Settlement Model Research Articles

Study on dynamic response and long-term settlement of silty soil around Shanghai metro tunnel

At present, the method for calculating long-term tunnel settlement predictions under metro loading considers only one working condition of passenger loading, which is inconsistent with actual working conditions. To establish a tunnel settlement model that accounts for variations in passenger flow, this study uses data mining methods to categorize metro operation into three working conditions: "peak period, secondary period, and low period." The impact of these passenger flow conditions on the dynamic response of the soil around the tunnel is analyzed. Then, based on the principles of calculus, a calculus-based prediction model is established to consider the changing patterns of metro passenger flow. The model is applied to analyze the long-term settlement characteristics of Shanghai Metro Line 10. The results indicate that, under identical conditions, soil displacement and dynamic deviatoric stress around the tunnel increase with passenger capacity. The calculus prediction model aligns more closely with actual working conditions than the conventional model. The predicted tunnel settlement of Shanghai Metro Line 10 after 20 years of operation is approximately 37.07 mm, with most settlement occurring in the early stages, primarily due to cumulative plastic deformation of the soil.

Prehistoric ornaments in a changing environment. An integrated approach to the Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Columbella rustica shells from the Vlakno cave, Croatia

This paper advances knowledge of human behavioural and adaptational strategies in coastal areas related to acquiring, producing and distributing ornaments, specifically, the omnipresent marine gastropod Columbella rustica. By applying quantitative and qualitative approaches to the most extensive collection of Columbella rustica shells in the Eastern Adriatic region discovered in the Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic levels of Vlakno cave in Croatia, we have determined the complete step-by-step life cycle of this bead type, in particular, where and how shells were collected, produced, used, distributed and discarded. By integrating different methodologies, our data revealed changes in the collection strategies, reduction of the shell size during the Mesolithic period, and standardisation and continuity in production techniques. Detailed analyses of broken shells in the archaeological assemblage identified the presence of technological traces resulting from processing mistakes, supporting our hypothesis of on-site production. A significant share of used and unused standardised beads points that bead production at this site was for personal use but also likely for the exchange and distribution systems. Standardised, systematic and long-lasting activity related to the ornaments places Vlakno cave as one of the leading centres for maintaining regional exchange and communication networks in the Eastern Adriatic region during significant climatic and environmental changes happening in this region in the Late Pleniglacial and the early Holocene. Detecting on-site activities related to the ornaments in Vlakno cave has extended our understanding of how symbolic motives influenced the settlement model of the Late Pleniglacial and Early Holocene hunter-gatherers in Eastern Adriatic region and overall contributed to fundamental questions about the complexity of ancient human societies' adaptation strategies.

Experimental tests and analytical strength models of differential settlements on unreinforced masonry piers and spandrel specimens

Experimental tests and analytical strength models of differential settlements on unreinforced masonry piers and spandrel specimens

Analysis of the influence of karst cave parameters on surface settlement in TBM tunnelling

In order to study the sensitivity of multiple karst cave factors on surface settlement during Tunnel Boring Machine(referred to TBM hereinafter) tunnelling, a three-dimensional numerical model is built by taking a subway project as an example and combining MIDAS GTS NX finite element software. Secondly, the influence of the radius, height, angle, vertical net distance, and horizontal distance of the karst cave on the maximum surface settlement is studied and sorted under the two working conditions of treatment and untreated using the grey correlation analysis method. Additionally, a multi-factor numerical model of the untreated karst cave is established. Finally, based on the preceding research, a multi-factor prediction model for the maximum surface settlement is proposed and tested. The results reveal that when the karst cave is not treated, the radius and height of the karst cave have a significant effect on the maximum surface settlement. After the cave treatment, the influence of the cave parameters on the maximum settlement of the surface is greatly reduced. The calculating modelcreated in this study offers excellent prediction accuracy and good adaptability.

