Corporations

Integration Model of Environmental Dispute Settlement Outside the Court Between Local Communities and Corporations

Application of ensemble learning in predicting shallow foundation settlement in cohesionless soil

ABSTRACT Due to significant uncertainties associated with soil, it is challenging to anticipate settlement accurately for shallow footings on cohesionless soil. To produce more precise predictive settlement models, four ensemble learning models have been created in this study: Bagging, Random Forest (RF), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The models are created utilizing a sizable database based on standard penetration tests (SPT). A variety of evaluation criteria, including R 2, RMSE, and MAE, were employed to rate the performance of the models. The analysis results showed that Bagging and XGBoost models demonstrate excellent performance with R 2 values of 0.901 and 0.915, respectively, surpassing other models studied here as well as other models from the literature. Consequently, Bagging and XGBoost can be effective methods for predicting settlement in shallow foundations on cohesionless soil.

Remodeling of Criminal Case Settlement in Indonesia

The criminal justice process in Indonesia based on the Criminal Procedure Code can be said to have diminished or even removed the important role of individuals in attempts to settle criminal cases. The search for justice in criminal cases depends entirely on the ability of the integrated system built by the police, prosecutors, courts, and correctional institutions. In this context, of course, efforts to seek justice do not solely depend on the state alone, but must be accomplished through cooperation and competitive social relations. Seeing the existing reality in order to accomplish fair procedural justice and restorative justice in the renewal of criminal law in Indonesia, it is necessary to conduct a study regarding how to remodel the settlement of criminal cases in Indonesia in the future. This article performs qualitative research using normative legal research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Efforts to seek justice in the settlement of criminal cases, of course, can no longer rely solely on the criminal justice process, but there must be an alternative settlement involving the conflicting parties and a neutral third party. In reforming the national criminal law, it is necessary to reconstruct the settlement of criminal cases that accommodates the settlement of criminal cases through the criminal justice process and penal mediation in order to improve the Indonesian criminal justice system to be effective and efficient. The criminal case settlement model can be formulated into the Draft Criminal Code and the Draft Criminal Procedure Code.

Measuring Sustainability of Kampong Tudong Riverside Settlements Using Urban Modeling Interface Simulation

Coastal settlements are the most vulnerable area to climate change, which has had an increasing impact on natural changes and human life in recent years. Therefore, sustainable riverside settlement models need to be developed by maximizing welfare with minimal environmental damage through modeling simulations that can help understand, compare and evaluate buildings and settlements. Simulation of Kampong Tudong on the banks of Kapuas River used Urban Modeling Interface to analyze the floor area ratio, daylighting, operational energy, and mobility. The simulation results show values of 0.21 on Floor Area Ratio, 30% on average natural resources for building daylighting, 86 kWh/m2year on operational energy, and 66 on mobility. Meanwhile, the efficient standard values are <3.2 on FAR, 55% on average daylighting, 10.08-30 kWh/m2.year on operational energy, and 90-100 on mobility. Existing simulation values indicate that these values can still be improved and maximized further for the sustainability of the riverside settlements.

Data-driven and physics-informed Bayesian learning of spatiotemporally varying consolidation settlement from sparse site investigation and settlement monitoring data

A digital twin of a geotechnical project (e.g., a reclamation or ground improvement project) is a virtual model that aims to continuously learn from actual observations (e.g., site investigation and monitoring data) and improve model prediction (e.g., spatiotemporally varying consolidation settlement). However, real geotechnical observation data obtained from a site are often spatially sparse (e.g., site investigation data) and spatiotemporally varying (e.g., settlement monitoring data). The sparse and spatiotemporally varying data pose great challenges for continuous learning of data and improvement in model prediction. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel data-driven and physics-informed Bayesian learning framework that automatically develops ground models from spatially sparse site investigation data, performs geotechnical analysis, and integrates geotechnical analysis results with limited, but spatiotemporally varying, settlement monitoring data to improve model prediction in a systematic and quantitative manner. The proposed method contains three key components, (1) data-driven ground modeling by Bayesian compressive sampling (BCS) using sparse site investigation data as input, (2) finite element modeling (FEM) of consolidation settlement that incorporates domain knowledge, and (3) Bayesian sparse dictionary learning of settlement monitoring data together with FEM results. The proposed method is illustrated using a real ground improvement project, and the results show that the proposed approach performs well.