Transient MHD Darcy-Forchheimer of Williamson-Casson flow with CCS: Application of wastewater treatment

With regards to the Cattaneo-Christoph (CCS) speculation, the thermal and mass transfer of a MHD Williamson-Casson ferrofluid flow through a permeable medium obeying the Darcy-Forchmeier law through an extended chamber or slab is carefully considered. The chemical reaction and Buongiorno nanofluid model were modified in the model to describe the nanoscale properties of liquid particles. Heat sources can be divided into two categories: linear and exponential space-dependent convection heat sources. The entire governing equations are changed to common differential terms, using a reasonable similarity change. These equations and their associated boundary conditions are calculated numerically via the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Comparison was made with the analytical solution in a special case, and very good agreement was reached. Economic success with deeper water purification can be attained by developing models for wastewater treatment facilities, conducting experiments and calculations on them, and making predictions for their nature in order to improve their cleaning efficiency, Prevent issues from arising during construction, operation, and reconstruction. The structural parameters of the quencher were physically modeled using mathematical modeling; It is possible to establish a cost-effective and effective filter model for industry and small settlements using the calculations and vertical filter model created in the article. Furthermore, it will be feasible to produce. Our mathematical procedure assure that: the deposit’s mass will be diminished through treated water under attractive field impacts; The magnetic field openness with nanometer-sized particles modifies the physical and synthetic properties of water particles bringing about exceptional characteristics; the water concentration will be decreased with the increase in the bending modulus; This means that in wastewater treatment the sediment mass will decrease.

Penanganan Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga Melalui Pendekatan Restorative Justice

Introduction: Domestic violence is a legal event that we often encounter in a society in Indonesia..The solution to family violence or the scope of a household when it is completed criminal law lines is not appropriate., Remembers that the perpetrator and the victim had a very close relationship., So it takes different ways of dealing with conflicts in that household.Purposes of Devotion: His dedication activities aimed at recognizing domestic violence, forms of domestic violence, the restorative justice, handling domestic rigidity through a restorative justice approach to forming a comprehension and legal awareness for the participant. Method of Devotion: Experience in the implementation of community law in halong, the city of ambon, through a discussion in panels which speakers for given the lectures was continued by question and answer session between spekers and participants.Results of the Devotion: The settlement of domestic violence by using conventional criminal justice in the fact that empiricals raise new issues of divorce..So to avoid the point., A more effective cdrt settlement model is needed without causing any damage to the household's wholeness.Restorative justice is an alternative or some other way of criminal justice by putting a priority on the integration of the perpetrators and the victims or the community as one unit to find solutions and go back to a good link between the perpetrators..Counseling activities are preceded by pretesting, Then continue the legal counseling activity in the public hall over a panel-based discussion where the authoritarian delivers the material in turns and then proceeds with the question-responsibility between the cooker and the community. Then do a post-tes.

Value evaluation model (VEM) of ancient Chinese military settlement heritage: a case study of Liaoxi Corridor in the Ming Dynasty

The Ming Great Wall Military Defense System is the most complete ancient military cultural heritage in China, which is of great significance to the study of China’s ancient military defense mechanism and pattern. Military settlement is an important carrier of this mechanism. The estimation and in-depth understanding of its value can further excavate the profound connotation of the military defense system and the Great Wall spatial pattern in the Ming Dynasty. This paper adopts the AHP-CRITIC weighting approach to determine the weights of the historical value, scientific value, social value, cultural value and artistic value of the settlement heritage, so as to construct the value evaluation model of military settlements, and takes 34 Ming Great Wall military settlements in the Liaoxi Corridor as an example for evaluation. The results of the evaluation identified the priority settlements for conservation and development, and also explored their relationship with historical status, urbanization processes and official policies. The evaluation model constructed in this paper has a certain universality, and can also be followed in the evaluation of other military settlements in the Ming Great Wall Defense System, so as to obtain the overall cognition of the settlement system.

Continuity, Resilience, and Change in Rural Settlement Patterns from the Roman to Islamic Period in the Sicani Mountains (Central-Western Sicily)

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of change in settlement models from the Roman, late antique, and Byzantine periods, focusing on how these transformations influenced the formation of Islamic societies in the rural landscapes of western Sicily. The study is centered around the territory of Corleone in the Sicani Mountains (central-western Sicily). This region, strategically located between the significant cities of Palermo on the Tyrrhenian Sea and Agrigento on the Strait of Sicily, has been pivotal in the communication network spanning from the Roman era to the Middle Ages and beyond. The area has been subject to extensive surveys and excavations, revealing diverse dynamics of continuity, resilience, and innovation in settlement patterns from the Roman to the Islamic periods. Beyond presenting the results of archaeological fieldwork, this study employs GIS-based spatial and statistical analyses and utilizes a range of topographic (elevation, slope, aspect, topographic position index (TPI), and distance to water sources) and ecological factors (vegetation series). These analyses aim to assess the evolving relationships and site positioning within the territory over time. Combining archaeological data with topographic and ecological landscape analysis, this integrated approach elucidates the complex transition dynamics from the Roman settlement system to the Islamic age’s landscape formation in western Sicily’s rural areas. The study thereby contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between historical developments and environmental factors in shaping rural settlement patterns.

Spatio-Temporal Pattern and Vulnerability Assessment of the Human Settlements along the Beibu Gulf Coast of Guangxi, China

Human settlement development is intricately linked to production and life, and development quality is a partial indicator of the local community’s social, economic, cultural, and environmental progress. Furthermore, the human settlements’ vulnerability affects their sustainable development potential. Due to the “One Belt, One Road” initiative and land and sea corridor development in southwestern China, the Beibu Gulf coast in Guangxi is the sole waterway bridgehead used by China for opening trade with ASEAN. By examining the region’s human settlements and its potential for sustainable development, we established a benchmark for the region’s seaward economy and human settlements to achieve synergistic progress, as well as to enhance regional integration. Based on the systematic evaluation of the quality of human settlements along the Beibu Gulf coast in Guangxi, the vulnerability assessment model of human settlement was adopted to analyse the vulnerability and spatial–temporal patterns of nearby human settlements in 2010–2019, while the multiple linear regression model was used to explore their influencing factors. Our findings indicate that the quality of human settlements in the study area has experienced three distinct stages. In the early stage (2010–2012), we noted an overall year-on-year increase in settlement quality. However, in the middle stage (2013–2016), Fangchenggang and Beihai experienced a decline followed by an increase, while Qinzhou demonstrated a steady growth in settlement quality. Qinzhou continued to experience growth, albeit at a slower rate, while Fangchenggang’s rate of increase surpassed that of Beihai. The human settlements’ high-quality centre shifted between Qinzhou and Fangchenggang in the late stage (2017–2019). Additionally, in recent years, the settlements’ high-quality centre has shifted towards the western part of the region. The habitat’s sensitivity has grown slowly, as has the responsiveness index, but the vulnerability index continues to decline, and it is characterised by a spatial differentiation ranging from low to high values in a centre–east–west direction. The region’s human settlement quality is primarily influenced by economic development. The region’s habitat vulnerability is primarily caused by responsibility, and the primary factors affecting responsibility are regional imbalances in social service development, the population’s welfare, and employment and infrastructure.

Justice and Utility in the Settlement of “Klacht Delict” through Mediation: Concept and Impact in Aceh

This article examines the process of settlement of criminal cases of whole complaints resolved in Aceh through mediation. The settlement of “klacht delict (delik aduan)” cases in Aceh is practiced in the customary law society by directing the Qanun Aceh. The main focus of this study is the process of its completion, the legal effectiveness of the concept of mediation, as well as consideration of aspects of the legal purpose of the mediation process. This study uses empirical juridical methods which are analyzed using a restorative justice approach and legal sociology. Data was collected by conducting in-depth interviews and document studies. The results of the research showed that the criminal complaints settled by mediation with the non-litigation pattern practiced by law enforcement and the community in Aceh have met the legal objectives, including the aspects of utility and justice. This model of settlement has met the requirements of usefulness and justice for perpetrators and victims and is considered complete, so the case has not proceeded to the stage of investigation and is not passed on to the prosecution. Nevertheless, the settlement through mediation is not satisfied from the point of view of legal certainty, as the general criminal gap must not be resolved by mediation. Sociologically, this legal rule has an impact on society regarding criminal complaints that are resolved through mediation through non-litigation and are never again demanded for a law enforcement process regarding the results of the mediation which has been stated in the peace deed. So mediation has an impact on the realization of peace and order in society.

Evolutionary algorithm of Ecosystems and human genesis in the context of fundamental cultural studies