Modelling the Subsistence Economy of the Settlement Rykan-3 in the Don Forest-Steppe

This article presents a reconstruction of a subsistence strategy at the Middle Bronze Age settlementRykan-3. The settlement is located in the centre of the Don forest-steppe and dates to 26th–24th century BC; it wasmostly excavated in 2009–2014. Rykan-3 is of particular interest because, unlike many other Bronze Age settlementsin the South of Eastern Europe, it yielded only a single cultural layer, which was deposited during the existenceof the settlement of the Middle Don Catacomb culture. Mainly for this reason, Evgenii Gak chose to conducta systematic excavation, and to combine it with zooarchaeological, archaeobotanical, and pedological investigations.Additionally, radiocarbon dating was provided. Various proxy data were obtained during the excavationfrom various laboratories. Pottery fragments and animal bones formed the bulk of the finds. The assessment of theanimal bones, the archaeobotanical and pedological information, and the interpretation of particular settlementfeatures make it possible to create a model of a temporary settlement inhabited mainly in winter. Its inhabitantswere mainly engaged in animal husbandry with special attention to cattle. The archaeobotanical survey could notreveal any evidence of agriculture during the period of occupation in the Middle Bronze Age. Radiocarbon datingproved that the isolated plant macro remains were clearly recent intrusions. Interdisciplinary research of thesettlement Rykan-3 and the inclusion of various information from accompanying scientific investigations havemade it possible, for the first time, to reconstruct a seasonal cattle breeding settlement, inhabited in winter, of theCatacomb Cultural Community in Eastern Europe.
 

Agglomeration vs amenities? Unraveling the latent engine of growth in metropolitan Greece

Economic downturns, social change, and migrations shape population expansion and shrinkage, making city life cycles particularly complex over time and intrinsically diversified over space. Identifying local drivers of population change plays a major role when addressing metropolitan cycles of growth and decline and provides insights to any policy and planning strategy aimed at promoting together local development, economic competitiveness, and socio-environmental sustainability at large. Timing of metropolitan cycles is, however, heterogeneous and reflects the individual development path of any city. Assuming economic downturns and the associated social processes at the base of spatially heterogeneous patterns of population growth and decline in Mediterranean Europe, we adopted a spatial econometric approach investigating short-term and long-term demographic dynamics (1960–2010) in metropolitan Athens (Greece), with the aim at identifying contextual drivers of population change. Spatial regressions evaluated the role of economic and non-economic dimensions of metropolitan growth, quantifying the impact of agglomeration, scale, accessibility, and amenities at different phases of the city life cycle. Settlement models grounded on scale and agglomeration processes—with growing population in high- and medium-density municipalities—were observed under economic expansion. Recession consolidated a settlement model with population growth in socially dynamic and accessible (low density) districts with natural/cultural amenities, reflecting the inherent decline of agglomeration economies. Based on such dynamics, the polarized hierarchy of central and peripheral locations resulting from radio-centric population expansion was replaced with a settlement model grounded on population increase in “intermediate-density,” attractive locations.

Infrastructure: Proposals for planning and settlement models connection and better access development in the Lezhë region

The organization of rural settlements is an important measure to cope with rural decline and to improve the quality of life and rural attractions, tourism, assets, natural resources, etc. This study tries to analyze and present the relationship that these settlements have, what are their assets and values, and in what way they can be more connected and have permanent communication and access. Rural areas in the Lezhe region have experienced a rapid depopulation in the last 30 years, accompanied by rural-urban migration. This extraordinary transition has caused a series of negative consequences, requiring a reorganization of access and interaction of rural settlements, to increase their economic efficiency, promoting agrotourism and local production. In the continuation of the study, he takes into account the objectives of adaptability, compactness and local connection under the control of territorial limitations. The main goal of our work is to improve the infrastructure as an important tool in relation to the development of tourism and agro-tourism, taking into account the growth of the population of Lezha in the projection based on the data from INSTAT. The main ideas for improvement are based on expanding the information area of the "Rana e Hedhun" bicycle path; Connecting the most remote settlements with improved rural infrastructure and identifying natural areas that can be used for agricultural and tourist purposes.

The initial peopling of South American Plains: An overview on Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene settlers in Uruguay

This paper reviews more than 20 years of research about the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene occupations of the Uruguayan plains. The aim of this synthesis is to provide an overview of the available information related to early human peopling of Uruguay. Here, we focus on the main issues discussed over the last two decades: early sites characterization and chronology, human response to climate change, cultural diversity, occupations patterns, mobility and technology. The systematic and continuous efforts made have provided new data and new perspectives regarding the earliest human occupations of the region. We have defined an archaeological complex landscape and ongoing research strategy is based on the three main types of site that compose it: residential camps, cave and rock shelters, and raw material sources. This has allowed us to expand and improve our understanding of the record. The new research and data provided by these sites have led us to propose a settlement model for the region and the period. A cultural diversity has been evidenced through in-depth studies of stratified archaeological sites, cultural sequence, a solid chronological database and lithic technology. Finally, we advance in the characterization of objects of social prestige among hunter-gatherers who occupied the plains during the end of the Pleistocene in Southeastern South America.