A group of independent researchers tried to evaluate the hypotheses discussed about the origin and settlement of mankind, based on the concept of the genesis of the Ecosystem in the context of fundamental cultural studies. A detailed justification of the concept, on which the authors have been working for several years, was published in 2021 in the book “The Triumphant. The genesis of the Ecosystem in the context of fundamental cultural studies” (UDC 304.42, ISBN 978-5-901909-07-2). A comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the Ecosystem over billions of years, carried out by the authors, gives reason to believe that the point of view of social anthropology on the historical fate of the human race is based on incorrect initial data. In particular: 1. The migration model of settlement is chosen as the basic concept of the genesis of mankind, it is taken out of the context of a single evolutionary algorithm of the biota of the Earth and the Ecosystem as a whole. 2. The hypothesis about Africa as the proto-homeland of mankind, accepted as an absolute and indisputable truth, is based on the selective use of paleontological heritage, and limits the possibilities of discussing alternative models of the genesis of mankind. 3. Explanations of racial diversity by changes in human phenotypes in the process of Homo sapiens migrations do not have a strict scientifically based algorithm for the variability of racial characteristics by areas of settlement. Such explanations can be considered speculative. The hypothesis of the genesis of humanity formulated and defended by the authors is as follows: 1. The controversy between atheists, agnostics and adherents of religious doctrines about the divinity of the creation of the earth and all that exists on it is a meaningless dispute that will not lead to the realization of the evolutionary algorithm of the Ecosystem, which has a clear goal — the creation of a being with unique properties that a person is endowed with. To realize this, it is necessary to consider the Ecosystem as a reality in which the rational and irrational components of being interact. 2. The evolutionary algorithm for the development of life is built on the principle of a branching tree of biota development options, the starting genome of which contained a combined formula “from simple to complex” and a mechanism for adapting biota to the radically changing state of the stagnant matter of the Ecosystem. 3. Man, as a kind of wildlife, arose simultaneously by the standards of geological time on different continents of the Earth. This was the prerequisite for racial differences in the areas of the initial settlement as a basis for the formation of the ethnogenetic diversity of the human population.

Prediction model of loess immersion settlement based on improved K-G model

Loess is a problematic type of soil with a worldwide distribution due to its collapsibility. The temporal discontinuity and spatial nonuniformity of its collapsibility can bring severe damage to building foundations, roads and water pipelines. In this study, the relationship between the saturation and K-G model parameters is established based on indoor compression tests and collapsible tests; the deformation characteristics of loess immersed in water are studied via a large-scale trial immersion pit test. The test site is a circular pit with a diameter of 10 m. The loess is immersed for 46 days; the variation in its accumulated settlement over time is recorded for 60 days, and its deformation process is simulated using a self-designed programme. Results show that for the stress–strain relationship of unsaturated loess, the relationship between equivalent suction and saturation can be obtained through the principle of deformation equivalence and fitted using the exponential function. The maximum vertical displacements calculated in the simulation and on-site immersion pit experiment are 0.036 m and 0.032 m, respectively. Such relatively good consistency indicates that the proposed method can reasonably predict the collapse behaviour of loess due to immersion. This research provides a reliable method for the numerical simulation of loess immersion deformation, and the parameters in the model only need to be determined by conventional experiments.

Limits of inter-American cooperation: large dams and urban planning in Latin America after 1945

ABSTRACT Large dams are crucial sites for urban planning because they normally require the construction of relocated settlements, industrial towns, and workers’ camps. After 1945, Latin America emerged as one of the important centres for dam-building. The planning of urban structures built in this context represents a basic tension of inter-American cooperation. Whereas the initial model of such settlements was the U.S. company town and some countries like Venezuela even contracted urban planners from the United States, Latin American countries used urban planning to prove their planning capabilities. Even though they adapted Western lifestyle and housing, they were eager to keep out direct influence from abroad. On the other hand, dam towns were manifestations of the pitfalls of modern urban planning since they produced socially segregated spaces and strengthened social inequality. Engineers and middle-class inhabitants enjoyed a certain comfort, but resettled people and workers often faced difficult living conditions and protested against the urban planning policy.

Multi-data settlement prediction along a road section integrating InSAR and coastal subsurface information with data assimilation

This paper presents a novel approach to examining the impact of soil settlement and its spatial distribution on infrastructure. The study focuses on a specific road section in the Friesland coastal plain in the north of the Netherlands, investigating how the Holocene coastal subsurface architecture influences settlement patterns. Our study underscores the importance of integrating multiple datasets, providing data at varying resolutions. The road segment traverses lithostratigraphical units, which include tidal channel and tidal flat deposits, overlaying an older tidal basin system and intercalated peat beds. Through data assimilation of a settlement model optimized with InSAR measurements, we have identified settlement heterogeneities that can be explained by combining high-resolution variations in lithology with gradual changes in lithostratigraphy. This was accomplished by utilizing a medium-resolution model (MRM) based on borehole descriptions and a high-resolution data (HRD) approach based on cone penetration tests along the road. The HRD method proved more effective in capturing abrupt changes in lithology between channel structures, while the MRM provided a continuous representation of the lithostratigraphic setting of the area. Our study demonstrates that subsurface heterogeneities have significant implications for subsidence along roads. Settlement rates increase from 2–4 mm/year towards 9 mm/year along the road section, resulting in a differential settlement of more than 5 mm/year over a distance of less than a kilometer. This is primarily attributed to variations in lithostratigraphy. Overall, this new innovative approach offers a practical and cost-effective solution for predicting subsidence due to settlement, eliminating the need for expensive laboratory tests. By integrating lithology and lithostratigraphy, more efficient road maintenance and management become possible.

Numerical simulation for vibration-induced settlement and permanent deformation accumulation in permafrost subgrades of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Train-induced vibrations critically influence permafrost subgrade deformation. This study used ABAQUS secondary development to establish a finite element model of vibration-induced settlement for permafrost subgrades in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) based on a cumulative plastic strain model. A numerical simulation method for cumulative vibration-induced settlement prediction considering seasonality, vibration frequency, train types, and global warming was proposed. The scientificity of the simulation was verified by monitoring data. Then, the influences of embankment height, ice-rich permafrost thickness, and initial mean annual ground temperature (MAGT) of the site on cumulative vibration-induced settlement and permanent deformation accumulation in permafrost subgrades were analysed. The study further quantitatively evaluated cumulative dynamic and static deformation in the DK1136 section under various global warming conditions. The results indicate that cumulative vibration-induced settlement primarily occurs near the ice-rich permafrost layer and is significantly influenced by ground temperature. Permanent deformation accumulation increases with increasing embankment height, ice-rich permafrost thickness and initial MAGT of the site. Permanent deformation accumulation primarily results from thaw consolidation of the permafrost layer, with vibration-induced settlement contributing approximately 20 %. For permafrost regions, an optimal railway embankment height of 3–3.5 m and effective mitigation of settlement issues involve lowering the ground temperature and the embankment weight. These findings provide essential insights for subgrade challenges in permafrost regions.

轨道沉降组合模型研究与分析

轨道沉降组合模型研究与分析

Identification of traditional settlement landscape areas in Hainan based on unmanned aerial remote sensing imagery

Abstract To enhance the accuracy of recognizing traditional settlement landscapes in Hainan, this study introduces a landscape recognition model predicated on a full convolutional neural network (FCN). The research delineates the selection of specific types and sensors for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), employing UAV remote sensing technology to capture image data of Hainan's traditional settlement landscapes. The collected initial image data, laden with interference information, underwent a preprocessing step. On this foundation, the landscape recognition model for Hainan's traditional settlements was developed utilizing the FCN. The empirical results derived from deploying the model reveal the presence of ancient buildings within a 400-meter radius of the principal river. Notably, these structures predominantly span a distance ranging from 100 to 350 meters. The spatial distribution pattern of these ancient edifices notably centers around the Zong ancestral hall. Furthermore, when compared to other benchmark models, the proposed FCN model exhibits superior performance in recognizing forest, grassland, and farmland within the Hainan settlement landscape, achieving average recognition rates of 88.66% and 84.91%, respectively. This investigation underscores the significant potential for applying UAV remote sensing technology in identifying traditional settlement landscapes. It provides pivotal technical support and a reference point for the survey of forest resources and ecological monitoring, thereby enhancing the applicability and dissemination of UAV technology in landscape recognition tasks.

Research on A New Cross-Border Barter Trade Settlement Model Based On Blockchain And Smart Contracts

Research on A New Cross-Border Barter Trade Settlement Model Based On Blockchain And Smart Contracts

Combinatorial settlement planning

In this article, we consider a combinatorial settlement model on a rectangular grid where at least one side (east, south, or west) of each house must be exposed to sunlight without obstructions. We are interested in maximal configurations, where no additional houses can be added. For a fixed $m\times n$ grid, we explicitly calculate the lowest number of houses, and give close to optimal bounds on the highest number of houses that a maximal configuration can have. Additionally, we provide an integer programming formulation of the problem and solve it explicitly for small values of $m$ and $n$.

Research to complete software processing settlement monitoring data of constructions in Vietnam

Currently, there are many software for processing settlement monitoring data in Vietnam. However, these softwares still lack some module to calculate the relative deflection settlement (S/L) as well as the lack of modules for building settlement model over time. This article presents the content of establishing a program to calculate relative deflection settlement and building settlement model over time. The results of the article aim to improve the current settlement monitoring software in Vietnam in order to automate the analysis and evaluation of settlement monitoring results.