Analysis of tsunami disaster mitigation priority on urban area settlement

Settlement in coastal areas is at risk of a tsunami disaster. In urban areas, the risk of disaster can be greater than the area behind it. This study aims to analyze the priority of tsunami disaster mitigation based on settlements criteria in urban areas. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire given to experts in the field of disaster mitigation. The research variables consisted of occupancy typology, settlement locations, settlement patterns and density, coastal environment, evacuation routes and evacuation sites. Processing and analyzing data using statistical product and service solution software. The results of the regression analysis obtained that the settlement model Y = 3,055 – 0,410 residential typology + 1,119 settlement locations -0,017 settlement patterns + 1,323 settlement density + 0,040 coastal environment + 0,853 evacuation routes + 0,875 evacuation places. A high correlation was obtained on the location criteria and settlement patterns. Based on the mean value, the criteria for vertical evacuation places have the highest value, so can be recommended as a priority for the tsunami mitigation plan in urban settlements.

A Digital Ruble: A Civilist’s View of the Problem

Testing of a digital ruble platform conducted by the Bank of Russia actualizes the problem of determining the legal nature of a digital ruble and features of its civil law regime. Based on fundamental provisions of the civil law doctrine, the author explores an economic concept of the digital ruble presented by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; from a civilistic standpoint, the author examines the relationship between the concepts of «digital ruble», «digital money», «currency», «cryptocurrency», «digital financial asset». The paper justifies the fallacy of legal judgments in the interpretation of the digital ruble as a new form of money — as a form of the ruble and as a form of the Russian national currency. Comparing provisions of the Concept with the prescriptions concerning digital currency under Federal Law No. 259-FZ dated 31 July 2020, the author substantiates a number of conclusions: the digital ruble exists in a special material form as digits and other signs on a special material carrier — special computer systems controlled by special programs in the form of a digital platform; in the legal sense, digital rubles mean digital non-cash funds — rights of claim arising on the basis of an agreement for opening and maintaining a digital wallet and acting as an element of the content of the legal relationship between the bank and the customer — a holder of a digital wallet for cashless settlements. The approach proposed by the Bank of Russia to introduce the digital ruble into property circulation has much in common with the model of settlements implemented in practice using electronic wallets and prepaid smart cards. The digital ruble as a non-cash monetary means (in digital form) acts as a property (obligation) right and falls under the civil law qualification of a digital right and its varieties.

Dry, leeward regions support Colonization Period sites: Stratigraphy, dating, and geomorphological setting of one of the earliest habitations in the Hawaiian Islands

The earliest archaeological sites anchor discussions of the timing, speed, and direction of colonization of continents, single archipelagos, and individual islands, and new discoveries of the oldest sites often cause reevaluations of settlement models and culture-histories at various scales. Consequently, the oldest sites have continued to garner great interest amongst archaeologists worldwide. Here we report a suite of 21 AMS radiocarbon age determinations from a deeply stratified sandy mound habitation situated at an environmentally diverse “hot-spot” along the south-central leeward shore of Moloka‘i, Hawaiian Islands. Despite its ecological position in a dry leeward region – what some have called “high risk zones” – the ease of access and concentration of vital resources, including potable water, nutrient-rich gardening soils, and marine and freshwater biota was a magnet for early colonists. The faunal content, site stratigraphy, and geomorphological context of the Kawela Mound is described documenting rapid change in the dynamic landscape over several centuries. A Bayesian analysis of the Kawela Mound radiocarbon dates places earliest habitation at a modeled age of AD 1121–1262 (median AD 1210) making it one of the earliest habitations in the Hawaiian Islands. We provide a model for discovering early sites on leeward coastal Moloka‘I, which should be applicable elsewhere.

Prediction and Analysis of Nuclear Explosion Radioactive Pollutant Diffusion Model

This study presents a model for the dispersion of radioactive smoke clouds from a nuclear weapon explosion. A model based on a modified Settlement model is chosen to simulate the dispersion of radioactive contaminants from a nuclear explosion in the atmosphere. The arrival time and dose rate of radioactive fallout at various distances in the downwind direction are given for different equivalents of the surface explosion and typical meteorological conditions. Thus, the prediction of the dispersion of radioactive contaminants from a nuclear explosion can be achieved under the conditions of known nuclear explosion equivalence and local meteorological parameters. This provides a theoretical basis for the estimation of the affected environment and the input of rescue forces after the explosion.